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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Mixing of pharmaceutical granulations

Patel, Mahendra R., January 1978 (has links)
Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-182).
2

The characterisation of pharmaceutical powders :

Muster, Tim H. Unknown Date (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2000
3

The effects of humidity and lactose grade on pharmaceutical inhalation formulations

Watling, Christopher Peter January 2009 (has links)
No description available.
4

Determination of compaction parameters of pharmaceutical powders with an instrumented hydraulic press

Doroudian, Ahmad January 1991 (has links)
Prediction of the tabletting behavior of powdered drugs is of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry. An instrumented hydraulic press and punch and die assembly were used to study compaction behavior of 5 widely used pharmaceutical materials, Avicel, Emcompress, spray-dried lactose, crystalline acetaminophen USP and acetaminophen DC granules. The hydraulic press was able to compress the above materials at compaction speeds comparable to those of rotary tablet presses. The compression cycle of the Betapress could not be duplicated by the hydraulic press since, with the hydraulic press, the displacement was not constant at peak pressure. The compaction parameters measured by the hydraulic press were elastic recovery (ER), punch travel distance beyond peak pressure (D), punch travel time beyond peak pressure (PTT) decrease in the force during punch travel beyond peak pressure (F). The strength of the tablets was measured with a CT40 tablet hardness tester. D and PTT appeared to be measures of flow and bonding and to be useful parameters for the tabletting behavior of the above materials. In general, materials that displayed relatively long D and PTT values formed coherent tablets regardless of their elastic recovery. Avicel which displayed the longest D and PTT values (and the largest recovery) formed the strongest tablets while crystalline acetaminophen USP displayed the shortest D and PTT values and did not form coherent compacts. Thus for particulate materials that were able to flow and bond, elastic recovery did not appear to play an important role in the tabletting process. Avicel and spray-dried lactose displayed similar D and PTT values (ie. similar extent of flow and deformation) and Avicel's elastic recovery was about 3 times as much as of that of spray-dried lactose, but Avicel formed tablets that were about 5 times stronger than those of spray-dried lactose. Therefore the nature and number of bonds that are formed between the particles (which are related to the inherent property of the materials) appeared to be the most important factor in tablet formation. The effects of peak pressure (Pmax) and average compression rate (ACR) were examined on the above parameters. Generally peak pressure influenced the elastic recovery, D, PTT and hence the strength of the tablets more than the average compression rate. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate
5

Investigation of semipermeable coated tablet and liposomal dry powder inhaler formulation of salbutamol sulfate

Huang, Wenhua 01 January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
6

Quality by design for continuous powder mixing

Portillo, Patricia Maribel. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2008. / "Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-189).
7

A study of the effect of certain anionic surface active agents in suspensions of selected pharmaceutical powders

Groves, Gordon Arnold. January 1958 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1958. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.
8

Development of dry powder formulations of proteins for inhalation / Développement de formulations sèches de protéines pour inhalation

Depreter, Flore 26 April 2012 (has links)
A number of therapeutic proteins are used for long in clinical practice. These include for example insulin, calcitonine, growth hormone, and parathyroid hormone for the treatment of various systemic disorders, as well as protein antigens in vaccine formulations. Due to the recent developments in biochemical engineering and in the comprehension of the physiopathology of many diseases, peptides and proteins are expected to become a drug class of increasing importance. Recently, novel biological drugs have for example been developed such as monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, soluble receptors, and receptor agonists or antagonists. These are mainly used for the treatment of auto-immune and inflammatory diseases (asthma, rheumatoid arthritis) and for the treatment of cancers. However, a major drawback of these biomolecules is the need to use parenteral administration. This is mainly due to the harsh pH conditions that proteins undergo by oral administration, leading to various physico-chemical degradations and loss of biological activity. <p><p>Pulmonary delivery of these proteins could constitute an alternative to parenteral delivery. Due to the very high surface area of the lungs, the low thickness of the alveolar epithelium and the high level of lung vascularisation, pulmonary administration can indeed provide fast systemic absorption of drugs, while avoiding hepatic first pass metabolism. On the other hand, drugs for local treatment can also be administered directly into the lung, which allows delivering high doses while limiting systemic side effects. Nevertheless, administration of drugs to the lungs requires some challenges to be taken up. It is indeed necessary to provide the drug as very small solid or liquid microparticles (1-5 µm) in order to reach the lungs. For solid microparticles, it is also needed to overcome the very high inter-particle interactions by using appropriate formulation strategies and by including deaggregation mechanisms in the inhalation device. Other issues are more specifically related to the pulmonary administration of proteins. These can indeed undergo physico-chemical degradations during processing, administration, and/or storage. Moreover, if systemic action is required, proteins will often need addition of an absorption enhancer to cross the alveolar epithelium because of their large molecular weight and hydrophilicity. <p><p>In this work, we developed formulations for pulmonary delivery of proteins using two model proteins. Insulin (5.8 kDa) was chosen as a model of small protein. It is also an application of systemic pulmonary delivery. On the other hand, an anti-IL13 monoclonal antibody fragment (54 kDa) was used as a model of larger protein. This molecule is currently in development for the treatment of asthma and provided an application for local pulmonary delivery. The formulation strategy was to produce dry powders using a combination of micronisation techniques (high speed and high pressure homogenisations), drying techniques (spray-drying, freeze-drying), and addition of lipid excipients. These lipid excipients were added as a coating around the protein particles and were expected to prevent protein degradations during processing and/or storage, essentially by avoiding contact with water. It could also improve the aerodynamic properties of the powders by modification of the surface properties of the particles and/or limitation of the capillary forces.<p><p>First, we evaluated insulin lipid-coated formulations and formulations without excipients, produced using high pressure homogenisation and spray-drying. In the case of lipid-coated formulations, a physiological lipid composition based on a mixture of cholesterol and phospholipids was used. We were able to obtain good aerodynamic features for the different formulations tested, with fine particle fractions between 46% and 63% versus 11% for raw insulin powder. These are high FPF values in comparison with those obtained for other protein formulations for inhalation currently under development, which often have an in vitro deposition of around 30%. Insulin presented a good stability in the dry state, even when no lipid coating was added.<p>The presence of a lipid coating of up to 30% (w/w) did not significantly improve the aerodynamic behaviour of the powders, but the coated formulations exhibited decreased residual moisture content after 3-month storage, which should be of interest for the long-term stability of the formulations. <p><p>In a second step, two of the developed insulin formulations were evaluated in a clinical study to determine whether the formulations give high deep lung deposition in vivo, and how insulin is absorbed into the systemic blood stream. This pharmaco-scintigraphic trial was performed on twelve type 1 diabetic patients using an uncoated formulation and a formulation coated with 20% (w/w) of lipids. The two formulations showed interesting features, with pharmacokinetic profiles that mimic the natural insulin secretion pattern. Bioavailability was within the ranges of two of the three dry powder insulins that have reached phase III clinical development. However, the formulation with a lipid coating exhibited a lower lung deposition in comparison with the uncoated formulation, which was not expected from the previous in vitro results. Additional in vitro experiments indicated that this lower performance was related to a decrease in the disaggregation efficiency of the powder at a sub-optimal inhalation flow-rate. An extensive training of the patients to the inhalation procedure could therefore improve the lung deposition of the coated formulation.<p><p>Finally, we developed and evaluated dry powder formulations of the anti-IL13 antibody fragment. These were produced using, successively, freeze-drying, high pressure homogenisation (HPH), and spray-drying. The influence of different types and concentrations of stabilising excipients was evaluated for each production step. Due to its more elaborated structure, the antibody fragment was found to be more sensitive than insulin to physico-chemical degradation, particularly during the HPH process, which led to different types of degradation products. These could partly be avoided by adding 50% sucrose during freeze-drying and 10% Na glycocholate or palmitic acid in the liquid phase during HPH (dispersing agents). However, the presence of a small fraction of insoluble aggregates could not be fully avoided. Further spray-drying of the suspensions in the presence of 10% Na glycocholate or palmitic acid led to the formation of a hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating around the particles, respectively. Na glycocholate was found to be particularly effective in protecting the antibody during spray-drying, which was found to be at least partly related to its ability to inhibit sucrose recrystallisation. However, the best formulation still presented a small fraction of insoluble aggregates (6%). The aerodynamic evaluation of the formulations showed FPFs that were compatible with lung deposition, with the formulation containing Na glycocholate presenting the highest FPF (42%). The formulation coated with palmitic acid presented a slightly lower FPF (35%). The aerodynamic properties of this formulation remained unchanged at a sub-optimal inspiratory flow rate, to the contrary of what was observed for the insulin formulation coated with 20% (w/w) cholesterol and phospholipids. Palmitic acid could therefore be of interest as a hydrophobic coating material, and provide long-term stability of protein drugs. <p>The work performed with the insulin and anti-IL13 molecules provided the proof-of-concept that it was possible to obtain dry powder protein formulations with appropriate aerodynamic properties and good overall physico-chemical stability, using simple production techniques and few selected excipients. The formulation strategy presented in this work could therefore be of interest for the future development of inhaled proteins for local or systemic applications. <p> / Doctorat en sciences pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
9

Comparative studies on the dispersion-enhancing mechanisms of phenylalanine and leucine in spray-dried salbutamol sulphate powder formulations. / 採用苯丙氨酸和亮氨酸增強硫酸沙丁胺醇噴霧乾燥粉末製劑的分散能力之比較研究 / Cai yong ben bing an suan he liang an suan zeng qiang liu suan sha ding an chun pen wu qan zao fen mo zhi ji de fen san neng li zhi bi jiao yan jiu

January 2010 (has links)
Chan, Ka Man Carmen. / "October 2009." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-165). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Table of Contents --- p.I / Acknowledgements --- p.IV / Abstract --- p.V / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.VIII / List of Figures --- p.X / List of Tables --- p.XVIII / Chapter Chapter One. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Pulmonary drug delivery --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Inhalation drug delivery systems --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dry powder inhalation aerosols --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Principle of operation of DPIs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Aerodynamic diameter --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Fine particle fraction --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Dispersibility --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Factors that affect dispersibility --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Particle Size --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Particle Density and Morphology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Interparticulate interactions一Cohesion and adhesion --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.4.3.1 --- Surface energetics --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.4.3.2 --- Effect of hygroscopicity and electrostatic charges --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Particle formation techniques for DPI formulation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Spray-drying --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Surface modification --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- Physical characterization --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Laser diffraction --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- X-ray powder diffraction --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Thermal analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Particle morphology and surface area --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- In vitro aerosol performance --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6 --- Surface characterization --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Inverse gas chromatography --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Atomic force microscopy in pharmaceutical science --- p.23 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Principle of operation --- p.24 / Chapter 1.7.1.1 --- Tapping mode --- p.27 / Chapter 1.7.1.2 --- Contact mode --- p.27 / Chapter 1.8 --- Scope of thesis --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter Two. --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Optimization of spray-drying parameters --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of spray-dried salbutamol sulphate powders containing different concentrations of amino acid additive --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Physical characterization of spray-dried powders --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Particle size and size distribution --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Specific surface area --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- X-ray powder diffraction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3.4. --- Scanning electron microscopy --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.5. --- Thermal analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.5.1 --- Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.5.2 --- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Water vapour sorption isotherm --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- Density measurements --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.8 --- In vitro particle deposition (MSLI) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Surface characterization of the spray-dried powders --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Surface energy measurement by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4.2.1 --- Calculation of standard free energy of adsorption --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.4.2.2 --- Dispersive component of surface free energy and related thermodynamic parameters --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4.2.3 --- Specific interactions and associated acid-base properties --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.5.1. --- Imaging --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.5.2. --- Force measurements --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5.2.1 --- Adhesion force measurements --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5.2.2 --- Force curve data conversions --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter Three. --- "Optimal Spray-drying Conditions, Physical Characterization and Aerosol Performance of Additive-modified Spray-dried Salbutamol Sulphate particles" / Chapter 3.1 --- Optimization of spray-drying conditions --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of phenylalanine on the spray-dried SS particles --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Phenylalanine as the additive --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- In vitro aerosol performance --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Particle morphology --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Crystallinity --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Particle size distribution and specific surface area --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Density --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.1.6 --- Thermal analysis --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.1.7 --- Water vapour isotherm --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of leucine on the spray-dried SS particles --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- L-Leucine as the additive --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- In vitro aerosol performance --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Particle morphology --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Crystallinity --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- Particle size distribution and specific surface area --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- Density --- p.90 / Chapter 3.3.1.6 --- Thermal analysis --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.1.7 --- Water vapour isotherm --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter Four. --- Surface Characterization of Additive-modified Spray-dried Salbutamol Sulphate Particles / Chapter 4.1 --- X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Phenylalanine --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Leucine --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2 --- Inverse gas chromatography --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Phenylalanine --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Leucine --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3 --- Atomic force microscopy --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Surface topography --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Adhesive force measurements --- p.118 / Chapter Chapter Five. --- Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Works / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusions --- p.139 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Physical properties --- p.139 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Surface characteristics and aerosol performance --- p.140 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future studies --- p.142 / Appendix --- p.143 / References --- p.160
10

Studies on the use of bovine serum albumin as aerosol performance enhancer in dry powder inhalation formulations prepared by spray drying. / 小牛血清白蛋白(BSA)對以噴霧乾燥(spray dry)制作的粉霧吸入劑(DPI)粉霧性能(aerosol performance)提升的研究 / Xiao niu xue qing bai dan bai (BSA) dui yi pen wu qan zao (spray dry) zhi zuo de fen wu xi ru ji (DPI) fen wu xing neng (aerosol performance) ti sheng de yan jiu

January 2010 (has links)
Chan, Pui. / "November, 2009." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-114). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Table of Contents --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Abstract --- p.vii / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1. --- Pulmonary Route for Drug Delivery --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Factors Affecting the Performance of Inhaled Formulations --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Particle Aerodynamic Diameter --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Dispersibility of Particles --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Clearance Mechanism in Lung and Dissolution of Particles --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Production of Dry Powder Inhalation by Spray Drying --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4. --- Approaches to Enhance Aerosol Performance of Spray Dried Particles --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Porous/Hollow Particles --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Non-Porous Corrugated Particles --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Blends and Ternary Systems --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Surface Energy and Crystallinity Modification --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Other Approaches to Enhancing Aerosol Performance --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives and Rationale of the Present Study --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of Present Study and Particle Characterization Techniques Employed --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Microscopy and Particle Density Measurements --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Particle Size Analysis and Particle Dispersibility --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Thermal Analysis and Particle Crystallinity --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Particle Surface Characterization --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Inverse Gas Chromatography --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.6 --- Fractal Analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.6.1 --- Background and Origin of Fractal Analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.6.2 --- Use of Fractal Analysis in Pharmaceutical Research --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.6.3 --- Methods for fractal analysis --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.7 --- Atomic Force Microscopy --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.7.1 --- Background of Atomic Force Microscopy --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.7.2 --- Characterization of Surface Topography by Atomic Force Microscopy --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.7.3 --- Measurement of Interaction Forces by Colloid Probe 226}0Ø Microscopy --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.7.4 --- Use of Atomic Force Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Research --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1. --- Materials --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2. --- Equipment --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3. --- Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Powder Preparation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Preparation of Salbutamol Sulphate Samples --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Preparation of Disodium Cromoglycate Samples --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Preparation of ß-Galactosidase (BG) Samples --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Determination of Aerosol Performance --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Determination of Protein Activity for BG Samples --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3.1. --- Enzyme Assay Procedure --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3.2. --- Calculation of Enzyme Activity --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.3.3. --- Determination of Enzyme Activity Retained in Spray-dried Samples --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Physicochemical Characterization of Particles --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.4.1. --- Scanning Electron Microscopy --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.4.2. --- Particle Density Determination --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.4.3. --- Particle Size Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.4.4. --- Thermal analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.4.5. --- Powder X-ray Diffraction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4.6. --- Surface Area Determination --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4.7. --- Surface Composition Characterization --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4.8. --- Surface Tension Measurement --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.4.9. --- Inverse Gas Chromatography --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.4.9.1. --- Calculation of Standard Free Energy of Adsorption --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4.9.2. --- Calculation of Dispersive Component of Surface Free Energy --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.4.9.3. --- Determination of Specific Interactions and Associated Acid-Base Properties --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.4.10. --- Fractal Analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4.11. --- Atomic Force Microscopy --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Results / Chapter 3.1. --- In vitro Aerosol Performance --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2. --- Enzyme Activity Retained in BG Samples --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3. --- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- SEM of Salbutamol Sulphate Formulations --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- SEM of DSCG Formulations --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- SEM of BG Formulations --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4. --- Density Measurements --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Densities of Salbutamol Sulphate Formulations --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Densities of DSCG Formulations --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Densities of BG Formulations --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5. --- Particle Size Analysis by Laser Diffraction --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Volume Mean Diameter Measurements --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Particle Size Distributions and Dispersion Patterns of Formulations --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6. --- Thermal Analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 3.7. --- Powder X-ray Diffraction --- p.80 / Chapter 3.8. --- Surface Area Measurements --- p.84 / Chapter 3.9. --- Surface Composition Characterization --- p.85 / Chapter 3.9.1. --- Surface Composition of Salbutamol Sulphate Formulations --- p.85 / Chapter 3.9.2. --- Surface Composition of DSCG Formulations --- p.88 / Chapter 3.9.3. --- Surface Composition of BG/BSA Formulations --- p.89 / Chapter 3.10. --- Surface Tension Measurements --- p.91 / Chapter 3.11. --- Inverse Gas Chromatography --- p.92 / Chapter 3.12. --- Fractal Analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 3.13. --- Atomic Force Microscopy --- p.94 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1. --- Influence of BSA on Aerosol Performance and Protein Integrity --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2. --- Influence of BSA on Physicochemical Properties of Particles --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Influence of BSA on surface corrugation --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Influence of BSA on particle size and dispersion behavior --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Influence of BSA on crystallinity and thermal properties of particles --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Influence of BSA on surface energetics of particles --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3. --- Relationship between Surface Corrugation and Aerosol Performance --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4. --- Mechanism of Surface Modification for BSA on Spray-dried Particles --- p.103 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusions and Future Work / Chapter 5.1. --- Conclusions --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.1. --- General Aerosolization-Enhancing Effect of BSA --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.2. --- Surface Modifying Effect of BSA --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.3. --- Relationship between Surface Corrugation and Aerosol Performance --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2. --- Future Work --- p.107 / References --- p.108

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