For decades linkages between population, development and environment have been related to population growth which refers to the increase of population size without consideration of its internal dynamics, i.e. sex composition and age structure. It was the prime aim of the thesis to establish whether changes in population structure and age structure have any impact on the environmental changes, catchment forest in particular and the extended effects on catchment value and micro climatic change. Basing on the available quantitative data from the household survey and the qualitative data based on PRA discussions, it became apparent that both sex composition and age structure significantly influenced household members' involvement in activities related to both deforestation and those linked to conservation. A remarkable variation was noted in terms of involvement of males and females in specific activities that led to deforestation such as expansion of farms and firewood collecting. Males dealt with cutting of trees for firewood while females collected firewood from those trees cut by males. Male dominance was also clearly observed in conservation-related activities, particularly in tree planting. Sex and/or gender issues were noted to play a vital role in livelihood activities because sex differences and inequalities constitute social systems with consequences on environment changes. Individual's age also influenced one's involvement in livelihood activities. This based on biological capability for performing certain tasks and the socially assignment of duties and responsibilities, i.e. age-based division of labour and specialization which is part of culture. It is therefore imperative for demographic knowledge to be taken into account in the analysis of environmental changes. Gender based division of labour and specialization was the basis for differential involvement of household members in livelihood/development activities. It is argued that unless the key actors in deforestation and conservation are identified basing in the demographic characteristics no sustainable conservation may be attained. Even in the event of urging for participatory or joint forest management, like vast literature points out, a need to focus and target the key actors, by their demographic characteristics, becomes an indispensable and important aspect for attaining sustainable conservation. Poverty conditions that prevail in most developing countries, that limit availability of funds for broadbased extension service, would ensure its effective utilization of little financial resources available through adoption of a more focussed or targeted conservation strategy. Such scientifically planned extension interventions accrue from and are directed towards the identified environmentally significant population segments rather than the entire population. This is the essence of effectiveness and sustainability of conservation efforts based on demographic analysis of the in situ population. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document. Copyright 2003, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bell, K 2003, Habitat selection and population dynamics of selected herbivores on Sondela Nature Reserve, Limpopo, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07112007-094017 / > / Dissertation (MSc (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Orientador: Eduardo José Marandola Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:20:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_FrancineModestodos_M.pdf: 5379592 bytes, checksum: 63224b142c729197aa72da030172e089 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Riscos tecnológicos e vulnerabilidade são aspectos importantes da análise do processo de urbanização e industrialização do município de São Sebastião, Litoral Norte de São Paulo. O presente estudo analisa como as características sociodemográficas das populações em situação de risco tecnológico na região central de São Sebastião podem ajudar no enfrentamento dos perigos ligados ao maior terminal aquaviário da Petrobras localizado no centro do município, espremido entre a linha da costa e a Serra do Mar. O estudo sociodemográfico a partir de 1970 até 2010, examina as transformações estruturais que ocorreram no município de São Sebastião, após profundas mudanças econômicas, sociais e ambientais com o advento de grandes empreendimentos, como a instalação no início da década de 1960 do Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso (TEBAR), pertencente à Petrobras, e a construção da Rodovia Rio-Santos na década de 1970. Analisa quais os perigos relacionados às atividades do TEBAR e quais populações estão em situação de risco tecnológico. A partir da Demografia de pequenas áreas (ou microdemografia), realizou-se trabalhos de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com moradores em domicílios das áreas de risco no entorno do TEBAR: os bairros Vila Amélia, Topolândia e Porto Grande, buscando compreender a percepção que as populações residentes nesses bairros têm dos riscos e quais estratégias podem mobilizar para enfrentar os perigos, elementos que permitem analisar a vulnerabilidade do lugar do ponto de vista demográfico / Abstract: Technological hazards and vulnerability are important assets for the analysis of the urbanization and industrialization process of São Sebastião town, at São Paulo's State North Coast. This current study examines how São Sebastião downtown population in situation of technological hazards with its socio-demographic characteristics , can help to deal with risks related to Petrobras' biggest waterway terminal, once said that this terminal is also located downtown, squeezed between the line coast and the Serra do Mar. The demographic study covering from 1970 to 2010, analyzes structural transformations, occurred after deep economic, social and environmental changes in São Sebastião. Those changes are due to the advent of big enterprises, such as the installation of the Maritime Terminal Almirante Barroso (TEBAR), owned by Petrobras, at the beginning of the 1960's, and the construction of Rio-Santos highway in the 1970's. It also analyzes risks related to TEBAR activities, and what population is under technological hazards. Adopting Micro-Demography, fieldwork and semi-structured interviews were carried out at the risk area with the households and its residents surrounding TEBAR in Vila Amélia, Topolândia, and Porto Grande neighborhoods. The intent was to comprehend the risks perception they have and which are the strategies that households and residents may mobilize to face the risks, both, elements that allow the analysis of the place vulnerability from the demographic point of view / Mestrado / Demografia, População e Ambiente / Mestre em Demografia

This thesis focuses on the idea that food insecurity and access are real issues in the lives of many Americans. Simply stated, food insecurity is when a person does not have enough food to eat or does now know where his/her next meal is coming from. More importantly when looking at food insecurity is the realization that healthy, local food access is even more prevalent an issue – with increasingly more under-resourced individuals and families being food insecure and unhealthy at the same time. This thesis includes a literature review on diet and nutrition in the United States, a chapter on methodology, history of Bowling Green, Kentucky, where this case study is focused, the benefits of shopping at farmers’ markets, perceived barriers to shopping at those farmers’ markets, and suggestions for overcoming these barriers. Local, sustainable food is the hope for a future of planet earth. It is what nourishes and sustains lives. And, it should not be a privilege. Through researching the benefits and barriers to farmers’ markets, examining these barriers, developing suggestions for overcoming these barriers, and implementing as many as these initiatives as possible in Bowling Green, Kentucky, I have not only compiled a detailed thesis, but I have also been a small part of creating change in the food community in Bowling Green. This thesis can serve as a nationwide model and describes the way to overcome food accessbarriers in urban/rural communities.

Fan, Xiaopeng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-108). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter One - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hong Kong as a Case Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the Research --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter Two - --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Origin of environmental justice --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Concept --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of environmental inequality studies --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The siting of hazardous waste treatment storage or disposal facilities --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Release of toxics from industries and facilities --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Population exposure to noise and air pollution --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Noise --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Air pollution --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Dissimilarity of the findings --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research methodology --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Environmental indicators and parameters --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Pollution exposure assessment method --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Choice of socioeconomic indicators --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Demographic and socioeconomic indicators --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Source of socioeconomic data --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Study unit --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Analytical methods --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- Factors contributing to inequality --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter Three - --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Framework --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study Unit and Sampling Strategy --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Study unit used in other studies --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Study unit --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Sampling Method --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Air pollution exposure assessment --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Assessment method --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Calculation of emission inventory --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Emission factors estimated by EMFAC-HK model --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Vehicular emission inventory --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Simulation by air pollution dispersion model --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- IMMISnet Model --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Data requirement of MMISn e t Model --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Output ofIMMISnet Model --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Population socioeconomic indicators --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5 --- Analytical method --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter Four - --- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- Pollution Exposure Assessment --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2 --- The differential exposure of different age and SDI groups --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The selection of socioeconomic indicators --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Decile analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Differential exposure based on age groups --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Differential exposure based on SDI groups --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Regression Analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Pearson's correlation analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Stepwise regression analysis --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter Five - --- CONCLUSION --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- Summary of Findings --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3 --- Limitation of the study --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4 --- Recommendations for further study --- p.93 / APPENDIX --- p.94 / REFERENCES --- p.101

The present study compared Sand Forest bird assemblages found in a communal land area with that of the Tembe Elephant Park, and determined the habitat preference and status of selected herbivore species within the park. The study forms part of the Maputaland Conservation-based and Integrated Rural Development Programme of the Centre for Wildlife Management from the University of Pretoria and is linked to the activities of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area (LTFCA). The main purpose of the study was to compare Sand Forest bird assemblages found in the Tshanini Community Conservation Area, which is characterised by low levels of human utilisation, with that of the Tembe Elephant Park, which is characterised by wildlife utilisation. This approach was used to determine the biological importance of this communal land area in contributing towards the conservation of the rare Sand Forest habitat. Visual and auditory bird surveys revealed that the communal land area contains unique Sand Forest bird assemblages, which demonstrated the biological importance of the communal land for Sand Forest conservation, especially from an avian perspective. The second purpose of the study was to identify possible competition between selected herbivore species within the Tembe Elephant Park and/or a decrease in numbers of rare species. Herbivores that might be adversely affected by the destruction of the Sand Forest, or who may themselves have a destructive effect on the Sand Forest were also identified. Target herbivores included the nyala Tragelaphus angasii, impala Aepyceros melampus, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchellii, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis and suni Neotragus moschatus. Road transects were used to record the spatial distribution of the target herbivores, and the vegetation types that were used more or less often than expected were subsequently determined. None of the target herbivores showed a preference for the Sand Forest or appeared to have a destructive effect on the Sand Forest. The suni, however, reached its highest density within the Sand Forest and the destruction of this habitat will therefore negatively affect the suni population. In several parks and reserves that aim to conserve a variety of species, it has been necessary to control the populations of highly competitive species. Both the nyala and the impala are highly competitive and occur in relatively high numbers within the Tembe Elephant Park, and consequently their population numbers should be kept sufficiently low in order not to have a negative influence on the vegetation or the survival of less competitive ungulates. Total aerial counts and transect distance sampling counts indicated an increase in the numbers of all the target herbivores. It is important to protect a viable portion of the preferred habitat of every target species within a reserve, and to keep competition with rare species to a minimum for the long-term survival of the regional biodiversity. Key aspects of wildlife and their habitat should be monitored so that trends are noted in time, and management adjustments can be made accordingly. / Dissertation (MSc (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Centre for Wildlife Management / unrestricted

This study examines the relationship between atomic energy production and community identity in Richland, Washington. Over the past fifty years, the identity of southeastern Washington has been intimately tied to production and industry at the Hanford Site. Today, however, environmental restoration and waste management programs have replaced plutonium production. The decline of the nuclear industry has influenced reinterpretations of local history and community identity through public display, commodity goods, and the re-scripting of historical texts. / Department of Anthropology

The opening of the refugee camp in Dowa by the Malawi Government, with support from UNHCR meant that the population of that area was increased abruptly. This led to an increase in socio- economic activities resulting into high demand of energy, food and other amenities from the natural environment. The impact of the refugees on the host community and their relationship was central in this research. The main aim of the study was to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts for hosting refugees at the Dzaleka Refugee Camp in Dowa. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods in data collection. A structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to collect data and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. In total, 237 household heads and 6 key informants were interviewed. In addition, 4 focus group discussions were conducted. Qualitative data, collected through focus group discussions helped in explaining and understanding the results from the questionnaire. The most evident environmental impacts reported by respondents were: deforestation and firewood depletion; land degradation and water pollution. It is important to note that such environmental impacts can affect the long-term livelihood opportunities of both refugees and host population. The camp establishment has had socio-economic impacts regarded as positive by the majority of the respondents. Although most hosts still struggle to survive, the camp has created a larger market for generating income and better opportunities to provide basic needs such as food and water. The majority of host respondents use the refugee camp for providing livelihoods. Most respondents reported that refugees are regularly benefitting from privileged access to resources unavailable to the local host population. In this respect, refugees at Dzaleka were offered opportunities for education, literacy, vocational training, health and basic livelihood. The most reported negative social impacts are exposure to more conflicts and increased insecurity. Both of these impacts relate to the relationship between the host community and refugee population. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)