The current world population of Muslims is in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 billion (20% of the world¡¦s population), and their numbers are spread out over various geographical areas and religious groups. After the Cold War, America has experienced several international conflicts with the Islamic world at large. Huntington, an American scholar, wrote a thesis ¡§The Clash of Civilizations¡¨ to explain the cause of conflict. While there are significant culture differences, it is difficult to conclude that it is a simple case of conflict in culture. Upon closer inspection of the conflict situation, we find that the American dispute with the Islamic world has largely been focused on the Middle-Eastern group of countries. It would be dangerous to take a stand point that the basis of conflict is in terms of culture, because it over-simplifies the situation and leaves an undesirable stereotype on the Islamic civilization. Using a historical sociology perspective, the author found that there have been several different changes at different times in the international relationship between the American and Middle-Eastern Islamic countries after the Cold War. In fact, before the Cold War, Afghanistan was a crucial ally in the Anti-Soviet movement. It is therefore worth pondering why Afghanistan became the first Middle-Eastern country target in the war against terrorism. This thesis serves to use a geo-political perspective to further examine and explain the intricate transitions and changes in the American-Islamic relationship, in order to demonstrate that the conflict is a struggle for power, rather than a mere ¡§Clash of Civilizations¡¨ as in Huntington¡¦s paper.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Utah State University, Dept. of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, 1976. / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-20T11:31:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ISABEL BORGES CARVALHO.pdf: 2706219 bytes, checksum: 7f9770ff60c22029f06465e81366d032 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-20T11:31:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ISABEL BORGES CARVALHO.pdf: 2706219 bytes, checksum: 7f9770ff60c22029f06465e81366d032 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-03 / This research, part of the research line Education, Society and Culture asked how manifest institutional relations FAMILY SCHOOL in promoting basic education from 1st to 5th grade in public schools, aiming to learn the reasons why these social institutions are in conflict, explicit or covertly. The hypothesis is that these relationships are marked by power and control, so discipline and coercion. This is a relevant issue in investigative terms, however, looks to the conflictual relations have not been their focus. This study was characterized as exploratory, qualitative and dialectical inspiration because we believe that this theoretical-methodological perspective would allow (un) cortinar and explain the contradictions that pervade relations of power and control between School Family. The theoretical corpus was based on the concepts of social institution Berger & Berger (1978), for power and control of Foucault (1995) habitus and cultural capital of Bourdieu (1989) studies Nogueira Family School (2005) and Szymanski (2007), among others. Were relevant bibliographic contributions coming from the access to the Brazilian Digital Library Database of Theses and Dissertations - BDTD, Periodical In Open / MEC-INEP, Magazine NEW SCHOOL Observatory and Family School / UFMG, the last five years (2010-2014) . The empirical corpus consisted of non-participant observation; normative documents as the Federal Brazilian Constitutions (1824 to 1988), the Child and Adolescent (1990), the Law of Directives and Bases of National Education (1961 and 1996), National Curriculum Guidelines for Basic Education (2013) National Education Plan (2014-2024), Municipal Education Plan of the Municipality of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás (2001), Pedagogical Policy Project, School and Procedure; Minutes of Meetings of the Board of books Class and Parents Meeting. The survey was conducted in four (04) Primary Education Schools (1st to 5th year) of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás city of randomly chosen and approved its implementation by management. The survey brought some pictures of these relationships present in the socialization process and education of children in these first years of school life, marked by paradoxes between political and legal determinations and effectiveness kidnapped in everyday school life. Relationships are tensioned explicit or covertly, Family and School are represented by voltages and non-cooperation. / Esta pesquisa, inserida na Linha de Pesquisa Educação, Sociedade e Cultura, indagou como se manifestam as relações institucionais Família Escola na promoção da educação fundamental do 1º ao 5º ano em escolas públicas municipais, objetivando apreender as razões pelas quais essas instituições socializadoras se conflituam explicita ou veladamente. A hipótese é que essas relações são marcadas por poder e controle, portanto, por disciplina e coerção. Trata-se de uma temática relevante em termos investigativos. No entanto, os olhares para as relações conflituosas não são foco deste estudo que se caracterizou como exploratório, de natureza qualitativa e de inspiração dialética, por entendermos que essa perspectiva teórico-metodológica possibilitaria (des)cortinar e explicar as contradições que permeiam as relações de poder e controle entre Família Escola. O corpus teórico fundamentou-se nos conceitos de instituição social de Berger e Berger (1978), de poder e controle de Foucault (1995), de habitus e capital cultural de Bourdieu (1989), nos estudos da relação entre Família Escola de Nogueira (2005) e Szymanski (2007) dentre outros. Relevantes foram as contribuições bibliográficas advindas do acesso ao Banco de Dados da Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), do periódico Em Aberto/MEC-INEP, da revista Nova Escola e do Observatório Família Escola/UFMG nos últimos cinco anos (2010-2014). O corpus empírico constituiu-se de observação não participante, de análise de documentos normativos como as Constituições Federais Brasileiras (1824 a 1988), o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente – ECA (1990), a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (1961 e 1996), as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais da Educação Básica (2013), o Plano Nacional de Educação (2014-2024), o Plano Municipal de Educação do Município de Aparecida de Goiânia-Goiás (2001), o Projeto Político Pedagógico, o Regimento Escolar e os Livros de Atas das Reuniões do Conselho de Classe e de Reuniões de Pais. A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro (04) escolas de ensino fundamental (1º ao 5º ano) do município de Aparecida de Goiânia-Goiás, que foram escolhidas aleatoriamente e aprovada sua realização pela direção. A pesquisa trouxe alguns retratos das relações presentes no processo de socialização e escolarização das crianças nos primeiros anos de vida escolar, marcados por paradoxos entre as determinações político-normativas e a efetividade sequestrada no cotidiano escolar. As relações são tencionadas explícitas ou dissimuladamente, Família Escola são representadas por tensões e não por cooperação.

Much current literature on management and strategy still describes strategy work as a linear, top-down, management-based, rational, logical, structured and planned change activity with clear and predictable goals. It is described as an activity in which individual managers are addressing key questions and implementing an important, management-based plan. By using the right tools and techniques, skilled managers can transform plans into reality through good leadership and systematic rollout. This way of thinking about leadership is based on an understanding of leaders as rather powerful, knowing, heroic individuals who can stand outside of their organization to plan an ideal future, and who are equipped to make employees follow their instructions in order to reach desired goals. In this thesis I research into my experiences of what is happening in an organization, taking seriously the experience of developing a new strategy. It is an organization working in the public sector in Denmark which is right now trying to find a strategy and its way through a series of 'wicked problems' not easily handled. Through the use of autobiographical narrative-based inquiry and a focus on everyday local interactions between people working together, I research into what is 'really' going on in strategy work. Drawing on the theory of complex responsive processes of relating and reflexivity, I describe and analyse the interactions in our leadership team's efforts to change the organization's strategy. In doing so themes of power, power games and power differentials, politicking and some of the paradoxes in management - such as inclusion/exclusion, local interaction and global patterning, unpredictable predictability, and conflict and cooperation - are investigated. The complex responsive process perspective views organizations as patterns of interaction and conversations between people working together. By analogy from complex adaptive systems models, sociology, psychology and philosophy, it argues that generalizable population-wide patterns emerge in unpredictable ways through exactly these local complex interaction and interplays of people's intentions, thoughts and actions. This leads me to propose generalizable new contributions to knowledge about strategy work. Examining my own experience, I problematize the 'heroic', individualistic, view of what leaders do when working with strategy, preferring to see strategy as a co-created activity that emerges in complex and paradoxical interactions between people in the organization, in the leadership team, in daily cooperation with employees, and through the interface with customers. The understanding of co-creation here being that together we co-create our social life and our social life is co-creating us, our selves, our personalities at the same time. This inseparable paradox of the individual and the group, of the one and the many is investigated. Finally, I suggest that strategy work is inseparable from the everyday messy conflictual power games of organizational life, and that leaders - through actively engaging in ongoing conversations and co-creating meaning - participate in developing new understandings of identity and culture. In talking with one another about what it is we are doing, in influencing and being influenced, and reflecting on this, we are already changing what is going on; this itself is strategy work. The narratives show that to work with strategy effectively, we need to negotiate our intentions in convincing ways through forming strong power alliances. Taking experience seriously also demonstrates a close connection between power, ethics and action, and that it is impossible to decide the 'good' thing to do before acting. Developing reflexivity, both as an individual and in collaborative work, is a prerequisite for working in an ethical way, aware of our mutual interdependence. Finally, the thesis describes some of the consequences of taking experience seriously as a strategy. It has changed the way our staff understand what they are doing, and is beginning to change the kind of assignments we take on, and how we deal with them. One spin-off has been producing two books (with more to come). We also have new and more reflexive contacts in business and knowledge-creating environments, such as universities and business schools. The thesis shows a number of results from working with strategy in this way. This indicates that the act of taking your experience seriously in itself implies a kind of transforming causality, and hereby a strategy of change.

This thesis investigates manufacturer-distributor power relationship in the Chinese Iron and Steel Industry. The main objectives of this study are to identify, describe and investigate the power relationships in Chinese Iron and Steel Industry; to understand the concept of power from the perspective of distributors and their relationship with State-Owned Enterprises and Private-Owned Enterprises in this industry; and to explore the possibility of developing an extended research power-relationship framework by investigating the power construct and potentially related and relevant factors in the Chinese market that may impact predicted outcomes such as positive conflict resolution attitude and levels of conflict. Two quantitative pilot studies were conducted, consisting of 14 surveys with semi-structured questions each, which were instrumental in the design of an extended power relationship model by incorporating the factors such as the level of trust, frequency of communication and level of guanxi that drive positive conflict resolution attitude into the traditional power model that had not been combined in a single framework before. Subsequently, the main study was carried out comprising 148 questionnaires completed by distributor firm managers. These represent the views of 74 respondents, who responded for both state-owned enterprises and private-owned enterprises in the Chinese Iron and Steel Industry The sample size is 74 respondents including 14 respondents that were also respondents for the pilot studies. This study generated four main findings. 1) a State-Owned Enterprises tend to use more non-coercive power than Private-Owned Enterprises, and have a stronger negative effect than Private-Owned Enterprises; 2) although Private-Owned Enterprises were rated higher than State-Owned Enterprises in the level of trust, and have a stronger positive effect when explaining the observed relationship between the level of trust and positive conflict resolution attitude, the difference is really minimal; 3) Private-Owned Enterprises were rated higher than State-Owned Enterprises in the frequency of communication, and have a stronger positive effect than State-Owned Enterprises in the explanation of the relationship between frequency of communication and positive conflict resolution attitude. 4) Private-Owned Enterprises were rated higher than State-Owned Enterprises in the level of guanxi, and have stronger positive effect than State-Owned Enterprises in the explanation of the relationship between level of guanxi and positive conflict resolution attitude. These findings contribute to fill gaps in the literature with regard to power relationships in distribution channels. This thesis extends the current boundary of knowledge through the formulation of an extended framework that integrates conflict resolution constructs into a typical/traditional power model. This extended framework comprises new constructs such as level of trust, frequency of communication and level of guanxi and hypothesises their impact on conflict resolution attitude and level of conflict in the Chinese distribution channel. New knowledge is created by investigating differences regarding the use of power by SOEs and POEs considered from the distributor perspective in the Chinese context. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed in detail.