Dentre as fontes de energia renováveis utilizadas para geração de energia elétrica a que mais se destaca atualmente e a energia eólica. 0 crescente índice de penetração da geração eólica na matriz energética dos sistemas de potencia impõe a necessidade da revisão de conceitos anteriormente estabelecidos sobre a estabilidade de sistemas de potencia, uma vez que ainda não e perfeitamente compreendida a influencia de uma maior integração deste recurso no comportamento dos sistemas de potencia. Este trabalho tem como foco o estudo da estabilidade de sistemas com aerogeradores de velocidade fixa equipados com geradores de indução de rotor em gaiola. E estudada a estabilidade angular de um sistema de geração eólica equipado com aerogeradores desta natureza. O problema da estabilidade foi decomposto em três partes: estabilidade estática, estabilidade dinâmica e estabilidade transitória. São definidos os modelos dos componentes do aerogerador para cada um dos estudos realizados. A topologia adotada á a máquina Barramento Infinito (MBI), na qual o restante do sistema de potência a representado pelo seu equivalente de Thevenin. Esta topologia típica de analise de estabilidade de sistemas de potencia e adotada por permitir a obtenção de resultados analíticos para as analises estática e dinâmica. A analise transitória se dá através de simulações computacionais. A fim de manter um caráter mais geral para os resultados as simulações são realizados com três aerogeradores de características distintas. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma melhor compreensão da influencia sobre a estabilidade do sistema de geração eólica dos parâmetros de rede do sistema de potencia como: potencia de curto-circuito do ponto de conexão comum com o sistema de potencia, relação X/R da linha de transmissão e do capacitor de compensação de fator de potencia. / Among the renewable energy sources used to generate electric power one of the most important at this time is the wind power. The growing penetration index of wind power in the power systems energetic matrix leads to the necessity of a reevaluation of the concepts previously established about the stability of power systems, since the influence of a major integration of this resource in the behavior of power systems is not perfectly understood. This work focuses on the stability study of wind power systems equiped with fixed-speed squirrel-cage induction generators. The angular stability of a wind generation system equipped with wind generators of this nature is studied. The stability problem was decomposed in three parts: static stability, dynamic stability and transient stability. The models of the components of the wind generator are defined for each of the studies. The considered topology was an Induction Generator Infinite Bus System (IBM), where the rest of the power system is represented by it’s Thévenin equivalent. This is a typical topology in power systems stability analysis and is adopted in this work aiming at obtaining analytical and general stability results. The transient analysis is performed by computer simulations. In order to provide more generatily to the stability results, all simulations are conducted with three wind generators with distinct characteristics. The obtained results allow a better comprehension about the influence, on the stability of wind power systems, of power system network parameters as: short-circuit capacity of the common connection point with the power system, the X/R relation of the transmission line and the power factor compensation capacitor.

abstract: Power flow calculation plays a significant role in power system studies and operation. To ensure the reliable prediction of system states during planning studies and in the operating environment, a reliable power flow algorithm is desired. However, the traditional power flow methods (such as the Gauss Seidel method and the Newton-Raphson method) are not guaranteed to obtain a converged solution when the system is heavily loaded. This thesis describes a novel non-iterative holomorphic embedding (HE) method to solve the power flow problem that eliminates the convergence issues and the uncertainty of the existence of the solution. It is guaranteed to find a converged solution if the solution exists, and will signal by an oscillation of the result if there is no solution exists. Furthermore, it does not require a guess of the initial voltage solution. By embedding the complex-valued parameter α into the voltage function, the power balance equations become holomorphic functions. Then the embedded voltage functions are expanded as a Maclaurin power series, V(α). The diagonal Padé approximant calculated from V(α) gives the maximal analytic continuation of V(α), and produces a reliable solution of voltages. The connection between mathematical theory and its application to power flow calculation is described in detail. With the existing bus-type-switching routine, the models of phase shifters and three-winding transformers are proposed to enable the HE algorithm to solve practical large-scale systems. Additionally, sparsity techniques are used to store the sparse bus admittance matrix. The modified HE algorithm is programmed in MATLAB. A study parameter β is introduced in the embedding formula βα + (1- β)α^2. By varying the value of β, numerical tests of different embedding formulae are conducted on the three-bus, IEEE 14-bus, 118-bus, 300-bus, and the ERCOT systems, and the numerical performance as a function of β is analyzed to determine the “best” embedding formula. The obtained power-flow solutions are validated using MATPOWER. / Dissertation/Thesis / Flow chart of the HE algorithm / Presentation for mater's thesis defense / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2015

abstract: With growing concern regarding environmental issues and the need for a more sustainable grid, power systems have seen a fast expansion of renewable resources in the last decade. The uncertainty and variability of renewable resources has posed new challenges on system operators. Due to its energy-shifting and fast-ramping capabilities, energy storage (ES) has been considered as an attractive solution to alleviate the increased renewable uncertainty and variability. In this dissertation, stochastic optimization is utilized to evaluate the benefit of bulk energy storage to facilitate the integration of high levels of renewable resources in transmission systems. A cost-benefit analysis is performed to study the cost-effectiveness of energy storage. A two-step approach is developed to analyze the effectiveness of using energy storage to provide ancillary services. Results show that as renewable penetrations increase, energy storage can effectively compensate for the variability and uncertainty in renewable energy and has increasing benefits to the system. With increased renewable penetrations, enhanced dispatch models are needed to efficiently operate energy storage. As existing approaches do not fully utilize the flexibility of energy storage, two approaches are developed in this dissertation to improve the operational strategy of energy storage. The first approach is developed using stochastic programming techniques. A stochastic unit commitment (UC) is solved to obtain schedules for energy storage with different renewable scenarios. Operating policies are then constructed using the solutions from the stochastic UC to efficiently operate energy storage across multiple time periods. The second approach is a policy function approach. By incorporating an offline analysis stage prior to the actual operating stage, the patterns between the system operating conditions and the optimal actions for energy storage are identified using a data mining model. The obtained data mining model is then used in real-time to provide enhancement to a deterministic economic dispatch model and improve the utilization of energy storage. Results show that the policy function approach outperforms a traditional approach where a schedule determined and fixed at a prior look-ahead stage is used. The policy function approach is also shown to have minimal added computational difficulty to the real-time market. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Engineering 2016

abstract: This dissertation carries out an inter-disciplinary research of operations research, statistics, power system engineering, and economics. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on a special power system scheduling problem, a unit commitment problem with uncertainty. This scheduling problem is a two-stage decision problem. In the first stage, system operator determines the binary commitment status (on or off) of generators in advance. In the second stage, after the realization of uncertainty, the system operator determines generation levels of the generators. The goal of this dissertation is to develop computationally-tractable methodologies and algorithms to solve large-scale unit commitment problems with uncertainty. In the first part of this dissertation, two-stage models are studied to solve the problem. Two solution methods are studied and improved: stochastic programming and robust optimization. A scenario-based progressive hedging decomposition algorithm is applied. Several new hedging mechanisms and parameter selections rules are proposed and tested. A data-driven uncertainty set is proposed to improve the performance of robust optimization. In the second part of this dissertation, a framework to reduce the two-stage stochastic program to a single-stage deterministic formulation is proposed. Most computation of the proposed approach can be done by offline studies. With the assistance of offline analysis, simulation, and data mining, the unit commitment problems with uncertainty can be solved efficiently. Finally, the impacts of uncertainty on energy market prices are studied. A new component of locational marginal price, a marginal security component, which is the weighted shadow prices of the proposed security constraints, is proposed to better represent energy prices. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Industrial Engineering 2016

abstract: Prior work in literature has illustrated the benefits of using surge arrester as a way to improve the lighting performance of the substation and transmission line. Installing surge arresters would enhance the system reliability but it comes with an extra capital expenditure. This thesis provides simulation analysis to examine substation-specific applications of surge arrester as a way of determining the optimal, cost-effective placement of surge arresters. Four different surge arrester installation configurations are examined for the 500/230 kV Rudd substation which belongs to the utility, Salt River Project (SRP). The most efficient configuration is identified in this thesis. A new method “voltage-distance curve” is proposed in this work to evaluate different surge arrester installation configurations. Simulation results show that surge arresters only need to be equipped on certain location of the substation and can still ensure sufficient lightning protection. With lower tower footing resistance, the lightning performance of the transmission line can typically be improved. However, when surge arresters are installed in the system, the footing resistance may have either negative or positive effect on the lightning performance. Different situations for both effects are studied in this thesis. This thesis proposes a surge arrester installation strategy for the overhead transmission line lightning protection. In order to determine the most efficient surge arrester configuration of transmission line, the entire transmission line is divided into several line sections according to the footing resistance of its towers. A line section consists of the towers which have similar footing resistance. Two different designs are considered for transmission line lightning protection, they include: equip different number of surge arrester on selected phase of every tower, equip surge arresters on all phases of selected towers. By varying the number of the towers or the number of phases needs to be equipped with surge arresters, the threshold voltage for line insulator flashover is used to evaluate different surge arrester installation configurations. The way to determine the optimal surge arresters configuration for each line section is then introduced in this thesis. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2018

L'arrivée massive de la production décentralisée, l'intégration de technologies d'information et de communication et de convertisseurs d'électronique de puissance permettent aux réseaux électriques de devenir plus flexibles, plus accessibles, plus efficaces. Mais ils deviennent aussi plus complexes et plus difficiles à modéliser, à analyser et à dimensionner. Dans cette thèse, nous allons nous focaliser sur le problème de la modélisation dynamique du réseau électrique. En effet, la complexité du fonctionnement du réseau électrique moderne rend encore plus indispensable de comprendre comment il se comporte suite à des perturbations ou tout simplement à des changements de son état de fonctionnement. C'est cette compréhension qui doit permettre d'éviter que le réseau perde sa stabilité. Grâce aux modèles développés dans la thèse, on veut notamment retrouver des liens de connaissance forts entre le comportement dynamique et les propriétés topologiques du réseau. On espère ainsi pouvoir fournir à termes des préconisations pour l'évolution des topologies de réseaux ou de leurs modes d'exploitation. Pour mener à bien ce travail, l'invariance d'échelle d'un réseau électrique est tout d'abord explorée. Pour cela, des méthodes issues de la géométrie fractale sont exposées et appliquées à des réseaux réalistes. Partant du constat que les réseaux électriques étudiés présentent une invariance d'échelle sur une plage d'observation importante, une nouvelle modélisation dynamique est proposée. Cette modélisation a l'intérêt d'une représentation plus parcimonieuse que les représentations classiques par des approches boite noire et permet de conserver des liens de connaissance avec entre la topologie et les propriétés dynamiques. / The influx of distributed generation, the integration of information as well as communication technologies and the integration of electronic power converters allows electrical grids to become more flexible, more accessible and more effective. However they become at the same time more complex thus making the modeling, analyzing and sizing more difficult. This thesis will focus on the problem of dynamic modeling of electrical networks. Indeed, the operation's complexity of the modern power grid makes it even more essential to understand how it behaves after disturbances or just simply after changes in operation condition. It is this understanding that should allow one to prevent the case that the system loses its stability. With models developed in this thesis, we particularly want to find strong links between the dynamic behavior and the topological properties of the network. It is hoped to provide eventually propositions for evolution of topology or operation modes of networks. To carry through this study, the scale invariance of an electrical network is first explored. For this purpose, methods issued from fractal geometry are presented and applied to realistic networks. Noting that the considered electrical networks exhibit scale invariance over a large observation range, a new dynamic modeling is proposed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almada_lm_me_ilha.pdf: 552123 bytes, checksum: bb24b3e82f3436a173c7b23090715999 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a utilização do modelo de injeção de potência do dispositivo FACTS TCSC (Thyris-tor Controlled Series Capacitor) na análise da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações de sistemas elétricos de potência. Para atingir este objetivo é deduzido o modelo de injeção de potência do TCSC, cujo equacionamento é adicionado ao Modelo de Sensibilidade de Po-tência (MSP), utilizado para representar o sistema elétrico de potência (SEP). Para o amortecimento das oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência do SEP são utilizados dois modelos para os controladores, um que considera somente um ganho proporcional e outro comumente chamado na literatura de controlador suplementar de amortecimento (POD – Power Oscillation Damping) que contém também blocos de avanço- atraso de fase. Ambos os controladores devem atuar em conjunto com o TCSC para fornecer amortecimento ao SEP. Neste trabalho o sinal de entrada para os dois controladores é a variação da potência ativa na linha de transmissão de instalação do TCSC e seus parâmetros são ajustados de duas formas: pelo método dos resíduos e utilizando o toolbox rltool (SISO) do software MATLAB. Para a validação do equacionamento desenvolvido foram realizadas simulações em um sistema de potência simétrico, de duas áreas, composto de 4 geradores e 10 barras / This work presents a power injection model for the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), a Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) device, for small signal stability analysis in the electric power systems. To achieve such goal, the TCSC injection power model equations are summed up to the Power Sensitivity Model (PSM) which is used to represent the electric power system (EPS). For the low frequency electromechanical oscillation damping, two models are used to represent the controller: 1. A proportional control and; 2. A supplementary control known as Power Oscillation Damping (POD), which also comprehends lead-lag blocks. Both controllers, previously cited, must work together with the TCSC to damp oscillations in the EPS. In this work, the input signal for both controllers is the real power flow variation in the transmission line where the TCSC is placed and the controllers parameters are adjusted using the residues method and the Matlab toolbox rltool (SISO). Several simulations in a symmetrical, two areas power system, composed of four generators and ten busses, are provided in way to validate the power injection model and are discussed in this work

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_mm_me_ilha.pdf: 416904 bytes, checksum: b9ba21a46bd3f29605dcb6d41856e1dc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a influência da atuação do SVC no desempenho dinâmico e transitório de um sistema de energia elétrica multimáquinas, focando as interações máquina-versus-máquina, por meio das admitâncias de transferência entre as barras internas dos geradores Cada admitância de transferência entre máquinas do sistema depende diretamente das variações da susceptância do SVC, e, para expressar esta dependência foi definido um coeficiente denominado Fator de Efeito. Mostra-se que este fator avalia com propriedade o efeito exercido pela ação do SVC sobre cada admitância de transferência entre máquinas do sistema, e dele se pode inferir quais pares de máquinas são mais e quais são menos afetados. Mostra-se ainda que, embora o Fator de Efeito possa apresentar variação de valores em diferentes condições de carregamentos, o mesmo não perde sua capacidade de discriminação de importância da compensação para interações entre máquinas. Notadamente, a discriminação da importância para interações intra e inter-áreas foi preservada em todas as situações de carregamentos consideradas. Considera-se que o Fator de Efeito poderá ser de grande utilidade em procedimentos de análise do desempenho de um SEE sob atuação de um SVC, bem como em procedimentos de projeto e ajuste de controles do dispositivo. / The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the action of a SVC in the dynamic and transient performance of a multimachine power system, with the focus putted on the machine versus machine interactions, by means of the their transfer admittance. The internal generators nodes transfer admittances are affected by the performance of the SVC and a coefficient named Effect Factor is defined in order to take it into account. It is shown that this factor provides an appropriate evaluation of relative importance of the SVC effects among all of the pairs of machines transfer admittances. It is also shown that the Effect Factor does not lose its discrimination ability when considering different system loading conditions. Especially the intra- and inter-area discrimination has been preserved in all of the various considered cases. It is expected that the effect factor can be very useful in power system performance analysis under SVC action, as well as in design and tuning methods for the device control.

Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Electric power systems are being operated closer to their designed stability limits due to the constraints caused by the continuous increase in system loading, and the lack of new power stations and transmission network infrastructure to support this increase in system loading. This coupled with the practice of long distance bulk power transmission and cascading contingencies, makes system instability and consequently blackouts inevitable. In such scenarios, system instabilities like voltage instability becomes a serious threat to the secure operation of the power system, and voltage collapse (system-wide blackouts) are prone to occur. This is often compounded by the unavailability of real-time system measurements for situational awareness from the existing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)/Energy Management System (EMS) platforms which are usually based on unsynchronized SCADA measurements with a slow reporting rate of 1 measurement every 2-10 seconds. This Doctoral thesis proposes non-iterative algorithms and methods of solution based on the IEEE C37.118 synchrophasor measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) with a high reporting rate of up to 200 measurements every second (200 fps) for voltage stability assessment and automated wide area Centralised Protection/Control (CPC) against catastrophic voltage instabilities/blackouts in power systems. Extended formulations are proposed for the Optimal Placement of PMUs (OPP) in power systems with respect to voltage stability assessment. The impact of zero injection buses, critical buses, and PMU redundancy is considered in the formulation of the OPP problem solution. The extended formulations made use of Binary Integer programming (BIP) and Modal Participation Factors (MPFs) derived from the eigenvalues of the power flow Jacobian.

abstract: This dissertation presents a new hybrid fault current limiter (FCL) topology that is primarily intended to protect single-phase power equipment. It can however be extended to protect three phase systems but would need three devices to protect each individual phase. In comparison against the existing fault current limiter technology, the salient fea-tures of the proposed topology are: a) provides variable impedance that provides a 50% reduction in prospective fault current; b) near instantaneous response time which is with-in the first half cycle (1-4 ms); c) the use of semiconductor switches as the commutating switch which produces reduced leakage current, reduced losses, improved reliability, and a faster switch time (ns-µs); d) zero losses in steady-state operation; e) use of a Neodym-ium (NdFeB) permanent magnet as the limiting impedance which reduces size, cost, weight, eliminates DC biasing and cooling costs; f) use of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to control the magnitude of the fault current to a user's desired level. g) experi-mental test system is developed and tested to prove the concepts of the proposed FCL. This dissertation presents the proposed topology and its working principle backed up with numerical verifications, simulation results, and hardware implementation results. Conclu-sions and future work are also presented. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2013