This thesis is devoted to the development of new approaches for control coordination of PSSs (power system stabilisers) and FACTS (flexible alternating current transmission system) devices for achieving and enhancing small-disturbance stability in multi-machine power systems. The key objectives of the research reported in the thesis are, through optimal control coordination of PSSs and/or FACTS devices, those of maintaining satisfactory power oscillation damping and secure system operation when the power system is subject to persisting disturbances in the form of load demand fluctuations and switching control. Although occurring less frequently, fault disturbances are also considered in the assessment of the control coordination performance. Based on the constrained optimisation method in which the eigenvalue-based objective function is minimised to identify the optimal parameters of power system damping controllers, the thesis first develops a procedure for designing the control coordination of PSSs and FACTS devices controllers. The eigenvalue-eigenvector equations associated with the selected electromechanical modes form a set of equality constraints in the optimisation. The key advance of the procedure is that there is no need for any special software system for eigenvalue calculations, and the use of sparse Jacobian matrix for forming the eigenvalue-eigenvector equations leads to the sparsity formulation which is essential for large power systems. Inequality constraints include those for imposing bounds on the controller parameters. Constraints which guarantee that the modes are distinct ones are derived and incorporated in the control coordination formulation, using the property that eigenvectors associated with distinct modes are linearly independent. The robustness of the controllers is achieved very directly through extending the sets of equality constraints and inequality constraints in relation to selected eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with the state matrices of power systems with loading conditions and/or network configurations different from that of the base case. On recognising that the fixed-parameter controllers, even when designed with optimal control coordination, have an inherent limitation which precludes optimal system damping for each and every possible system operating condition, the second part of ii the research has a focus on adaptive control techniques and their applications to power system controllers. In this context, the thesis reports the development of a new design procedure for online control coordination which leads to adaptive PSSs and/or supplementary damping controllers (SDCs) of FACTS devices for enhancing the stability of the electromechanical modes in a multi-machine power system. The controller parameters are adaptive to the changes in system operating condition and/or configuration. Central to the design is the use of a neural network synthesised to give in its output layer the optimal controller parameters adaptive to system operating condition and configuration. A novel feature of the neural adaptive controller is that of representing the system configuration by a reduced nodal impedance matrix which is input to the neural network.

The objective of the proposed research is to analyze automated residential energy management technology using primary energy source utilization. A residential energy management system (REMS) is an amalgamation of hardware and software that performs residential energy usage monitoring, planning, and control. Primary energy source utilization quantifies power system levels impacts on power generation cost, fuel utilization, and environmental air pollution; based on power system generating constraints and electric load. Automated residential energy management technology performance is quantified through a physically-based REMS simulation. This simulation includes individual appliance operation and accounts for consumer behavior by stochastically varying appliance usage and repeating multiple simulation iterations for each simulated scenario. The effect of the automated REMS under varying levels of control will be considered. Aggregate REMS power system impacts are quantified using primary energy source utilization. This analysis uses a probabilistic economic dispatch algorithm. The economic dispatch algorithm quantifies: fuel usage and subsequent environmental air pollution (EAP) generated; based on power system generating constraints and electric load (no transmission constraints are considered). The analysis will comprehensively explore multiple residential energy management options to achieve demand response. The physically-based REMS simulation will consider the following control options: programmable thermostat, direct load control, smart appliance scheduling, and smart appliance scheduling with a stationary battery. The ability to compare multiple automated residential energy management technology options on an equal basis will guide utility technology investment strategies.

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Discusses the practical management of electrical networks, no perfect monitoring of an electrical power system state is available, either because it is expensive or technically unfeasible due to the poor quality of the available measurements in the control centre. To have a stable network, the control centre must receive the network information to be able to provide a proper security in unforeseen situation. As a power system network is a complex and a non-linear system, it is important to use more advanced methods for its analysis and control in a real time environment. The aim of this research work is therefore, to apply several state estimation algorithms using artificial intelligence by developing their mathematical models for the purpose of comparing their performances in estimating the state variable of the power system. The three types of state estimation algorithms investigated for this research work are: the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Newton method for state estimation (NSE).

Data pertaining to the number of failed high voltage current transformers installed in / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.

Thesis presented in ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Technologiae in Electrical Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 / The power system is essentially one of the most critical subsystems to any satellite, without some form of power system a satellite would simply cease to function. The research within these pages investigates the areas pertaining to satellite power systems with the main focus towards the CubeSat platform. The end objective of this research was the development of a reliable analogue based switch-mode power system for a CubeSat. The research began with an investigation into the CubeSat platform, the space environment and a basic overview of a satellite and its systems. The research then focussed on satellite power systems, focussing primarily on satellite power system topologies and switch-mode power systems. Various components and concepts surrounding the satellite power system were investigate and included the photovoltaic (PV) solar cell, batteries, satellite power system topologies, protection concepts and typical CubeSat power systems. The nal part of the literature review included research into typical CubeSat power systems. The space environment complicates the design of satellite systems. The developed electrical power system harnessed electrical power from a PV solar panel by means of a fractional opencircuit voltage (FOCV) based maximum power point tracker (MPPT) with the use of a SEPIC DC-DC converter. The use of a SEPIC DC-DC converter allowed the system to operate at a greater e ciency than could be expected from linear designs. The requirement for an e cient system was important as the heat generated by the power system could bring rise to dissipation issues, resulting in over-heating of various components. The design took into account component sizing, as larger components would be more prone to damage during the high accelerations and vibrations associated with being launched into space. The use of a MPPT allowed the power system to better utilise the available PV solar panel power, by maintaining the PV solar panel near its optimum operating voltage. The design slid between MPPT and voltage regulation to harness as much power as possible while not over-charging the Lithium polymer battery. The power system consisted of battery under-voltage protection as well as over-current protection for the attached payloads and satellite subsystems. The SEPIC DC-DC converter was selected over other SMPS topologies, as this topology could be used in a 1U and 3U CubeSat with a wide variety of PV solar panel cell con gurations. The bene ts of this SMPS topology are due to the SEPIC DC-DC converter's ability to produce an output voltage greater than, less than or equal to the input voltage (National Semiconductor, 2008; Texas Instruments, 2008a). This, along with the operation of the FOCV based MPPT, allowed the power system to be very exible. The designed FOCV based MPPT could be pre-set to di ering PV solar cell technologies due to the adjustable ratio between the maximum power point voltage, Vmpp, and the open-circuit voltage, Voc of the PV solar panel. It was decided not to select a Buck or Boost DC-DC converter based power system as this would limit the exibility of the system. Additionally, the SEPIC DC-DC converter brings with it the ability to isolate the input and output voltage upon shut down. This isolation is due to the SEPIC DC-DC converter's coupling capacitor and this topologies operation as described by National Semiconductor (2008) and Texas Instruments (2008a). The prototype was versatile allowing a wide variety of PV solar cell technologies to be used. The wide operating voltage of the prototype allowed the design to be connected to a series or parallel combination of solar cells with an operating voltage of 3 V to 20 V. The power handling capability of the prototype per solar panel channel allows the design to be applied to a 1 U or 3 U CubeSat given that the channel did not exceed 10 W. All components of the prototype operated without fault, e ectively charging the Li-poly battery safely while protecting payloads and subsystems. The SEPIC DC-DC converter utilised by the MPPT achieved an e ciency of 71 % under full load and with an input voltage of 10 V.

Orientador: Secundino Soares Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T08:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PastorHumpiri_CarolinaJanet_M.pdf: 2093723 bytes, checksum: 2ef978811ccdca91867a3a47544e6581 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo do Planejamento Energético da Operação de sistemas hidrotérmicos de geração é encontrar uma política operativa que forneça energia elétrica ao sistema, em um determinado período de planejamento, com confiabilidade e por um custo mínimo. Isto equivale a determinar um cronograma ótimo de geração para cada usina, a cada intervalo, de modo que o sistema atenda a demanda de forma confiável. Este trabalho faz uso de um dos paradigmas da Computação Evolutiva, as Estratégias Evolutivas (EEs), cuja característica principal é a auto-adaptação dos seus parâmetros durante o processo evolutivo, para a solução do problema de planejamento energético da operação. É feita uma comparação entre as abordagens por EEs e por Programação Não Linear baseada em Fluxo em Redes, para usinas do Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro. As EEs mostraram-se boas ferramentas para apurar a solução fornecida pela programação não linear devido ao elevado poder de exploração do espaço de soluções / Abstract: The objective of the energetic operation planning of hydrothermal generation systems is to find an operation policy that supplies electric energy to the system, during a given planning period, with reliability and by a minimum cost. This is equivalent determining an optimal scheduling of generation for each plant, at each interval, in such a way that the system load is attained with reliability. This work make use of one of the paradigms of Evolutionary Computation, Evolution Strategies (ES), whose main characteristic is the self-adaptation of its parameters during the evolution process, for the solution of the energetic operation planning. A comparison is performed for hydro plants of the Brazilian power system between the ES and the nonlinear network flow approaches. The ES approach turns to be a good tool to improve the solution obtained by the nonlinear programming approach due to its high potential to explore and exploit the solution space / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Secundino Soares Filho, Anibal Tavares de Azevedo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_LeonardoSilveiradeAlbuquerque_D.pdf: 6848439 bytes, checksum: 571d1bf94d7ca9389709c2739e41339a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A otimização determinística da operação de médio prazo de sistemas hidrotérmicos de potência é um problema não-linear de grande porte. Neste trabalho, ele é resolvido com a devida consideração das restrições de fluxo de intercâmbio energético entre os subsistemas em um único modelo. Para tanto, fez-se necessária a representação explícita do balanço energético, definido como a soma das gerações hidro e termelétrica e do intercâmbio líquido, tal que a demanda de carga seja atendida. As dificuldades algébricas e computacionais impostas pela formulação do problema são contornadas por meio de um método de pontos interiores primal-dual não-linear. Nele, é empregada busca unidimensional com filtro que, dada a implementação proposta, apesar de não garantir convergência global, mostrou-se eficaz em todas as instâncias de testes numéricos realizados, dispensando o uso de funções de mérito. A estrutura esparsa bloco-diagonal das restrições do problema é explorada com vistas à obtenção de melhor desempenho computacional. Resultados dos estudos de caso numéricos para dados reais do sistema elétrico brasileiro sob diferentes configurações são apresentados. / Abstract: This work presents the solution of the medium-term operation scheduling problem for hydrothermal power systems, a complex large-scale nonlinear problem, with consideration of power exchange between interconnected systems. This required the need to explicitly represent the power balance nonlinear equations, defined as the sum of hydro and thermal outputs, and net power imports such that load demand is attained. Algebraic and computational difficulties arisen by the problem formulation are overcome by the use of a nonlinear primal-dual interior-point line search filter method. A line search filter procedure is chosen for these are known to generally outperform penalty merit functions. Although the implementation proposed herein does not guarantee global convergence, it has shown to be very efficient for all numerical tests performed. In addition, the problem's block-constraint structure is exploited for means of improved computational efficiency. Results for diverse numerical tests applied to the Brazilian power system are shown. / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T10:34:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BedrinanaArones_ManfredFritz_D.pdf: 1647623 bytes, checksum: f89c901f587a4c3d6782711069ca801c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é desenvolver uma metodologia robusta e eficiente para o fluxo de carga da continuação ótimo multiobjetivo. O fluxo de carga da continuação se presta à obtenção de um contínuo de pontos de operação da rede para carga e geração variáveis e a determinação do máximo carregamento do sistema. A associação do fluxo de carga da continuação com procedimentos de otimização leva em conta que, para cada ponto de operação da rede, as variáveis de controle disponíveis podem ser ajustadas em valores tais que otimizem algum critério. Na realidade, pode haver o interesse em otimizar mais de um critério, e o procedimento de otimização passa a ser multiobjetivo. No desenvolvimento do trabalho foi abordada a análise de estabilidade de tensão, para isto foram propostas técnicas para o cálculo rápido do ponto de máximo carregamento incorporando técnicas de corte de carga e fluxo de carga da continuação usando técnicas híbridas. Um fluxo de carga ótimo foi proposto para a análise de sistemas malcomportados e singularidades usando métodos de pontos interiores e otimização de passo. O fluxo de carga da continuação ótimo proposto inclui um passo corretor que se mostra eficiente com a inclusão do fluxo de carga ótimo com otimização de passo, e permitiu o traçado correto da trajetória de soluções ótimas considerando os limites de factibilidade do sistema. Os métodos de otimização incorporando restrições de complementaridade foram introduzidos na análise para verificar o desempenho do método proposto. O fluxo de carga da continuação ótimo multiobjetivo proposto inclui as técnicas anteriores e métodos para a obtenção de soluções Pareto-ótimas uniformemente distribuídas. Esta ferramenta computacional permite uma análise detalhada do comportamento de uma rede elétrica de potência no que diz respeito a uma série de aspectos da sua operação, e particularmente ao despacho da geração e estabilidade de tensão. O monitoramento do perfil de tensão e da margem de segurança com relação à estabilidade de tensão é um aspecto crítico para a operação segura de sistemas de potência modernos, que operam estressados nos picos de carga ou em contingências / Abstract: The goal of this research work is to propose a robust and efficient methodology for the multiobjective optimal continuation power flow. The continuation power flow is based on obtaining a continuum of Power system operating points for variable load and generation, allowing the analysis of operation conditions for each point and the determination of the maximum loading possible for which the system is still stable. The merging of continuation power flow and optimization procedures takes into account that the available control variables can be adjusted for each operating point, so as to optimize the operating conditions according to some criterion. Actually, more than one criterion may be optimized, and the procedure becomes multiobjective, requiring multiobjective programming tools. This computational tool allows a detailed analysis of power systems' behavior regarding many operation aspects, including voltage stability. Tracking the voltage profile and the voltage stability security margins are critical aspects for the secure operation of modern power systems that are permanently stressed / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Vivaldo Fernando da Costa, Igor Kopcak / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T03:02:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valle_DaniloBassetodo_M.pdf: 1084356 bytes, checksum: c124be31abdb8f91a939c17ac7f6d8b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho é avaliada a influência do controlador IPFC (Interline Power Flow Controller ) no desempenho de sistemas elétricos de potência quanto à estabilidade a pequenas perturbações. Foi utilizado um modelo de injeção de potência para inclusão do IPFC em programas de fluxo de carga, considerando a representação das fontes de tensão do dispositivo em coordenadas retangulares e incorporando as equações que representam sua dinâmica. As análises de regime permanente atestam a capacidade do IPFC de gerenciamento e controle dos fluxos de potências ativa e reativa em linhas de transmissão. Entretanto, o ajuste de potência constante do modo de controle pode diminuir a margem de estabilidade de tensão, por não permitir o aumento dos fluxos nas linhas controladas quando o carregamento do sistema cresce. As análises dinâmicas da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações foram realizadas com a inclusão do IPFC e de um POD (Power Oscillation Damping) no Modelo de Sensibilidade de Potência (MSP). Os resultados obtidos revelam que o IPFC possui um grande potencial para a manutenção da estabilidade de ângulo em sistemas de potência quando equipado com controladores POD. / Abstract: This work assess the impact of the IPFC (Interline Power Flow Controller) on the smallsignal stability performance of Power Systems. A power injection model is used to include the IPFC in a power flow routine. The modelling represents the IPFC source voltages in rectangular coordinates and incorporates its differential equations at steady-state. The power flow analysis shows the IPFC effectiveness for the management and control of active and reactive power flows of transmission lines. However, the constant power flow operation mode can decrease the voltage stability margin. The IPFC and a POD (Power Oscillation Damping) were included in the Power Sensitivity Model (PSM) to perform the small-signal stability analysis. Simulation results show that the IPFC with a POD can improve the angle stability of Power Systems. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Carlos Alberto de Castro Júnior, Santiago Patricio Torres Contreras / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:25:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarretoAlferez_WilmerEdilberto_M.pdf: 1213079 bytes, checksum: be23433dda22950612c8e4039b4ebba4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O planejamento da expansão da transmissão (PET) consiste em determinar todas as alterações necessárias na infraestrutura do sistema de transmissão, ou seja, ampliações e reforços, a fim de permitir o equilíbrio entre a demanda prevista e o suprimento de energia elétrica, procurando o investimento mínimo ao longo do horizonte de planejamento. O PET é um problema de grande extensão, inteiro misto, não linear, e não convexo. Portanto, mais técnicas de otimização devem ser investigadas para resolvê-lo de forma eficiente. Neste trabalho de pesquisa, o foco do estudo foi a metaheurística de otimização por enxame de partículas (PSO) aplicada ao problema PET estático. Os desempenhos das variantes Global (GPSO) e Local (LPSO) são comparados com quatro novas variantes do PSO baseado no comportamento quântico de otimização por enxame de partículas (QPSO). QPSO considera um comportamento quântico dos movimentos de partículas, de acordo com a mecânica quântica, que, em teoria, levaria a uma melhor convergência global do que o tradicional PSO. Esta pesquisa utiliza o modelo DC das redes de potência, considerando restrições de segurança usando o critério . Os conhecidos sistemas Garver, IEEE de 24 barras, e equivalente sul brasileiro de 46 barras são usados para apresentar os resultados deste trabalho de pesquisa / Abstract: The Transmission Expansion Planning (TEP) consists of determining all the changes needed in the transmission system infrastructure, i.e. additions and reinforcements, in order to allow the balance between the projected demand and the power supply, at minimum investment along the planning horizon. The TEP is a large scale, mixed-integer, non-linear and non-convex problem. Therefore more optimization techniques must be investigated to solve it in an efficient way. In this research work, the focus was on the study of the optimization metaheuristics by particle swarm (PSO) applied to the static version of the TEP problem. The performances of the Global (GPSO) and Local (LPSO) variants are compared against four new PSO variants based on the Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO). QPSO considers a quantum behavior of particles' movements, according to quantum mechanics, which in theory would lead to a better global convergence than traditional PSO. This research uses the DC model for the network and takes into account security constraints using the well-known criterion. The well-known Garver, IEEE 24-bus, and the 46-bus Southern Brazilian equivalent networks will be used to present the results of this research work / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica