Porphyria is a rare metabolic disease which occurs as a result of accumulation of endogenous porphyrins due to specific enzyme deficiency in the biosynthetic pathway of heme. Chloroquine is currently used in the treatment of cutaneous porphyria, although its mechanism of action is not yet well understood. It is believed that chloroquine works in porphyria by forming complexes with excess porphyrin molecules and thus enhancing their elimination from the body. Previous reports of porphyrin-chloroquine complexes have been done mostly in aqueous models. In this study, UV/Visible optical absorbance difference spectroscopy was used to study the complexation of protoporphyrin IX with chloroquine and a range of acceptor molecules in hydrophobic models. The results show that chloroquine, mefloquine, amodiaquine, quinacrine, and pyronaridine formed relatively stronger complexes compared to other molecules such as quinine, duroquinone and caffeine. Therefore, relative to chloroquine, some of the molecules with comparable or greater binding affinity to protoporphyrin IX might also be useful in the treatment of porphyria.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (MSc (Genetics))—University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The porphyrias are a group of genetic disorders arising from mutations in either one of the final seven genes encoding the haeme synthesis enzymes. These disease-causing mutations lead to an enzyme deficiency that disrupts normal haeme production, resulting in clinical features due to the subsequent accumulation of porphyrin precursors. Like most of the porphyrias, variegate porphyria (VP) is characterized by high inter- and intra- familial clinical variability, with no apparent genotype-phenotype correlation. The delta-aminolevulinate synthase-1 gene (ALAS1) is an apparent candidate gene to explain the variable clinical expression observed in VP, since it encodes the first and rate-determining enzyme of haeme synthesis. Several studies have defined important regulatory elements for the human-, rat- and chicken ALAS1 gene that regulate expression patterns of this gene. It was hypothesized that in VP individuals, variants within/near critical regulatory sites might alter the transcription rate of this gene, and consequently increase/decrease the amount of haeme precursors accumulating as a result of the defective haeme synthesis enzyme. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants that could influence gene expression in the proximal promoter area of the ALAS1 gene, as well as the two ALAS1-drug responsive enhancer sequences (ADRES) located further upstream. DNA (2133 bp per patient) of 19 clinically defined VP patients was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and semiautomated DNA sequencing. Subsequently, in silico analyses using appropriate software programs, and in vitro studies using the luciferase reporter system, were performed to investigate the functionality of the identified variants on ALAS1 gene transcription...

Porphyria is a group of inherited metabolic disorders due to enzymatic defect of the heme biosynthesis resulting in the overproduction of the heme precursors' porphyrins in different body organs. The enzymes of the heme biosynthesis are encoded by corresponding genes in which any defect in any of these genes lead to a specific type of porphyria. Numerous mutations were detected in these genes leading to impairment in the enzyme function and therefore developing of the clinical manifestations of porphyria. The aim of the present work was to investigate the UROD gene in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and hepatoerythropoietic protoporphyria (HEP) as well as the FECH gene in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) on a molecular level. We identified numerous mutations in the FECH and the UROD genes in three different populations, Czech, Slovak, and Egyptian. We described the novel mutations in the UROD gene in HEP Arabic patients from Egypt as well in the FECH gene in patients with EPP of Czech and Slovak origin. We expressed mutatted UROD protein in prokaryotic system and found 19 % of the wild-type enzymatic activity. Moreover, the current study presents for the first time the frequency of the low expression allele IVS3-48c in the FECH gene in healthy controls from the Czech...

Porphyria is a group of inherited metabolic disorders due to enzymatic defect of the heme biosynthesis resulting in the overproduction of the heme precursors' porphyrins in different body organs. The enzymes of the heme biosynthesis are encoded by corresponding genes in which any defect in any of these genes lead to a specific type of porphyria. Numerous mutations were detected in these genes leading to impairment in the enzyme function and therefore developing of the clinical manifestations of porphyria. The aim of the present work was to investigate the UROD gene in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and hepatoerythropoietic protoporphyria (HEP) as well as the FECH gene in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) on a molecular level. We identified numerous mutations in the FECH and the UROD genes in three different populations, Czech, Slovak, and Egyptian. We described the novel mutations in the UROD gene in HEP Arabic patients from Egypt as well in the FECH gene in patients with EPP of Czech and Slovak origin. We expressed mutatted UROD protein in prokaryotic system and found 19 % of the wild-type enzymatic activity. Moreover, the current study presents for the first time the frequency of the low expression allele IVS3-48c in the FECH gene in healthy controls from the Czech...

A porfiria cutânea tardia é causada pela deficiência parcial, herdada ou adquirida, da atividade enzimática da uroporfirinogênio decarboxilase, resultando no acúmulo de uroporfirina e hepta-carboxil porfirinogênio no fígado. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram o estudo das características clínicas e laboratoriais: bioquímica, imunofluorescência e microscopia óptica de 28 doentes com porfiria cutânea tardia, antes e após o tratamento com cloroquina. A microscopia óptica e imunofluorescência direta foram feitas em 23 doentes com porfiria ativa antes do tratamento, em sete doentes com apenas remissão clínica, e em oito doentes com remissão clínica e bioquímica, isto é, porfiria inativa. Sete doentes foram do sexo feminino (25%) e 21 doentes do sexo masculino (75%). A ingestão de álcool foi o fator desencadeante predominante nos homens, e a terapia com estrógeno nas mulheres (anticoncepção e reposição hormonal). A hepatite C esteve associada em 57,1% do total dos doentes (71,4% dos homens e 14,3% das mulheres). Na microscopia óptica de 23 doentes, 86,9% apresentavam bolhas subepidérmicas, e 95,6% exibiam vasos da derme superior com paredes espessadas por depósito de material ácido periódico-Schiff positivo e diastase-resistente. O espessamento dos vasos persistiu em quatro de cinco doentes com remissão bioquímica, porém se apresentava de forma menos intensa. Quanto à imunofluorescência direta dos 23 doentes com porfiria ativa, quatro apresentavam imunofluorescência negativa e 19 apresentavam depósitos de IgG e de complemento (C3) de forma característica no interior e em torno dos vasos e na junção dermo-epidérmica. A IgG estava presente nos vasos de 65,2% e na junção dermo-epidérmica de 47,8%, e C3 estava presente nos vasos de 52,2% e na junção dermo-epidérmica de 39,1%. A fluorescência na parede dos vasos era homogênea, com intensidade moderada ou intensa, e com a sua presença e intensidade tão notável quanto à da junção dermo-epidérmica em 57,9% dos casos. Na remissão clínica durante o tratamento e na remissão bioquímica, o depósito de IgG estava presente na parede dos vasos de 85,7% e 87,5%, respectivamente, e o depósito de C3 nos vasos estava presente em 14,3% e 37,5%, respectivamente. Comparando os doentes antes do tratamento com os doentes em remissão clínica e os que estão em remissão bioquímica, o número de casos com depósito de complemento (C3) nos vasos diminuiu (de 52,2% antes do tratamento, para 14,3% e 37,5%, respectivamente). Na remissão bioquímica a fluorescência predominava mais na parede dos vasos do que na junção dermo-epidérmica em 71,4% dos doentes. O imunomapeamento antigênico da bolha, para determinar o nível da clivagem na junção dermo-epidérmica, foi realizado em sete doentes sem tratamento prévio. Em três casos todos os antígenos, a saber: BP 180 (antígeno do penfigóide bolhoso), laminina, colágeno tipo IV e colágeno tipo VII, estavam localizados em ambos os lados da bolha (sem padrão de clivagem); em dois casos todos os antígenos foram encontrados na base da bolha (clivagem intraepidérmica); em um caso o colágeno tipo IV foi encontrado no teto e o colágeno tipo VII em ambos os lados da bolha (clivagem na sublâmina densa); e em um caso todos antígenos foram encontrados no teto da bolha (clivagem abaixo da sublâmina densa). Portanto, não houve um padrão característico do nível de clivagem no imunomapeamento. Provavelmente o mecanismo que define o nível de clivagem é a lesão fotodinâmica dos lisossomos ao nível dos queratinócitos basais e/ou das células dérmicas. / Porphyria cutanea tarda is caused by the inherited or acquired partial deficiency of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase enzyme activity, resulting in the accumulation of uroporphyrin and hepta-carboxyl porphyrinogen in the liver. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory features: biochemistry and the alterations on skin morphology, on light microscopy and immunofluorescence of 28 patients with the diagnosis of porphyria cutanea tarda, before and after treatment with chloroquine. We report the results of light microscopy and direct immunofluorescence on 23 patients with active porphyria cutanea tarda before treatment, seven patients with clinical remission, and eight patients with clinical and biochemical remission, i.e. inactive porphyria. Seven patients were females (25%) and 21 were males (75%). Alcohol intake was the predominant etiological factor in male patients and estrogen therapy in female patients (contraceptive agents or postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy). Hepatitis C was present in 57,1% of the patients (71,4% of the males and 14,3% of the females). In light microscopy of 23 patients, 86,9% had subepidermal bullae and 95,6% had deposits of PAS-positive diastase-resistant material thickening the vessel wall of the superficial dermis. This thickening of the vessel persisted after biochemical remission in four of five patients but it was less intense. Of the 23 patients with active porphyria, the direct immunofluorescence of four patients was negative and 19 patients revealed IgG and complement (C3) bound in a rather characteristic pattern in and around vessel walls and on the dermal-epidermal junction. IgG was present on the vessels of 65,2% and on the dermal-epidermal junction of 47,8%. C3 was present on the vessels of 52,2% and on the dermal-epidermal junction of 39,1%. The fluorescence on the vessel walls was homogeneous, moderate or very intense and its presence and intensity was as noticeable as on the dermal-epidermal junction in 57,9% of the patients. Patients with clinical remission or biochemical remission had deposit of IgG on the vessel wall in 85,7% and 87,5%, respectively, and deposit of C3 on the vessel wall in 14,3% and 37,5%, respectively. Comparing the patients before treatment to those with clinical remission or with biochemical remission, the number of cases with deposit of C3 on the vessel lessoned (from 52,2% before treatment to 14,3% and 37,5%, respectively). Patients with biochemical remission had the fluorescence predominating on the vessel walls rather than on the dermal-epidermal junction (71,4%). Immunofluorescence mapping of the dermal-epidermal junction, in order to determine the level of the subepidermal split, was possible in seven patients with active porphyria without previous treatment. In three cases all the antigens, i.e. BP180 (bullous pemphigoid antigen), laminin, type IV collagen and type VII collagen, were found on both sides of the bulla (no split level); in two cases all the antigens were found on the floor of the bulla (intra-epidermal split); in one case type IV collagen was found on the roof and type VII collagen on both sides of the bulla (split occurred on the sublamina densa); and in one additional case all the antigens were found on the roof of the bulla (split occurred below sublamina densa). Therefore no standard split level occurs on the dermal-epidermal junction. Probably what defines the split level is the photodynamically induced lysosomal damage affecting keratinocytes of the basal layer and/or dermal cells.

A porfiria cutânea tardia é causada pela deficiência parcial, herdada ou adquirida, da atividade enzimática da uroporfirinogênio decarboxilase, resultando no acúmulo de uroporfirina e hepta-carboxil porfirinogênio no fígado. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram o estudo das características clínicas e laboratoriais: bioquímica, imunofluorescência e microscopia óptica de 28 doentes com porfiria cutânea tardia, antes e após o tratamento com cloroquina. A microscopia óptica e imunofluorescência direta foram feitas em 23 doentes com porfiria ativa antes do tratamento, em sete doentes com apenas remissão clínica, e em oito doentes com remissão clínica e bioquímica, isto é, porfiria inativa. Sete doentes foram do sexo feminino (25%) e 21 doentes do sexo masculino (75%). A ingestão de álcool foi o fator desencadeante predominante nos homens, e a terapia com estrógeno nas mulheres (anticoncepção e reposição hormonal). A hepatite C esteve associada em 57,1% do total dos doentes (71,4% dos homens e 14,3% das mulheres). Na microscopia óptica de 23 doentes, 86,9% apresentavam bolhas subepidérmicas, e 95,6% exibiam vasos da derme superior com paredes espessadas por depósito de material ácido periódico-Schiff positivo e diastase-resistente. O espessamento dos vasos persistiu em quatro de cinco doentes com remissão bioquímica, porém se apresentava de forma menos intensa. Quanto à imunofluorescência direta dos 23 doentes com porfiria ativa, quatro apresentavam imunofluorescência negativa e 19 apresentavam depósitos de IgG e de complemento (C3) de forma característica no interior e em torno dos vasos e na junção dermo-epidérmica. A IgG estava presente nos vasos de 65,2% e na junção dermo-epidérmica de 47,8%, e C3 estava presente nos vasos de 52,2% e na junção dermo-epidérmica de 39,1%. A fluorescência na parede dos vasos era homogênea, com intensidade moderada ou intensa, e com a sua presença e intensidade tão notável quanto à da junção dermo-epidérmica em 57,9% dos casos. Na remissão clínica durante o tratamento e na remissão bioquímica, o depósito de IgG estava presente na parede dos vasos de 85,7% e 87,5%, respectivamente, e o depósito de C3 nos vasos estava presente em 14,3% e 37,5%, respectivamente. Comparando os doentes antes do tratamento com os doentes em remissão clínica e os que estão em remissão bioquímica, o número de casos com depósito de complemento (C3) nos vasos diminuiu (de 52,2% antes do tratamento, para 14,3% e 37,5%, respectivamente). Na remissão bioquímica a fluorescência predominava mais na parede dos vasos do que na junção dermo-epidérmica em 71,4% dos doentes. O imunomapeamento antigênico da bolha, para determinar o nível da clivagem na junção dermo-epidérmica, foi realizado em sete doentes sem tratamento prévio. Em três casos todos os antígenos, a saber: BP 180 (antígeno do penfigóide bolhoso), laminina, colágeno tipo IV e colágeno tipo VII, estavam localizados em ambos os lados da bolha (sem padrão de clivagem); em dois casos todos os antígenos foram encontrados na base da bolha (clivagem intraepidérmica); em um caso o colágeno tipo IV foi encontrado no teto e o colágeno tipo VII em ambos os lados da bolha (clivagem na sublâmina densa); e em um caso todos antígenos foram encontrados no teto da bolha (clivagem abaixo da sublâmina densa). Portanto, não houve um padrão característico do nível de clivagem no imunomapeamento. Provavelmente o mecanismo que define o nível de clivagem é a lesão fotodinâmica dos lisossomos ao nível dos queratinócitos basais e/ou das células dérmicas. / Porphyria cutanea tarda is caused by the inherited or acquired partial deficiency of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase enzyme activity, resulting in the accumulation of uroporphyrin and hepta-carboxyl porphyrinogen in the liver. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory features: biochemistry and the alterations on skin morphology, on light microscopy and immunofluorescence of 28 patients with the diagnosis of porphyria cutanea tarda, before and after treatment with chloroquine. We report the results of light microscopy and direct immunofluorescence on 23 patients with active porphyria cutanea tarda before treatment, seven patients with clinical remission, and eight patients with clinical and biochemical remission, i.e. inactive porphyria. Seven patients were females (25%) and 21 were males (75%). Alcohol intake was the predominant etiological factor in male patients and estrogen therapy in female patients (contraceptive agents or postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy). Hepatitis C was present in 57,1% of the patients (71,4% of the males and 14,3% of the females). In light microscopy of 23 patients, 86,9% had subepidermal bullae and 95,6% had deposits of PAS-positive diastase-resistant material thickening the vessel wall of the superficial dermis. This thickening of the vessel persisted after biochemical remission in four of five patients but it was less intense. Of the 23 patients with active porphyria, the direct immunofluorescence of four patients was negative and 19 patients revealed IgG and complement (C3) bound in a rather characteristic pattern in and around vessel walls and on the dermal-epidermal junction. IgG was present on the vessels of 65,2% and on the dermal-epidermal junction of 47,8%. C3 was present on the vessels of 52,2% and on the dermal-epidermal junction of 39,1%. The fluorescence on the vessel walls was homogeneous, moderate or very intense and its presence and intensity was as noticeable as on the dermal-epidermal junction in 57,9% of the patients. Patients with clinical remission or biochemical remission had deposit of IgG on the vessel wall in 85,7% and 87,5%, respectively, and deposit of C3 on the vessel wall in 14,3% and 37,5%, respectively. Comparing the patients before treatment to those with clinical remission or with biochemical remission, the number of cases with deposit of C3 on the vessel lessoned (from 52,2% before treatment to 14,3% and 37,5%, respectively). Patients with biochemical remission had the fluorescence predominating on the vessel walls rather than on the dermal-epidermal junction (71,4%). Immunofluorescence mapping of the dermal-epidermal junction, in order to determine the level of the subepidermal split, was possible in seven patients with active porphyria without previous treatment. In three cases all the antigens, i.e. BP180 (bullous pemphigoid antigen), laminin, type IV collagen and type VII collagen, were found on both sides of the bulla (no split level); in two cases all the antigens were found on the floor of the bulla (intra-epidermal split); in one case type IV collagen was found on the roof and type VII collagen on both sides of the bulla (split occurred on the sublamina densa); and in one additional case all the antigens were found on the roof of the bulla (split occurred below sublamina densa). Therefore no standard split level occurs on the dermal-epidermal junction. Probably what defines the split level is the photodynamically induced lysosomal damage affecting keratinocytes of the basal layer and/or dermal cells.

<p>Porphyrias are inherited metabolic disorders characterised by an impairment of heme biosynthesis. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the most common of the acute porphyrias in Sweden. Acute attacks of AIP are characterised by neuro-psychiatric symptoms, including epileptic seizures. Environmental and acquired factors are related to the induction of symptoms. Acute attacks of AIP are treated with high doses of glucose and/or hematin infusions.</p><p>The pathogenesis of the neuro-psychiatric symptoms is not known. Reversible white-matter lesions, probably due to vasospasm, have been seen on brain MRI. Similarities between multiple sclerosis (MS) and AIP have previously been described, but to our knowledge no study has investigated whether AIP-gene carriers have white-matter lesions seen on brain MRI or oligoclonal bands (OB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).</p><p>The percentage of AIP-gene carriers who have experienced epileptic seizures has been calculated at 10-20%, but previous investigations are derived from highly selected clinic-based studies. Studies were therefore undertaken to investigate the prevalence of epileptic seizures, the relationship of seizures to AIP, the type of seizures and the relationship of seizures to other factors such as melatonin.</p><p>A case report described the disappearance of porphyric attacks after the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM). In our study, we investigated the rate of attacks after the onset of DM. For many years, clinical issues relating to AIP have not been a focal area. We therefore carried out a study to update our knowledge of the clinical course of AIP in order to improve prevention, control and treatment. In our studies of AIP-gene carriers and epileptic seizures, we found that epileptic seizures are less common than has previously been described (3.7%) and they are not very different from what is expected in the general population, but the prevalence of 5.1% of seizures with manifest AIP is higher than in the general population. The seizures may be generalised or partial and the seizure frequency was generally low. The AIP-gene carriers who had had epileptic seizures had a lower melatonin excretion level in their urine compared with gender- and aged-matched AIP-gene carriers’ relatives without epileptic seizures, which may indicate that melatonin plays a possible anti-convulsive role.</p><p>In our study of AIP and DM, no subject had an attack of AIP after the onset of DM. White-matter lesions on brain MRI were seen in 25% of the AIP-gene carriers examined outside attacks. One carrier had elevated protein levels in the CSF, but no carrier had cells or OB in the CSF.</p><p>In our population-based study, 356 DNA-confirmed AIP-gene carriers from northern Sweden participated. Manifest AIP (MAIP) was identified in 42%, 65% of whom were women. Eight mutations were found. Women were more severely stricken by AIP attacks in terms of number and duration, hospital admission and early onset. Men (30%) reported most attacks > 40 years of age. The most commonly reported symptoms during attacks were severe abdominal pain (86%), fatigue (42%), constipation (41%), vomiting (36%), muscle pain (30%), psychiatric symptoms (29%), pareses (20%) and sensory impairment (10%). Chronic AIP symptoms were reported by 18%. Precipitating factors were often reported: menstruation (31%), psychological strain (30%), certain drugs and fasting (20%), infection and alcohol (14%), physical strain (12%) and pregnancy (5%). Smoking was more frequent in MAIP and was associated with the number of AIP attacks. Some 30% of MAIP carriers used drugs that were not considered safe (in 1999), mainly diuretics, calcium antagonists and ACE inhibitors. Twenty per cent of MAIP carriers reported that they were receiving a disability pension due to AIP. Elevated levels of ASAT, bile acids, creatinine, creatinine clearance, U-ALA and U-PBG were often found in MAIP-gene carriers. Hypertension, renal impairment and pain in the legs were associated with MAIP. Hepatoma was strikingly over-represented.To summarise; epileptic seizures are less common than has previously been described, melatonin may have an anti-convulsive effect and DM may have a beneficial effect on MAIP-gene carriers. White-matter lesions are seen on brain MRI. The lesions are unspecific but may relate to the patients’ porphyria. AIP is not a harmless disease. A large percentage of the AIP-gene carriers had frequent attacks, severe symptoms, long-lasting fatigue and chronic AIP and women were more severely stricken. Effects on the kidneys, blood pressure and the liver, including HCC, were evident. Measures should be taken to improve the quality of life and prognosis for AIP-gene carriers.</p>

Porphyrias are inherited metabolic disorders characterised by an impairment of heme biosynthesis. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the most common of the acute porphyrias in Sweden. Acute attacks of AIP are characterised by neuro-psychiatric symptoms, including epileptic seizures. Environmental and acquired factors are related to the induction of symptoms. Acute attacks of AIP are treated with high doses of glucose and/or hematin infusions. The pathogenesis of the neuro-psychiatric symptoms is not known. Reversible white-matter lesions, probably due to vasospasm, have been seen on brain MRI. Similarities between multiple sclerosis (MS) and AIP have previously been described, but to our knowledge no study has investigated whether AIP-gene carriers have white-matter lesions seen on brain MRI or oligoclonal bands (OB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The percentage of AIP-gene carriers who have experienced epileptic seizures has been calculated at 10-20%, but previous investigations are derived from highly selected clinic-based studies. Studies were therefore undertaken to investigate the prevalence of epileptic seizures, the relationship of seizures to AIP, the type of seizures and the relationship of seizures to other factors such as melatonin. A case report described the disappearance of porphyric attacks after the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM). In our study, we investigated the rate of attacks after the onset of DM. For many years, clinical issues relating to AIP have not been a focal area. We therefore carried out a study to update our knowledge of the clinical course of AIP in order to improve prevention, control and treatment. In our studies of AIP-gene carriers and epileptic seizures, we found that epileptic seizures are less common than has previously been described (3.7%) and they are not very different from what is expected in the general population, but the prevalence of 5.1% of seizures with manifest AIP is higher than in the general population. The seizures may be generalised or partial and the seizure frequency was generally low. The AIP-gene carriers who had had epileptic seizures had a lower melatonin excretion level in their urine compared with gender- and aged-matched AIP-gene carriers’ relatives without epileptic seizures, which may indicate that melatonin plays a possible anti-convulsive role. In our study of AIP and DM, no subject had an attack of AIP after the onset of DM. White-matter lesions on brain MRI were seen in 25% of the AIP-gene carriers examined outside attacks. One carrier had elevated protein levels in the CSF, but no carrier had cells or OB in the CSF. In our population-based study, 356 DNA-confirmed AIP-gene carriers from northern Sweden participated. Manifest AIP (MAIP) was identified in 42%, 65% of whom were women. Eight mutations were found. Women were more severely stricken by AIP attacks in terms of number and duration, hospital admission and early onset. Men (30%) reported most attacks &gt; 40 years of age. The most commonly reported symptoms during attacks were severe abdominal pain (86%), fatigue (42%), constipation (41%), vomiting (36%), muscle pain (30%), psychiatric symptoms (29%), pareses (20%) and sensory impairment (10%). Chronic AIP symptoms were reported by 18%. Precipitating factors were often reported: menstruation (31%), psychological strain (30%), certain drugs and fasting (20%), infection and alcohol (14%), physical strain (12%) and pregnancy (5%). Smoking was more frequent in MAIP and was associated with the number of AIP attacks. Some 30% of MAIP carriers used drugs that were not considered safe (in 1999), mainly diuretics, calcium antagonists and ACE inhibitors. Twenty per cent of MAIP carriers reported that they were receiving a disability pension due to AIP. Elevated levels of ASAT, bile acids, creatinine, creatinine clearance, U-ALA and U-PBG were often found in MAIP-gene carriers. Hypertension, renal impairment and pain in the legs were associated with MAIP. Hepatoma was strikingly over-represented.To summarise; epileptic seizures are less common than has previously been described, melatonin may have an anti-convulsive effect and DM may have a beneficial effect on MAIP-gene carriers. White-matter lesions are seen on brain MRI. The lesions are unspecific but may relate to the patients’ porphyria. AIP is not a harmless disease. A large percentage of the AIP-gene carriers had frequent attacks, severe symptoms, long-lasting fatigue and chronic AIP and women were more severely stricken. Effects on the kidneys, blood pressure and the liver, including HCC, were evident. Measures should be taken to improve the quality of life and prognosis for AIP-gene carriers.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.