This dissertation is composed of three essays that analyze the significance of the Food Stamp Program (FSP) for low-income households. The first essay entitled “Intensity of Food Stamp Use and Transient and Chronic Poverty: Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics” examines the impact of intensity of use of FSP benefits on household exposure to transient and chronic poverty with respect to food and housing expenditures. The study finds that FSP is used for both long-term expenditure support and as a smoothing mechanism before the welfare reform, and only for smoothing expenditures after the welfare reform. Factors that influence both components of poverty are number of children, human capital, minority status and local economic conditions. Another finding is that shorter recertification periods reduce the length of FSP use, and indirectly result in higher poverty. The second essay entitled “The End of the Paper Era in the Food Stamp Program: The Impact of Electronic Benefits on Program Participation” documents the impact of the implementation of the statewide Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) system on household participation behavior in the entire period of nationwide implementation. The major finding is that the switch from paper coupons to EBT cards induces participation among eligible households, most likely by reducing the stigma associated with FSP participation. The effect of the EBT system on participation probabilities is the largest among households residing in the rural South, those not headed by a single mother or those with a White household head. The third essay entitled “The Dynamics of Food Stamp Program Participation: A Lagged Dependent Variable Approach” investigates the existence of state dependence and its sources by analyzing the dynamics of participation in the FSP using a lagged dependent variable approach. Results show that FSP receipt in the previous period is an important determinant of current FSP receipt. Estimated persistence rates declined significantly after 1996, suggesting that long-term welfare dependency was reduced after the welfare reform, at least with respect to the FSP. The source of state dependence in FSP participation among low-income households is mostly structural implying that a welfare trap does exist for these households. / Ph. D.

This dissertation is composed of three essays that measure the impact of social programs and policies on the well being of their target populations. The first essay entitled "The Wage Impact of Historically Black College and University Attendance" examines the impact of attending a Historically Black College or University on the wages of Blacks attending HBCUs versus other four year colleges or universities using a sample of Blacks from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). The study finds no initial advantage to HBCU attendance for black men, but a 1.4 to 1.6 percentage point higher growth rate in subsequent wages is associated with the attendance of an HBCU as opposed to other four year colleges. This faster growth rate translates in a net discounted HBCU earnings gain of 8.9 to 9.6 percent over a 16 year period following college attendance. The study finds no advantage or disadvantage to HBCU attendance for Black females. The second essay entitled "Transient and Chronic Poverty in the US: The Role of the Food Stamp Program" examines the unique and common determinants of short-term intra-annual transient poverty and chronic poverty, as well as the differential response of each state of poverty to Food Stamp Program (FSP) use. The study employs dynamic expenditure-based poverty measures using quarterly data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (2001-2004). The major finding is that FSP use reduces transient poverty, but the study finds no significant impact of FSP use on chronic poverty. The common causes of both states of poverty are low human capital, minority status and involuntary unemployment of the household head. Changes in family composition during the year is only associated with higher transient poverty. The third essay entitled "Food Insecurity and the Food Stamp Program" examines the determinants of food insecurity in the US, as well as its response to Food Stamp Program use with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1995-1999). The study finds that FSP use reduces household food insecurity, and that the program impact is greater for households that experience more severe insecurity. In addition the study finds that higher risk tolerance as well as a preference for smoking cigarettes increase household food insecurity. / Ph. D.

Social assistance programmes (SAPs), understood as non-contributory transfers aimed at ad-dressing poverty, have spread in developing countries since the late 1990s. National govern-ments in Latin America have sought to extend the coverage of SAPs through human devel-opment conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs). CCTs share several implementation features. First, they employ targeting and selection methods based on means, and proxy means, tests. Research on targeting and selection methods has evolved hand in hand with the adoption of CCTs in Latin America, Africa and South East Asia. Second, CCTs involve the provision of cash transfers directly to households, but with conditions attached to human development objectives. Transfers are given to households in poverty contingent on investment in the human capital formation of their children. A third feature relates to the presence of programme exit conditions. To date, scarce research is available on the design and outcomes associated with exit condi-tions from CCTs. This thesis thus contributes to the literature in the implementation of SAPs by providing a critical examination of exit conditions in SAPs with specific emphasis on CCTs. The thesis provides a systematic theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of exit conditions in the implementation of CCTs. The thesis develops and tests two basic principles underlying the role of exit conditions. First, the exhausted-effectiveness principle suggests that the effectiveness of a CCT varies over time. The research reported in this examines the effectiveness of programme over time with the aim of identifying potential thresholds after which a given SAP's effectiveness de-clines. A two-period child human capital investment model is developed to study analytically the conditions in which programme effectiveness varies over time. This is examined empirically in order to demonstrate the existence of the time-varying effectiveness associated with the implementation of the Colombia's CCT, Familias en Accion. A continuous treatment effect model is estimated following Hirano and Imbens (2004), in which the length of exposure allows for the graphical analysis of dose-response functions. The results indicate that the design of SAPs must take account of time-varying effectiveness. Second, a principle of the non-recurrence of poverty states that beneficiaries should be able to exit an effective programme when two conditions apply: (i) they are not in poverty; and (ii) they face a low probability of becoming poor in the near future. This principle acknowledges the implications of poverty dynamics for the implementation of SAPs with a particular focus on exit conditions. This thesis characterises the poverty dynamics of beneficiary households through the estimation of a Markovian poverty transition model using data from the Familias en Accion programme. The findings from the empirical work suggest that programme participation should not end when households are non-poor, but attention must be paid to probabilities of recurrence, in order to secure non-recurrence in the near future. Taken together, the exhausted-effectiveness principle interacts with the non-recurrence of poverty principle in the sense that the first sets a maximum length of exposure to the intervention, while the second determines minimum levels of exposure.

No description available.

Mehr als zwei Drittel der Menschen unterhalb der Armutsgrenze in Sub-Sahara Afrika leben im ländlichen Raum; vier Fünftel von ihnen erwirtschaften ihren Lebensunterhalt überwiegend durch landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten. Somit spielt die Landwirtschaft eine herausragende Rolle in der ländlichen Wirtschaftsentwicklung und Armutsbekämpfung. Dem Sektor kam in der letzten Dekade wieder gestiegene Aufmerksamkeit durch Ent-wicklungsforschung und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit zu. Jedoch ist der Zusammen-hang zwischen landwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten und ihrem Beitrag zur Überwindung der Armut auf der Haushaltsebene („poverty exit”) kaum empirisch analysiert. In Kenia trägt der Agrarsektor 26 % zum BIP bei, vor- und nachgelagerten Bereiche zusätzliche 27 %. Mehr als 70 % der ländlichen Bevölkerung arbeiten in der Landwirt-schaft; landesweit sind das mehr als 40 % der Gesamtbevölkerung. Seit der Jahrtau-sendwende ist der Sektor im Durchschnitt um 3 % gewachsen, allerdings mit hoher Varianz. Seitdem haben sich viele kleinbäuerliche Haushalte in landwirtschaftliche Wert-schöpfungsketten wie Exportgemüse oder Milch integriert. Gleichzeitig sank die ländli-che Armutsrate von 49,7 % auf 40,1 %. Was also war der Beitrag der Wertschöpfungs-kettenentwicklung auf die ländliche Armutsreduktion? Diese Arbeit untersucht am Beispiel Kenias, warum manche ländlichen Haushalte die Armut überwunden haben und welche landwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten dazu geführt haben. Die Basis dafür bilden drei unterschiedliche Stränge in der Literatur: die Pro-Poor Growth-Debatte, die Wertschöpfungskettenliteratur, und die Armutsforschung entlang des sogenannten „Q-Squared Paradigms“. Elemente dieser drei Stränge bilden das analy-tische Gerüst für die empirische Analyse im ländlichen Kenia und kombinieren quanti-tative und qualitative Methoden. Zuerst wurde das ländliche Haushaltpanel „TAMPA“ mit 1275 ländlichen Haushalten über einen Zeitraum von 10 Jahren (1997-2007) nach Haushalten ausgewertet, die die Armut überwunden haben. Eine Stichprobe von 51 dieser Haushalte wurde im Jahr 2010 nachbefragt, um die spezifischen Gründe für den wirtschaftlichen Aufstieg zu analysieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Befragung lassen sich auf zwei Ebenen interpretieren und leisten daher zwei unterschiedliche Beiträge zur ländlichen Armutsforschung: erstens methodi-sche Hinweise zur Datenerfassung und -interpretation ländlicher Haushaltspanele in Afrika; zweitens Erkenntnisse zu effektiven Strategien, wie die Integration in landwirt-schaftliche Wertschöpfungsketten zur Überwindung ländlicher Armut führen kann. Das zentrale methodische Ergebnis liegt darin, dass obwohl die quantitativen Daten von vier Haushaltsbefragungen im Rahmen des Panels eindeutig eine Überwindung der Armut bei allen 51 Haushalten zeigen, nur 25 dieser Haushalt tatsächlich der Armut entkommen sind. Die anderen 26 Haushalte haben sich unterschiedlich entwickelt oder sind Messfehlern unterlegen. Die Lebensgeschichten („life histories“) der 25 Haushalte, die die Armut überwunden hatten, zeigen jedoch eindeutig, dass die Integration in landwirtschaftliche Wertschöpfungsketten tatsächlich einen sehr guten Entwicklungs-pfad aus der Armut bieten kann, wenn die landwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten produktiv und marktorientiert sind und Investitionen und Innovationsadoption erfahren. Die Mischung aus Spezialisierung auf eine kommerzielle Wertschöpfungskette, die Elemente kollektiver Vermarktungsstrukturen wie Kooperativen aufweist, einerseits und risikomi-nimierender Diversifizierung inklusive ernährungsrelevantem Eigenkonsum anderer-seits, scheint hierbei der erfolgreichste Weg aus der ländlichen Armut zu sein. Beide Ergebnisbereiche führen zu Schlussfolgerungen, wie zukünftig landwirtschaftliche Wertschöpfungskettenförderung den Fokus auf Armutsreduzierung stärken kann und wie die Armutsforschung die Umsetzung solcher Projekte und deren Armutseffekte besser messen könnte.:1 INTRODUCTION 2 POVERTY AND GROWTH DEBATES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR AID TO AGRICULTURE 3 POVERTY DYNAMICS AND POVERTY EXITS: CONCEPTS, METHODOLOGIES AND CASES STUDIES 4 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE: POVERTY EXITS IN RURAL KENYA 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS / In Sub-Saharan Africa, more than two thirds of the poor live in rural areas and four out of every five households are making a living predominantly based on agricultural and livestock activities. Agriculture plays a major role in stimulating rural economic development and in driving rural households out of poverty. Hence, the sector experienced a revival in development cooperation and devel-opment research during the past decade. However, it is rarely analysed which agricultural strategies rural households undertake to successfully exit poverty. In Kenya, agriculture is key to the economy, contributing 26 % of the GDP di-rectly and another 27 % indirectly. The sector provides employment for more than 40 % of the total population and more than 70 % of the rural population. Since the Millennium, the sector experienced an average growth rate of 3 % per year, albeit high variances. Since then, many small-scale farmers in Kenya have integrated their economic activities into agricultural value chains, such as food crops, export horticulture or dairy. At the same time, rural poverty incidence re-duced from 49.9 % to 40.1 %, but is still significantly higher than urban poverty. So what was the impact of value chain development on rural poverty reduction? This research analyses why some rural households exited poverty and to what extent these poverty exits are explained by their agricultural activities. Based on a literature review of the pro-poor growth debate, of agricultural value chain de-velopment and of poverty research along the ‘q-squared-paradigm', the results from three different schools are combined for the design of an empirical field survey in rural Kenya applying quantitative and qualitative methods. First, the ten-year TAMPA panel data set for 1275 rural households was analysed for the identification of poverty exiting households. These poverty exiters were then sampled again for qualitative follow-up interviews in order to specifically analyse their explanation for their upward mobility. 51 households were visited and in-terviewed for their agricultural life history in 2010. The results are two-fold: first, even though the four wave panel data for all 51 households showed a clear upward trend, only 25 households turned out to have actually exited poverty between 1997 and 2007. The other 26 households had either never been poor or were still poor, or had progressed in their lifecycle and remaining resources were divided by fewer dependants. Thus, a number of con-clusions are drawn for the interpretation and further use of such panel data. Sec-ond, the interviews with ‘real’ poverty exiters confirm that the integration into agricultural value chains can offer a stable pathway out of poverty, if the agricul-ture and livestock portfolio of the households is productive, receives invest-ments and innovation, is commercially oriented and linked to markets. Against the common notion that specialisation in few activities usually marks this neces-sary productivity, here, a combined specialised and diversified pathway is ob-served to be most successful. Agricultural value chain development with a focus on horizontal cooperation and collective marketing of cash crops or dairy in combination with a diversified food crop portfolio seems to have been the most promising pathway out of rural poverty. Both result areas provide recommendations for the implementation of future ag-ricultural value chain projects as well as for future rural poverty research.:1 INTRODUCTION 2 POVERTY AND GROWTH DEBATES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR AID TO AGRICULTURE 3 POVERTY DYNAMICS AND POVERTY EXITS: CONCEPTS, METHODOLOGIES AND CASES STUDIES 4 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE: POVERTY EXITS IN RURAL KENYA 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Yes / This paper argues for the need to reconsider the changing nature of in-work poverty (IWP). In doing so, we present evidence not included in current debates or statistics, of people working in more than one job, yet still experiencing IWP. Using the dynamic theory of poverty and a qualitative approach, we identify various structural constraints that sustain cycles of IWP. This highlights the multi-dimensionalities of poverty, incorporating the temporalities, types and depths of IWP. Our evidence demonstrates how poverty is experienced and individualised and also how it is created and sustained through paid work, rather than being challenged by it.

Since doi moi, Vietnam has made remarkable achievements in many frontiers. However, much effort needs to be done to further improve social and economic sectors, particularly in the context of increasing the number of uncertainties. In analyses using household surveys from Vietnam, this dissertation finds that there are discrepancies between monetary and multidimensional measures of poverty in the same time period and as well as over time. The results also show that an additional shock is not always important but physical and human assets are vital determinants of a household's poverty dynamics. Additionally, coping strategies are useful for households to recover from shocks. However, it is not always easy to identify the effects of coping strategies independently from other effects. The findings of this dissertation contribute to the increasing discussion of the discrepancies between monetary and multidimensional poverty, of the vulnerability to poverty, and of the resilience against shocks. They are also useful for evaluation and assessment of poverty alleviating policies in developing countries.

In the last 50 years, Mexico, like many other countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa, has experienced accelerated urban growth. Urban growth has been accompanied by an increase in urban poverty. While the spatial distribution of poverty in urban areas in Mexico is varied, new settlements that tend to grow in the peri-urban hinterland of cities are largely associated with poverty. This is because inexpensive, but mostly illegal, agricultural land (ejido or private) has been alienated to satisfy the demands of low income population for housing. The focus of this study lay in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC), which is the habitat of diverse low-income groups. Among those groups are the campesinos (people with rural background engaged totally or partially in agricultural livelihoods). Some studies have suggested that campesinos are very vulnerable to urban growth, since population expansion has put severe pressure on their agricultural land, which, despite its marginal value, is used to produce crops for either semi-commercialisation or subsistence. Although such research has showed how poor campesinos have engaged in non-agricultural activities to make a living and how land and their communities are threatened by urban growth due to speculative pressures on land and/or environmental deterioration, little is known about the impact of urban growth in the process of impoverishment of campesinos living in peri-urban areas. This study aims to understand how the growth of the MAMC affects poverty in campesinos’ households, in order to recommend directions for poverty reduction. Three villages in Chalco municipality, which is situated in the peri-urban fringe of Mexico City, were selected as the study area. Based on the development of a conceptual framework, this study considered three interconnected elements underpinning poverty: multi-dimensionality, complexity and dynamism. For this reason, the Sustainable Livelihoods approach was selected as an analytical tool, as it provided a flexible analytical framework that encompasses all those elements. The study is divided in three stages. In the first stage (namely documental investigation), a series of published and unpublished written materials were reviewed to determine how the growth of the MAMC transformed the nature and availability of resources in Chalco municipality from 1970 to 2000. This stage was followed by the empirical investigation that aimed to examine how those transformations affected campesinos’ assets (human, natural, physical, productive and social), the strategies they used to adapt to such changes, and how they perceived changes in poverty status. Accordingly, for this stage, quantitative and qualitative longitudinal and cross-sectional data were collected from 110 campesinos’ households living in the study area in 1997 and 2003 by using structured questionnaires. Qualitative data were also collected by using semi-structured interviews from 34 campesinos’ households in 2000. The final stage, called recommendations, involved the synthesis of the results of the documental and empirical investigations and suggests a series of directions for poverty reduction in campesinsos’ households in the study area. The documental and empirical investigations revealed that changes in asset ownership, between 1997 to 2003, depended on both transformation in the nature and availability of resources in Chalco and intra-household organization. Fundamental transformations in socio-demographic, economic, natural, physical and political/organisational resources of Chalco municipality were mainly, but not exclusively, associated with the growth of the MAMC. Climatic and physical characteristics of Chalco were also evident. To respond to such changes, campesinos implemented a series of strategies to get access to resources. Such strategies were based on campesinos’ needs, priorities and the portfolio of assets available, and their functionality. It was clear that campesinos depleted some existing assets to acquire urban assets and preserve their rural assets. In some instances, such strategies led campesinos’ families to satisfy their basic needs and, therefore, perceive themselves as non-poor. However, in other instances, such strategies prevented families from meeting their needs, leading them to the perception of being poor. The recommendation was made that in order to reduce poverty among campesinos in the study area, it was necessary to identify different alternatives to support their urban and rural assets and certain of their strategies that improve the wellbeing of individuals, families and communities and mitigate constraints to meeting their goals.

In the last 50 years, Mexico, like many other countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa, has experienced accelerated urban growth. Urban growth has been accompanied by an increase in urban poverty. While the spatial distribution of poverty in urban areas in Mexico is varied, new settlements that tend to grow in the peri-urban hinterland of cities are largely associated with poverty. This is because inexpensive, but mostly illegal, agricultural land (ejido or private) has been alienated to satisfy the demands of low income population for housing. The focus of this study lay in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC), which is the habitat of diverse low-income groups. Among those groups are the campesinos (people with rural background engaged totally or partially in agricultural livelihoods). Some studies have suggested that campesinos are very vulnerable to urban growth, since population expansion has put severe pressure on their agricultural land, which, despite its marginal value, is used to produce crops for either semi-commercialisation or subsistence. Although such research has showed how poor campesinos have engaged in non-agricultural activities to make a living and how land and their communities are threatened by urban growth due to speculative pressures on land and/or environmental deterioration, little is known about the impact of urban growth in the process of impoverishment of campesinos living in peri-urban areas. This study aims to understand how the growth of the MAMC affects poverty in campesinos’ households, in order to recommend directions for poverty reduction. Three villages in Chalco municipality, which is situated in the peri-urban fringe of Mexico City, were selected as the study area. Based on the development of a conceptual framework, this study considered three interconnected elements underpinning poverty: multi-dimensionality, complexity and dynamism. For this reason, the Sustainable Livelihoods approach was selected as an analytical tool, as it provided a flexible analytical framework that encompasses all those elements. The study is divided in three stages. In the first stage (namely documental investigation), a series of published and unpublished written materials were reviewed to determine how the growth of the MAMC transformed the nature and availability of resources in Chalco municipality from 1970 to 2000. This stage was followed by the empirical investigation that aimed to examine how those transformations affected campesinos’ assets (human, natural, physical, productive and social), the strategies they used to adapt to such changes, and how they perceived changes in poverty status. Accordingly, for this stage, quantitative and qualitative longitudinal and cross-sectional data were collected from 110 campesinos’ households living in the study area in 1997 and 2003 by using structured questionnaires. Qualitative data were also collected by using semi-structured interviews from 34 campesinos’ households in 2000. The final stage, called recommendations, involved the synthesis of the results of the documental and empirical investigations and suggests a series of directions for poverty reduction in campesinsos’ households in the study area. The documental and empirical investigations revealed that changes in asset ownership, between 1997 to 2003, depended on both transformation in the nature and availability of resources in Chalco and intra-household organization. Fundamental transformations in socio-demographic, economic, natural, physical and political/organisational resources of Chalco municipality were mainly, but not exclusively, associated with the growth of the MAMC. Climatic and physical characteristics of Chalco were also evident. To respond to such changes, campesinos implemented a series of strategies to get access to resources. Such strategies were based on campesinos’ needs, priorities and the portfolio of assets available, and their functionality. It was clear that campesinos depleted some existing assets to acquire urban assets and preserve their rural assets. In some instances, such strategies led campesinos’ families to satisfy their basic needs and, therefore, perceive themselves as non-poor. However, in other instances, such strategies prevented families from meeting their needs, leading them to the perception of being poor. The recommendation was made that in order to reduce poverty among campesinos in the study area, it was necessary to identify different alternatives to support their urban and rural assets and certain of their strategies that improve the wellbeing of individuals, families and communities and mitigate constraints to meeting their goals.

In the last 50 years, Mexico, like many other countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa, has experienced accelerated urban growth. Urban growth has been accompanied by an increase in urban poverty. While the spatial distribution of poverty in urban areas in Mexico is varied, new settlements that tend to grow in the peri-urban hinterland of cities are largely associated with poverty. This is because inexpensive, but mostly illegal, agricultural land (ejido or private) has been alienated to satisfy the demands of low income population for housing. The focus of this study lay in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC), which is the habitat of diverse low-income groups. Among those groups are the campesinos (people with rural background engaged totally or partially in agricultural livelihoods). Some studies have suggested that campesinos are very vulnerable to urban growth, since population expansion has put severe pressure on their agricultural land, which, despite its marginal value, is used to produce crops for either semi-commercialisation or subsistence. Although such research has showed how poor campesinos have engaged in non-agricultural activities to make a living and how land and their communities are threatened by urban growth due to speculative pressures on land and/or environmental deterioration, little is known about the impact of urban growth in the process of impoverishment of campesinos living in peri-urban areas. This study aims to understand how the growth of the MAMC affects poverty in campesinos’ households, in order to recommend directions for poverty reduction. Three villages in Chalco municipality, which is situated in the peri-urban fringe of Mexico City, were selected as the study area. Based on the development of a conceptual framework, this study considered three interconnected elements underpinning poverty: multi-dimensionality, complexity and dynamism. For this reason, the Sustainable Livelihoods approach was selected as an analytical tool, as it provided a flexible analytical framework that encompasses all those elements. The study is divided in three stages. In the first stage (namely documental investigation), a series of published and unpublished written materials were reviewed to determine how the growth of the MAMC transformed the nature and availability of resources in Chalco municipality from 1970 to 2000. This stage was followed by the empirical investigation that aimed to examine how those transformations affected campesinos’ assets (human, natural, physical, productive and social), the strategies they used to adapt to such changes, and how they perceived changes in poverty status. Accordingly, for this stage, quantitative and qualitative longitudinal and cross-sectional data were collected from 110 campesinos’ households living in the study area in 1997 and 2003 by using structured questionnaires. Qualitative data were also collected by using semi-structured interviews from 34 campesinos’ households in 2000. The final stage, called recommendations, involved the synthesis of the results of the documental and empirical investigations and suggests a series of directions for poverty reduction in campesinsos’ households in the study area. The documental and empirical investigations revealed that changes in asset ownership, between 1997 to 2003, depended on both transformation in the nature and availability of resources in Chalco and intra-household organization. Fundamental transformations in socio-demographic, economic, natural, physical and political/organisational resources of Chalco municipality were mainly, but not exclusively, associated with the growth of the MAMC. Climatic and physical characteristics of Chalco were also evident. To respond to such changes, campesinos implemented a series of strategies to get access to resources. Such strategies were based on campesinos’ needs, priorities and the portfolio of assets available, and their functionality. It was clear that campesinos depleted some existing assets to acquire urban assets and preserve their rural assets. In some instances, such strategies led campesinos’ families to satisfy their basic needs and, therefore, perceive themselves as non-poor. However, in other instances, such strategies prevented families from meeting their needs, leading them to the perception of being poor. The recommendation was made that in order to reduce poverty among campesinos in the study area, it was necessary to identify different alternatives to support their urban and rural assets and certain of their strategies that improve the wellbeing of individuals, families and communities and mitigate constraints to meeting their goals.