Bakground: Puerperal fever caused by group A Streptococcus is in a global context seen as a common cause of death in childbirth. Aim: To examine the consequences of group A streptococcus infections in women postpartum and to see what a nurse can do to stop the infection with adequate nursing interventions. Method: This is a review built on 15 articles. These articles were read in full and audited with a suitable template. Result: Women postpartum has 20 times higher risk to get group A stretococcus infection as compared to non pregnant. The consequences of Group A Streptococcus infection can lead to high fever, abscesses around the uterus, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hysterectomy and death. Patients who share room with infected patients carries an increased risk to be infected. Curtains between patient beds can be colonized by Group A Streptococcus. Nursing interventions such as good hand hygiene and sanitized equipment in the patient room are important since Group A Streptococcus can survive for a long time on different surfaces. A woman who recently gave birth should have her body temperature monitored. In an outbreak of Group A Streptococcus, healthcare workers can be carriers. It is therefore important for a nurse to educate other healthcare workers about the importance of good hand hygiene. Conclusion: A woman infected by Group A Streptococcus can in several cases suffer serious consequences. In the worst case, death can occur as a cause of non adequate treatment. A nurse should work preventively to limit spreading of the infection. Nurses need knowledge in this area to prevent propagation of the infection and to reduce suffering. A nurse is responsible for establishing a work environment where patient safety comes first. / Bakgrund:  Barnsängsfeber, som orsakas av grupp A streptokocker, är globalt sett en vanlig dödsorsak i samband med förlossningar. Syfte: Att undersöka vad grupp A streptokocker har för konsekvenser för nyförlöst kvinna postpartum, samt att se vad sjuksköterskan kan göra för att sätta in rätt omvårdnadsåtgärder och undvika eventuell smittspridningen mellan patienter. Metod: Detta är en litteraturstudie som innefattar 15 artiklar. Dessa lästes i sin helhet och granskades enligt strukturerad mall. Resultat: Kvinnor postpartum löper 20 gånger ökad risk att smittas av grupp A streptokocker än ickegravida. Konsekvenserna för nyförlöst kvinna som drabbas av Grupp A streptokockinfektion kan leda till hög feber, abscesser kring uterus, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrom (ARDS), hysterektomi och dödsfall.  Patienter som delar rum med smittade patienter löper ökad risk att drabbas av en infektion. Gardiner mellan patienternas sängar kan vara koloniserade av grupp A streptokocker. Sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder är god handhygien och desinficering och rengöring av inredningen på patientrummet, eftersom grupp A streptokocker kan leva länge på olika ytor. Den nyförlösta kvinnans temperatur ska mätas. Vid ett utbrott av bakterien kan vårdpersonal vara bärare och det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan informerar personal om vikten av god hygien. Slutsats: En kvinna som drabbas av grupp A streptokocker postpartum får i flera fall allvarliga konsekvenser av detta. Om inte adekvat behandling sätts in kan hon i värsta fall avlida.  En sjuksköterska ska arbeta preventivt för att förhindra smittspridning. Sjuksköterskor behöver kunskap inom ämnet för att förhindra smittspridning och minska lidandet. Sjuksköterskan är ansvarig för att organisera arbetet på avdelningen och ska undervisa personalen så att de arbetar på ett patientsäkert sätt

This study evaluated the effects of dietary starch on productive and reproduction parameters of postpartum dairy cows. Three diets were fed, with increasing starch levels from calving until 70 days in milk. Treatment had no effect on dry matter intake, energy balance, specific metabolic hormones and metabolites, milk yield, or milk components with the exception that cows fed the low starch diet had higher levels of milk urea nitrogen. Cows fed the high starch tended to lose less body condition, had a shorter interval from calving to first ovulation, and a higher incidence of double first ovulations. There were no treatment effects on ovarian dynamics, luteinizing hormone, progesterone or estradiol concentrations. Number of cows confirmed pregnant 30 d after first insemination did not differ between treatments. Increasing dietary starch decreased the interval from calving to first ovulation, but had no impact on productivity and metabolic status of the postpartum cow. / Animal Science

The objective of this review was to appraise and summarise the best available literature on paternal postpartum depression (PPD) in new fathers. / This review has determined that new fathers can suffer depression, distress and anxiety in relation to pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period. The transition to fatherhood appeared to have a profound effect on many new fathers. Difficulties within the relationship, a history of depression and postnatal depression in the spouse were more likely to facilitate depression in fathers. Health care professionals play a pivotal role in recognising symptoms associated with PPD and can promote greater awareness of the condition through education. The Edinburgh Depression Scale as an assessment instrument to detect symptoms of postnatal depression (PND) in women has been found to be equally effective in detecting the symptoms of depression in fathers. Available, current literature on PPD is sparse and recommendations are made for continued research on PPD in new fathers, inclusion of awareness programmes on PPD in antenatal education and the development of an assessment tool similar to the EPDS that is gender specific for the routine assessment of new fathers. / Thesis (MMidwifery)--University of South Australia, 2005.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Clinical Nursing, 2005. / Title from t.p. of source document (viewed Apr. 2, 2007). "April 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-221). Also available in print version.

Thesis (M Nursing)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2010. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Kathleen Schachman. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-69).

Proefschrift Maastricht. / Met lit. opg. en samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University

Using a questionnaire developed by M. Gruis in 1974, this study determines (a) the major concerns of primiparous and multiparous mothers one month postpartum, and (b) the resources used in meeting identified concerns. The sample was composed of 19 primiparas and 22 multiparas who delivered their babies in a large tertiary care maternity centre in Vancouver, B. C, in January and February of 1987. The most frequently identified major concerns of primiparas were feeding, fatigue, breast soreness, infant behavior, and return of the figure. The most frequently identified major concerns of multiparas were fatigue, regulating demands, emotional tension, jealousy of other children, and the labor and delivery experience. The vast majority of major concerns were dealt with effectively. The women used a variety of resources, and their partners were particularly helpful. However, for 64% of the multiparas in this study, the hospital stay did not provide preparation for the first weeks at home with their new babies. It is recommended that hospital nurses assess the learning needs of postpartum mothers individually, and place more attention on (a) the rest and recuperation of mothers from the birthing process, and (b) ensuring that mothers are able to thoroughly review their labor and delivery experiences. Public health or community health nurses should see their postpartum clients as soon as possible after discharge from hospital. Teaching sessions can occur in the home, and in accordance with individual concerns. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of postpartum depression and to generate a substantive theory that would describe and explain this experience. Although the area of postpartum depression has been extensively researched in the past three decades the overwhelming majority of studies have employed quantitative research methods. These methods do not illuminate the experience from the women's point of view and they disregard the context within which the experience occurs. This study employed the Grounded Theory Method, a naturalistic-inductive method o f inquiry, that allowed for the participants' experience to be described and for a substantive theory to emerge, which is grounded in the data. Sixteen women (age range 27 to 42 years) were interviewed twice about their experience of depression following childbirth. The first interview focused on the women's experience of depression, while the second interview centred on the women's comments and suggestions regarding the researcher's thematic summaries of their interviews. A semi-structured interview guide was used during both interviews, which allowed for variations to emerge while a unified framework was maintained. The grounded theory analysis of the data led to the development of a substantive theory describing and explaining the social-psychological process of the experience of postpartum depression. The theoretical model that describes and explains the experience has six phases: (1) Becoming Lost, (2) Getting Trapped, (3) Deep in Depression, (4) Struggling to Break Out, (5) Breaking out, and (6) Staying Well. In addition, two recurrent themes were identified: (a) The Relationship with the Partner, and (b) A Redefined Self. The theoretical model illustrates the relationship among the different phases, as well as the properties that make the phases up. It also describes the types, circumstances and conditions under which the experience occurs. Most of the components of the theoretical model are supported by the literature on postpartum depression. However, the model adds to the literature in identifying specific parts of the process of postpartum depression such as the period leading to the onset of depression, the struggle to come out of the depression and women's agency in coming out of the depression and maintaining their wellness following recovery. As well, the study illuminated the changes in the relationship with the partner, and the process of redefining self through the experience of PPD. Finally, the implications for further research and practice that stem from the theoretical model that was developed are discussed. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mood disorder that affects women shortly after the birth of their newborn. Prevalent symptoms include sadness, anxiety, fatigue, and lack of interest in activities that used to be pleasurable. Severe cases may include suicide ideation. While the pathogenesis and treatment methods are similar to major depressive disorder (MDD), it is not until recently that individual research has been performed to further understand PPD and its origins as well as efficacy of treatments on mothers with their wavering biology. Risk factors that are statistically significant in contributing to a higher risk of PPD include biological and genetic predispositions, environmental factors such as demographics, and most importantly, the mother’s previous mental history. Clinicians suggest treatment methods depending on the severity of the case and the mother’s lifestyle. Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment recommended to mothers with mild to moderate PPD; this is also a favorable choice for mothers breastfeeding as all antidepressants can secrete into breast milk. Antidepressants fall under several classifications, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) being the optimal choice as they produce less side effects compared to the others. Mothers with a previous mental history or severe PPD are immediately recommended antidepressants as the therapy of choice. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), while controversial, has become a more prominent option for mothers with severe PPD or for patients who simply want results sooner. Meta-analyses performed explore the origin of PPD and compare treatments currently in place. Similar confounding variables arise time and time again in these studies; region, local demographics, and self-report surveys make it difficult to apply data from one city, much less another country, to another. Studies with a large population of people of color or areas where seeking mental health counseling is looked down upon show large numbers of subjects dropping out of studies midway. The accuracy of data from self-report surveys is also questionable. As research continues to find more effective treatments and better comprehend the biological aspect of PPD, an increased understanding of current studies may aid in the management of PPD.