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Emendas orçamentárias individuais: efeitos eleitorais, condicionantes da execução e qualidade do gasto públicoBaião, Alexandre Lima 06 December 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / This thesis is composed of three articles. The first one seeks to resume the discussion over the effect of pork barrel politics on vote, using more detailed data and more precise methods to verify the electoral efficacy of budget amendments. In addition, this study explored which mechanisms could convert the amendments into votes, exploring the role of local political actors, like majors and non-profit organization leaders, in the mediation of deputy-voter relations. The second article presents a study on the determinants of the budget amendments execution, focusing on three factors: a) the role of the parties that have representatives in the government ministries; b) the advantage received by the occupants of leadership positions at the Lower House; c) The influence of the fiscal rules that condition the receipt of earmarked grants by the town halls. Finally, the third article takes advantage of data about the amendments applied in health to develop a novel endeavor to assess the extent to which the amendments allocation among municipalities fulfill the local demands for fund resources. / Esta tese é composta de três artigos. O primeiro busca retomar a controversa questão sobre o impacto das emendas orçamentárias no voto, lançando mão de dados e métodos mais acurados para verificar a eficácia eleitoral destes recursos. Adicionalmente, buscou-se explorar quais mecanismos poderiam converter as emendas em voto, explorando o papel de atores políticos locais, como prefeitos e dirigentes de ONGs, na mediação da relação deputado-eleitor. O segundo artigo apresenta um estudo sobre os determinantes da execução orçamentária das emendas individuais, com foco em três fatores: a) o papel dos partidos que se acham representados nos ministérios do governo; b) a vantagem obtida pelos ocupantes de cargos de liderança na Câmara dos deputados; c) A influência das normas fiscais que condicionam o recebimento de transferências voluntárias pelas prefeituras. Por fim, o terceiro artigo utiliza dados sobre as emendas aplicadas na área de saúde para realizar o esforço inédito de avaliar em que medida a alocação das emendas entre os municípios atende às demandas locais por recursos.
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Public Policy in Italy: An Empirical Analysis on Local Governments and OccupationsLandi, Sara 29 November 2021 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to analyse empirically, proposing new methods to tackle disputed questions in the literature of political and labour economics, the Italian institutional setting both in a political competition context and in the occupational structure. The first paper explores the relationship between transfers from central state to political aligned municipalities and the effect of these transfers on local electoral consensus. This study contributes to the empirical literature of the political determinants of spikes in central transfers in pre-electoral periods and of the electoral benefits of pork barrel measures for incumbent politicians. Despite several findings of strong evidence that intergovernmental fiscal transfers rise during election years, in the Italian case researchers investigated little the political incentives that lay behind these increases or the success of these transfers in attracting votes. We focus on the so called swing municipalities, defined as those in which the probability of winning is close to one-half, analysing data of Italian comuni with more than 15 000 inhabitants, in the period 2007-2014. From an empirical perspective, every attempt to estimate the causal impact of political alignment on the amount of federal transfers is clearly complicated by endogeneity issues. Without a credible source of exogenous variation in political alignment, the empirical correlation between alignment and transfers (if any) can be completely driven by socio-economic factors influencing both dimensions. We propose a new model specification to account for the endogeneity issue arising when estimating the causal impact of political alignment on transfers: the unpredicted change in the government occurred in 2011 after the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi and the following appointment of Mario Monti as prime minister. We perform our empirical estimation in two steps: first, we apply the close-race RDD setup (Lee 2008) to assess the impact of political alignment on transfers. Results from the close-race RDD show that aligned municipalities receive more grants, with this effect being stronger before elections. At a second empirical stage, we perform a local linear regression of the re-election probability of the local incumbent on transfers, including the first stage error term to have our coefficient of interest measuring only the effect of politically-driven transfers on electoral outcomes, and we conclude that this probability increases as grants increase. The second paper stems from the observation of the most recent phenomena in the domestic and foreign labour market: technological progress has been associated to a crowding-out of cognitive-skill intensive jobs in favour of jobs requiring soft skills, such as social intelligence, flexibility and creativity. Soft skills can be defined as interpersonal, human, people or behavioural skills necessary for applying technical skills and knowledge in the workplace. The nature of the soft skills make them hardly replaceable by machine work, and Among soft skills, creativity is one of the hardest to define and to codify, therefore, creativity-intensive occupations have been shielded from automation. In our work, we focus on creativity, starting from its definition in order to get significant insights on which occupational profiles in Italy can be considered creative and to explore their dynamics in the labour market. A possible analytical definition of creativity comes from the seminal work of Edward De Bono. According to his pioneering research in the field, lateral thinking is strictly related to creativity and it can be described along four dimensions: 1) fluidity, as the ability of a subject to give the highest possible number of answers to a certain question; 2) flexibility, as the number of categories to which we can bring back these questions; 3) originality: ability of expressing new and innovative ideas; 4) processing: ability of realizing concretely one’s ideas. We apply this definition to a uniquely detailed occupational dataset on tasks, skills, work attitudes, and working conditions regarding all Italian occupations: the Inapp-Istat Survey on Occupations (Indagine Campionaria sulle Professioni, ICP hereafter), an O*NET-type dataset developed by the Italian National Institute for Public Policy Analysis. The Survey on Occupations, in fact, presents a list of skills and competences and workers are asked to identify those they make use of in performing their job. Inside this list, we identify 25 skills associated to creativity and we formulate a Matrix Completion (MC) optimization problem, as discussed theoretically in Mazumder (2010). Matrix Completion is the task of filling in the missing entries of a partially observed matrix, which we generate by obscuring randomly 10%, 25% and 50% of the entries in the columns associated with the creative skills, given a fixed row (occupation). In our analysis, we use a formulation of the problem known as Nuclear Norm Minimization and we solve it with the Soft Impute Algorithm. We conclude our analysis on social skills in our third paper where we analyse the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on soft skills in the context of Italian occupations, operating in about 100 economic sectors. We leverage detailed information from ICP, the Italian O*Net, and we simulate the impact of Covid-19 on those workplace characteristics and working style that were more seriously hit by the lockdown measures and the new sanitary dispositions (physical proximity, face-to-face discussions, working remotely, ecc.). We simulate three possible scenarios based on the intensity of the effects of COVID-19 on some working conditions, such as working from home, keeping physical distance and so on. We then apply matrix completion, a machine learning technique used in recommendation systems, in order to predict the levels of soft skills required for each occupation when working conditions change, as these changes might be persistent in the near future. Professions showing a lower intensity in the use of soft skills, with respect to the predicted one, are exposed to a deficit in their soft-skill endowment, which might ultimately lead to lower productivity or higher unemployment, thus enhancing the negative effects of the pandemic.
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