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In this paper, I study the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on a group of host country economic growth for the period 1994-2011. Using aggregate level FDI data for a group of five emerging countries, the paper reveals that FDI has a positive effect on economic growth. Then I use sectoral data and test whether all the sectors have positive effects on growth. The results vary across the sectors. The results seem to be positive for mining and quarrying as well as manufacturing sector, while trade and financial intermediation sectors to have a negative effect on economic growth.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foi proposto o monitoramento do processo de cura e fotocura de resinas epóxi através da Espectroscopia Fotoacústica. Nos experimentos, foram utilizados dois tipos de resinas epóxi: A resina Epoxtec 331, com o endurecedor DER 24, e a resina fotocurada EBECRYL 3720-TP25, com o fotoiniciador OMNIRAD 808. Foram utilizados dois modelos de células fotoacústicas: uma baseada na técnica de diferença de fase dos dois feixes (T2F); e outra convencional. São apresentadas as montagens experimentais desenvolvidas para os monitoramentos da cura e fotocura das resinas. O estudo foi realizado monitorando o sinal fotoacústico fazendo varredura em comprimentos de onda. Também foi monitorado o sinal fotoacústico em função do tempo durante as curas e fotocuras. Foi estudado o efeito de luz saturante, não modulada, nos processos de fotocura. Tanto a amplitude quanto a fase do sinal fotoacústico revelaram-se boas ferramentas para o monitoramento proposto. Apesar de muitos dos efeitos encontrados, nos estudos realizados, ainda não terem explicação, o presente trabalho mostrou a potencialidade da espectroscopia fotoacústica para esta área de pesquisa. / In this work it was proposed the monitoring of the cure and photocuring of epoxy resins by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. In the experiments, two types of epoxy resins were used: the resin Epoxtec 331,with the hardener DER 24; and the resin EBECRYL 3720 - TP25, with the photoinitiator 808 OMNIRAD. Two models of Photoacoustic cell were used: one based on two-beam phase-lag technique (T2F); and a conventional one. The developed set-ups for monitoring of cure and photocuring of epoxy resins are presented. The study was carried out with monitoring the photoacoustic signal on the wavelengths scan. Also the photoacoustic signal as a function of time was observed during the cure and photocuring. The effect of unmodulated saturating light was studied in the processes of photocuring. Both the amplitude and the phase of the photoacoustic signal proved to be good tools for the proposed monitoring. Although many of the effects found in these studies have not yet been explained, the present study showed the potential of photoacoustic spectroscopy to this area of research.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foi proposto o monitoramento do processo de cura e fotocura de resinas epóxi através da Espectroscopia Fotoacústica. Nos experimentos, foram utilizados dois tipos de resinas epóxi: A resina Epoxtec 331, com o endurecedor DER 24, e a resina fotocurada EBECRYL 3720-TP25, com o fotoiniciador OMNIRAD 808. Foram utilizados dois modelos de células fotoacústicas: uma baseada na técnica de diferença de fase dos dois feixes (T2F); e outra convencional. São apresentadas as montagens experimentais desenvolvidas para os monitoramentos da cura e fotocura das resinas. O estudo foi realizado monitorando o sinal fotoacústico fazendo varredura em comprimentos de onda. Também foi monitorado o sinal fotoacústico em função do tempo durante as curas e fotocuras. Foi estudado o efeito de luz saturante, não modulada, nos processos de fotocura. Tanto a amplitude quanto a fase do sinal fotoacústico revelaram-se boas ferramentas para o monitoramento proposto. Apesar de muitos dos efeitos encontrados, nos estudos realizados, ainda não terem explicação, o presente trabalho mostrou a potencialidade da espectroscopia fotoacústica para esta área de pesquisa. / In this work it was proposed the monitoring of the cure and photocuring of epoxy resins by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. In the experiments, two types of epoxy resins were used: the resin Epoxtec 331,with the hardener DER 24; and the resin EBECRYL 3720 - TP25, with the photoinitiator 808 OMNIRAD. Two models of Photoacoustic cell were used: one based on two-beam phase-lag technique (T2F); and a conventional one. The developed set-ups for monitoring of cure and photocuring of epoxy resins are presented. The study was carried out with monitoring the photoacoustic signal on the wavelengths scan. Also the photoacoustic signal as a function of time was observed during the cure and photocuring. The effect of unmodulated saturating light was studied in the processes of photocuring. Both the amplitude and the phase of the photoacoustic signal proved to be good tools for the proposed monitoring. Although many of the effects found in these studies have not yet been explained, the present study showed the potential of photoacoustic spectroscopy to this area of research.

The text summarize the contens of a problematic the psychosocial aspect of watching TV broadcast within the group of the children at the pre-school age. The theoretic part is focused on the essential information of the problem. The practical part shows results, which are concentrated on issues mentioned above.

特約條款於我保險法之體例中始終為一灰色地帶，不僅立法原意付之闕如，學術探究與實務應用亦呈二極化，學說上之論述多謂與英美法中之warranty相當，惟深入以視，英美法中之warranty可大致區分為海上保險之warranty與非海上保險之warranty，細分之又有數種迥異之類型，相較於我國之特約條款，於意義上並無法完全契合；於效力上亦有所扞格；加以實務界所應用之特約條款林林而群，種種而生，與我保險法之規定亦有矛盾，接踵而至的疑問，激盪出筆者澎湃之思緒，是以筆者乃自我期許能自不同之角度切入以觀，由比較中知其所異，由質疑中求其真意，不為任何權威所左右，所有之論述皆立於制度之原創性，希能抽絲剝繭，以明特約條款於我國法上之立意、內涵、功能，亦希冀實務界能藉本論文，掙脫出文字之泥淖與制式之束縛，俾能導正其觀念上之繆誤，以杜爭議，筆者擬分為六章論述: 首章述明本論文之研究動機、目的、方法及其範圍。第二章則以特約條款之立法沿革與立法目的為主軸，求諸立法文獻與學者意見，初探其核心，再輔以各國之立法例，並以對價平衡、特約條款之內容、warranty之立意等不同角度，切入其核心。第三章乃深入探究特約條款之法律性質與法律定位，相較英美法上warranty之分類與學者立論，相互其間是否全然契合無缺，並提出管見以測其圓融性，加以與其他相關法律概念如除外、不包括條款、據實說明義 務、基本條款、定型化契約條款等之比較，以明其相互間之差異與關係，使特約條款之真意與缺陷得以完全現形。第四章為效力層面之探究，首觀英美法上warranty之效力，次以我保險法上之架構，分為積極效力與消極效力，於積極效力之架構下探求主體義務人、違反特約條款之效力與解約後之相關問題；於消極效力之架構下，則論及例外事由與情事變更原則之應用，併論特約條款效力上之嚴厲性與矛盾性。第五章係就實務運作之情形以為研析，是否實務上應用之特約條款皆符我保險法上之意義？其效力是否與我保險法有所扞格？是否亦合其立法原意？是以筆者擬將其予以類型化，以明實務曲解特約條款之處。第六章，筆者綜合前述五章之相關爭點提出結論並給予建議，以竟全功。

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