The purpose of this research was to discern associations of nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and diet with postpartum weight retention 1 year following childbirth. Subjects for this research were low-income, Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white women recruited in a hospital 0 -- 1 day postpartum. In study 1, a nutrition attitudes scale was developed and validated in 134 low-income women at 1.5 months post-delivery. The final scale was administered to a second group of 206 women at 1.5, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Attitudes at each time were compared to demographics and weight status. Obese women at 1 year had higher barriers to healthful eating subscale averages than normal and overweight subjects at 1.5 and 6 months, and overweight participants at 12 months. Obese individuals also had greater emotional eating subscale scores than both normal and overweight subjects at 12 months. In study 2, a test of general nutrition knowledge was developed and validated in a sample of 151 women at 1 day post-delivery. The validated instrument was then administered to a test sample of 140 women at 0 and 12 months postpartum. Body weights were measured at 1.5, 6, and 12 months and height 1.5 months. Women with < 5% weight retention at 1 year had greater knowledge at 0 (53% vs.49%, p<0.05) and 12 months (55% vs. 51%, p <0.05) than those with >̲5%. Women who lactated >̲ 6 months had more knowledge than those who lactated < 6 months. In study 3, 182 women visited the research site at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum where dietary data were collected via one 24-hour recall and 2 days of diet records. Weight status was measured during each clinic visit; height was measured at 1.5 months. At 1 year postpartum, obese women had a greater percentage of energy from carbohydrates than their normal weight counterparts (52.5 % vs. 49.6%, p<0.05). Less than half of the population met the recommendations for folate, calcium, magnesium, and vitamins B6, D, E and C at all time points, regardless of ethnicity, BMI and lactation status. / text

The purpose of this research was to develop and va lidate a Risk Scale for Postpartum Weight Retention in low-income tri-ethnic women. In Study I, the scale was created in 187 subjects given six questionnaires and monitored for weight from 0 - 6 months postpartum. There were a total of 263 items derived from the questionnaires and 39 were related to weight change at 6 months postpartum (r = -0.20 to 0.61, p < 0.005). Expert review and exploratory multivariate analyses were used to reduce the questionnaire to six items that included weights, fat habits, weight control practices and self-esteem. Weight change was calculated as weight in kilograms retained from prepregnancy to 6 months postpartum. An initial method of evaluation, multiple regression, accounted for 45.8% of the variance in weight change (p < 0.001). A simpler method for clinicians, a ROC curve, discriminated between women who retained < 10 kg prepregnancy weight vs >̲ 10 kg. Area under the curve was 0.87; sensitivity was 76% and specificity, 80%. In Study II, validity was determined in a sample of 75 women who visited health clinics at 1.5 and 6 months postpartum. The risk scale and a demographic questionnaire were administered at 1.5 months postpartum; weight and waist circumference were measured at 1.5 and 6 months after delivering a child. When cross-validated in this sample, multiple regression explained 35.7% of the variance in weight. The ROC curve classified 81% of subjects into correct weight categories, with sensitivity of 65% and specificity, 89%, (p < 0.001). To enhance the predictive ability and reliability of the risk scale, weight at 1.5 months was replaced by waist circumference at 1.5 months postpartum. In the revised scale, multiple regression explained 41.5% of the variance in weight retention (p < 0.001). The updated ROC curve had an area under the curve of 0.83; with a sensitivity and specificity of 65 and 92%, respectively (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the risk scale is a valid measure of postpartum weight retention, using either complex multiple regression or simpler ROC methods. Additionally, waist circumference greatly increases its predictive power in Study II. / text

Introdução: Estudos evidenciam que a gestação e o período pós-parto são dois momentos críticos que aumentam a exposição a fatores que podem levar ao acúmulo de peso e obesidade futura. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os fatores associados com a retenção de peso no período pós-parto. Metodologia: Coorte com 145 mulheres, pacientes da maternidade de um Hospital privado do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídas no estudo pacientes com idade entre 19 e 45 anos, com idade gestacional de 38 a 42 semanas de gestação. A análise estatística envolveu o cálculo de média e desvio padrão para as variáveis quantitativas e as variáveis categóricas foram descritas através de freqüências absolutas e relativas. O nível de significância estatística considerado foi de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Identificou-se associação com a retenção de peso no pós-parto, o maior ganho ponderal total e a menor atividade física durante a gestação. Para os demais parâmetros estudados no seguimento dos seis meses, houve associação significativa: a paridade, o intervalo inter-gestacional, o consumo de calorias, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, o ganho ponderal relacionado ao IMC pré-gestacional, o grau de depressão, o aleitamento materno, o nível de escolaridade e a situação marital. Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou menor retenção de peso no período pós-parto associado à maior escolaridade das mulheres e às mulheres casadas. Também foram fatores determinantes para menor retenção de peso: IMC pré-gestacional normal ou abaixo do normal, pratica de atividade física e ganho de peso adequado durante a gestação, menor paridade, amamentação exclusiva por um período maior, consumo de calorias adequado ou abaixo do adequado e ausência de depressão. / Introduction: Studies show that the pregnancy and postpartum period are two critical moments which increase the exposure to factors which may lead to weight retention and future obesity. Objective: This work aims at identifying the associated factors with the weight retention after pregnancy. Methods: Cohort of 145 women, patients at a private maternity hospital in a town of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). This study included patients aged between 19 and 45 years, gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks. Statistical analysis involved calculation of average and standard deviation for quantitative variables and the categorical variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies. The level of significant statistic considered was 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a positive and significant association between the total weight gain and a negative association with physical exercise during pregnancy, with total weight loss. For other associated parameters, the ratio was reversed. The higher the parity, the inter-pregnancy interval, the calorie intake, the pre-pregnancy BMI, the weight gain related to pre-pregnancy BMI, the depression level and the lack of exclusive breastfeeding, the lower the weight loss. Concerning nominal variables, the total weight loss was significantly associated with level of education and marital status. Conclusion: The present study showed lower weight retention in the postpartum period associated with higher level of education and with married women. These were also determining factors to reduced weight retention: normal or below normal pre-pregnancy BMI, physical activity and adequate weight gain during pregnancy, lower parity, exclusive breastfeeding for a longer period, appropriate consumption of calories – or below –, and lack of depression.

Introdução: Estudos evidenciam que a gestação e o período pós-parto são dois momentos críticos que aumentam a exposição a fatores que podem levar ao acúmulo de peso e obesidade futura. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os fatores associados com a retenção de peso no período pós-parto. Metodologia: Coorte com 145 mulheres, pacientes da maternidade de um Hospital privado do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídas no estudo pacientes com idade entre 19 e 45 anos, com idade gestacional de 38 a 42 semanas de gestação. A análise estatística envolveu o cálculo de média e desvio padrão para as variáveis quantitativas e as variáveis categóricas foram descritas através de freqüências absolutas e relativas. O nível de significância estatística considerado foi de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Identificou-se associação com a retenção de peso no pós-parto, o maior ganho ponderal total e a menor atividade física durante a gestação. Para os demais parâmetros estudados no seguimento dos seis meses, houve associação significativa: a paridade, o intervalo inter-gestacional, o consumo de calorias, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, o ganho ponderal relacionado ao IMC pré-gestacional, o grau de depressão, o aleitamento materno, o nível de escolaridade e a situação marital. Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou menor retenção de peso no período pós-parto associado à maior escolaridade das mulheres e às mulheres casadas. Também foram fatores determinantes para menor retenção de peso: IMC pré-gestacional normal ou abaixo do normal, pratica de atividade física e ganho de peso adequado durante a gestação, menor paridade, amamentação exclusiva por um período maior, consumo de calorias adequado ou abaixo do adequado e ausência de depressão. / Introduction: Studies show that the pregnancy and postpartum period are two critical moments which increase the exposure to factors which may lead to weight retention and future obesity. Objective: This work aims at identifying the associated factors with the weight retention after pregnancy. Methods: Cohort of 145 women, patients at a private maternity hospital in a town of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). This study included patients aged between 19 and 45 years, gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks. Statistical analysis involved calculation of average and standard deviation for quantitative variables and the categorical variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies. The level of significant statistic considered was 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a positive and significant association between the total weight gain and a negative association with physical exercise during pregnancy, with total weight loss. For other associated parameters, the ratio was reversed. The higher the parity, the inter-pregnancy interval, the calorie intake, the pre-pregnancy BMI, the weight gain related to pre-pregnancy BMI, the depression level and the lack of exclusive breastfeeding, the lower the weight loss. Concerning nominal variables, the total weight loss was significantly associated with level of education and marital status. Conclusion: The present study showed lower weight retention in the postpartum period associated with higher level of education and with married women. These were also determining factors to reduced weight retention: normal or below normal pre-pregnancy BMI, physical activity and adequate weight gain during pregnancy, lower parity, exclusive breastfeeding for a longer period, appropriate consumption of calories – or below –, and lack of depression.

Introdução: Estudos evidenciam que a gestação e o período pós-parto são dois momentos críticos que aumentam a exposição a fatores que podem levar ao acúmulo de peso e obesidade futura. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os fatores associados com a retenção de peso no período pós-parto. Metodologia: Coorte com 145 mulheres, pacientes da maternidade de um Hospital privado do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídas no estudo pacientes com idade entre 19 e 45 anos, com idade gestacional de 38 a 42 semanas de gestação. A análise estatística envolveu o cálculo de média e desvio padrão para as variáveis quantitativas e as variáveis categóricas foram descritas através de freqüências absolutas e relativas. O nível de significância estatística considerado foi de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Identificou-se associação com a retenção de peso no pós-parto, o maior ganho ponderal total e a menor atividade física durante a gestação. Para os demais parâmetros estudados no seguimento dos seis meses, houve associação significativa: a paridade, o intervalo inter-gestacional, o consumo de calorias, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, o ganho ponderal relacionado ao IMC pré-gestacional, o grau de depressão, o aleitamento materno, o nível de escolaridade e a situação marital. Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou menor retenção de peso no período pós-parto associado à maior escolaridade das mulheres e às mulheres casadas. Também foram fatores determinantes para menor retenção de peso: IMC pré-gestacional normal ou abaixo do normal, pratica de atividade física e ganho de peso adequado durante a gestação, menor paridade, amamentação exclusiva por um período maior, consumo de calorias adequado ou abaixo do adequado e ausência de depressão. / Introduction: Studies show that the pregnancy and postpartum period are two critical moments which increase the exposure to factors which may lead to weight retention and future obesity. Objective: This work aims at identifying the associated factors with the weight retention after pregnancy. Methods: Cohort of 145 women, patients at a private maternity hospital in a town of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). This study included patients aged between 19 and 45 years, gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks. Statistical analysis involved calculation of average and standard deviation for quantitative variables and the categorical variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies. The level of significant statistic considered was 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a positive and significant association between the total weight gain and a negative association with physical exercise during pregnancy, with total weight loss. For other associated parameters, the ratio was reversed. The higher the parity, the inter-pregnancy interval, the calorie intake, the pre-pregnancy BMI, the weight gain related to pre-pregnancy BMI, the depression level and the lack of exclusive breastfeeding, the lower the weight loss. Concerning nominal variables, the total weight loss was significantly associated with level of education and marital status. Conclusion: The present study showed lower weight retention in the postpartum period associated with higher level of education and with married women. These were also determining factors to reduced weight retention: normal or below normal pre-pregnancy BMI, physical activity and adequate weight gain during pregnancy, lower parity, exclusive breastfeeding for a longer period, appropriate consumption of calories – or below –, and lack of depression.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this research was to develop, validate, and test an instrument to evaluate motivations to eat in low-income women during the early postpartum period. The instrument was also used in a sample of young college women to further validate the measure and explore determinants of eating in this population. In study 1, the Eating Stimulus Index was validated in 179 low-income women in early postpartum. Validity and reliability were determined via principal components analysis, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest reliability using a subgroup of 31 low-income new mothers. The factor analysis produced an eight factor structure with reliability coefficients ranging from 0.54-0.89. Convenience eating (r=-0.25, P<0.01), emotional eating (r=-0.17, P<0.05), and dietary restraint (r=-0.21, P<0.01) were significantly related to weight status. In study 2, the relationship between eating motivations and diet quality, determined via the Dietary Guidelines Adherence Index, was established in 115 low-income women in early postpartum. High diet quality was related to fruit and vegetable availability (r=0.25, P<0.01), convenience eating resistance (r=-0.36, P<0.001), and vegetable taste preference (r=0.23, P<0.05). Motivations to eat differed between overweight and obese women with the primary motivation being convenience eating and taste, respectively. In study 3, determinants of weight loss were examined in 58 low-income women in early postpartum participating in an 8-week weight loss intervention. Participants were evaluated at pre- and post-study for all measures. Factors related to weight loss included increases in dietary restraint, weight management skills, and weight loss self-efficacy and decreases in fruit juice servings, total energy, and discretionary energy intakes. After hierarchical regression analysis, improvement in weight loss self-efficacy was the most significant determinant (β=0.263, P<0.05) followed by decreases in discretionary energy intake (β=-0.241, P<0.05). In study 4, determinants of diet quality were assessed in a sample of 88 young college women using the Eating Stimulus Index. Low diet quality was associated with poor fruit and vegetable availability, convenience eating resistance, vegetable taste preference, and weight management self-efficacy, while high diet quality was related to increased frequency of meals prepared at home and decreased frequency of meals consumed at fast food restaurants. / text

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a associação entre a depressão pós-parto e a retenção de peso no pós-parto. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, com 563 mulheres no baseline acolhidas em unidades de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro entre 2005 e 2009, acompanhadas até o 6 mês pós-parto, com dados sobre peso e estatura aos 15 dias pós-parto e peso pré-gestacional. O peso retido após o parto foi calculado a partir da diferença entre o peso aferido nas ondas de seguimento (15 dias, 1, 2, 4 e 6 mês) e o peso pré-gestacional. O estado nutricional pré-gestacional foi classificado de acordo com a OMS. A presença de depressão pós-parto foi avaliada a partir da versão em português da Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edimburgo (EPDS) aos 15 dias e no 2 mês após o parto, utilizando-se 11/12 da EPDS como ponto de corte. Considerou-se depressão recorrente quando houve presença de depressão nos dois momentos. Inicialmente analisaram-se características da população. Para as análises estatísticas do efeito do estado nutricional pré-gestacional e do efeito da depressão pós-parto sobre a retenção de peso pós-parto empregou-se o proc mixed do pacote estatístico SAS. Dentre os principais achados, destaca-se que 22,7% (IC 95% 19,3-26,4) das mulheres iniciaram a gravidez com sobrepeso e 10,9% (IC 95% 7,0-15,7) apresentaram depressão recorrente. A retenção média de peso foi de 5,6 kg (IC 95% 5,1-6,1) aos 15 dias pós-parto. Na análise das trajetórias no tempo do peso pós-parto por estado nutricional pré-gestacional ajustadas por idade, escolaridade, número de filhos, aleitamento materno e ganho de peso gestacional, observou-se diminuição da retenção de peso pós-parto para os grupos de baixo peso e sobrepeso pré-gestacional e aumento da retenção de peso pós-parto para o grupo de obesidade pré-gestacional. Na análise das trajetórias no tempo do peso pós-parto por depressão pós-parto verifica-se que o efeito entre o tempo e a retenção de peso pós-parto se modifica para mulheres com depressão pós-parto recorrente nas análises bruta e ajustadas por idade, escolaridade, estado nutricional pré-gestacional, número de filhos, ganho de peso gestacional, aleitamento materno e rede social, nas quais observa-se que as mulheres com depressão pós-parto recorrente perdem menos peso. Os resultados permitem identificar que há no pós-parto perda e ganho de peso, apesar de ser esperada perda de peso almejando o retorno ao peso pré-gestacional. Ressalta-se o impacto da depressão pós-parto observado nesta dinâmica de peso, uma vez que mulheres com depressão pós-parto recorrente apresentaram menor perda de peso. Destaca-se a relevância dos resultados deste estudo para o desenvolvimento da promoção da saúde e da segurança alimentar e nutricional, visando um monitoramento do estado nutricional pós-parto e avaliação da saúde mental materna de forma a contribuir para a prevenção da obesidade feminina e comorbidades / The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between postpartum depression and weight retention in the same period. This is part of a cohort study conducted with 563 women in the baseline that were treated in public services from the city of Rio de Janeiro, between 2005 and 2009, followed up to the 6th month after delivery, and data regarding weight and height at 15 days after delivery (baseline) and this pre-pregnancy weight were collected. The retained weight after delivery was calculated as the difference between the weight measured at 15 days, 1, 2, 4 and 6 months after delivery and the pre-pregnancy weight. The womens nutritional status was classified according to WHO. The presence of postpartum depression was evaluated using the portuguese version of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 15 days and 2 months after delivery, and using as cutoff 11/12 points in the Scale. Recurrent depression was considered when there was presence of depression at both times. Firstly, general, characteristics of the population were analyzed. To the statistical analysis of the effect of pre-pregnancy nutritional status and the effect of postpartum depression on postpartum weight retention the package proc mixed from SAS was applied. The results show that 22.7% (95% CI 19.3-26.4) of the women started pregnancy overweight, 10.9% (95% CI 7.0-15.7) presented recurrent depression. The average weight retention was 5.6 kg (95% CI 5.1-6.1) at 15 days postpartum. When the time trajectories of weight after delivery according to pre-pregnancy nutritional status were analyzed adjusted for age, schooling years, number of children, breastfeeding and gestational weight gain, it was observed a reduction of weight retention after delivery to those women who were classified as underweight and overweight before pregnancy and an increased in the same trajectory for the who were obese. When the time trajectories of weight after delivery according to postpartum depression were analyzed it was showed that the effect between time and weight retention changes for women with recurrent postpartum depression in the crude and adjusted analyzes by age, schooling years, pre-pregnancy nutritional status, number of children, gestational weight gain, breastfeeding and social network, in this analysis women with recurrent postpartum depression lose less weight. The results show that during the postpartum period the impact of postpartum depression in this dynamic weight is important, since women with recurrent postpartum depression showed less weight loss. The results of this study present the importance of it to the development of health promotion and food and nutrition security, assessment of maternal mental health in order to contribute to the prevention of female obesity and comorbities

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a associação entre a depressão pós-parto e a retenção de peso no pós-parto. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, com 563 mulheres no baseline acolhidas em unidades de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro entre 2005 e 2009, acompanhadas até o 6 mês pós-parto, com dados sobre peso e estatura aos 15 dias pós-parto e peso pré-gestacional. O peso retido após o parto foi calculado a partir da diferença entre o peso aferido nas ondas de seguimento (15 dias, 1, 2, 4 e 6 mês) e o peso pré-gestacional. O estado nutricional pré-gestacional foi classificado de acordo com a OMS. A presença de depressão pós-parto foi avaliada a partir da versão em português da Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edimburgo (EPDS) aos 15 dias e no 2 mês após o parto, utilizando-se 11/12 da EPDS como ponto de corte. Considerou-se depressão recorrente quando houve presença de depressão nos dois momentos. Inicialmente analisaram-se características da população. Para as análises estatísticas do efeito do estado nutricional pré-gestacional e do efeito da depressão pós-parto sobre a retenção de peso pós-parto empregou-se o proc mixed do pacote estatístico SAS. Dentre os principais achados, destaca-se que 22,7% (IC 95% 19,3-26,4) das mulheres iniciaram a gravidez com sobrepeso e 10,9% (IC 95% 7,0-15,7) apresentaram depressão recorrente. A retenção média de peso foi de 5,6 kg (IC 95% 5,1-6,1) aos 15 dias pós-parto. Na análise das trajetórias no tempo do peso pós-parto por estado nutricional pré-gestacional ajustadas por idade, escolaridade, número de filhos, aleitamento materno e ganho de peso gestacional, observou-se diminuição da retenção de peso pós-parto para os grupos de baixo peso e sobrepeso pré-gestacional e aumento da retenção de peso pós-parto para o grupo de obesidade pré-gestacional. Na análise das trajetórias no tempo do peso pós-parto por depressão pós-parto verifica-se que o efeito entre o tempo e a retenção de peso pós-parto se modifica para mulheres com depressão pós-parto recorrente nas análises bruta e ajustadas por idade, escolaridade, estado nutricional pré-gestacional, número de filhos, ganho de peso gestacional, aleitamento materno e rede social, nas quais observa-se que as mulheres com depressão pós-parto recorrente perdem menos peso. Os resultados permitem identificar que há no pós-parto perda e ganho de peso, apesar de ser esperada perda de peso almejando o retorno ao peso pré-gestacional. Ressalta-se o impacto da depressão pós-parto observado nesta dinâmica de peso, uma vez que mulheres com depressão pós-parto recorrente apresentaram menor perda de peso. Destaca-se a relevância dos resultados deste estudo para o desenvolvimento da promoção da saúde e da segurança alimentar e nutricional, visando um monitoramento do estado nutricional pós-parto e avaliação da saúde mental materna de forma a contribuir para a prevenção da obesidade feminina e comorbidades / The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between postpartum depression and weight retention in the same period. This is part of a cohort study conducted with 563 women in the baseline that were treated in public services from the city of Rio de Janeiro, between 2005 and 2009, followed up to the 6th month after delivery, and data regarding weight and height at 15 days after delivery (baseline) and this pre-pregnancy weight were collected. The retained weight after delivery was calculated as the difference between the weight measured at 15 days, 1, 2, 4 and 6 months after delivery and the pre-pregnancy weight. The womens nutritional status was classified according to WHO. The presence of postpartum depression was evaluated using the portuguese version of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 15 days and 2 months after delivery, and using as cutoff 11/12 points in the Scale. Recurrent depression was considered when there was presence of depression at both times. Firstly, general, characteristics of the population were analyzed. To the statistical analysis of the effect of pre-pregnancy nutritional status and the effect of postpartum depression on postpartum weight retention the package proc mixed from SAS was applied. The results show that 22.7% (95% CI 19.3-26.4) of the women started pregnancy overweight, 10.9% (95% CI 7.0-15.7) presented recurrent depression. The average weight retention was 5.6 kg (95% CI 5.1-6.1) at 15 days postpartum. When the time trajectories of weight after delivery according to pre-pregnancy nutritional status were analyzed adjusted for age, schooling years, number of children, breastfeeding and gestational weight gain, it was observed a reduction of weight retention after delivery to those women who were classified as underweight and overweight before pregnancy and an increased in the same trajectory for the who were obese. When the time trajectories of weight after delivery according to postpartum depression were analyzed it was showed that the effect between time and weight retention changes for women with recurrent postpartum depression in the crude and adjusted analyzes by age, schooling years, pre-pregnancy nutritional status, number of children, gestational weight gain, breastfeeding and social network, in this analysis women with recurrent postpartum depression lose less weight. The results show that during the postpartum period the impact of postpartum depression in this dynamic weight is important, since women with recurrent postpartum depression showed less weight loss. The results of this study present the importance of it to the development of health promotion and food and nutrition security, assessment of maternal mental health in order to contribute to the prevention of female obesity and comorbities