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Accurate and fast power control is perhaps the most important aspect in W-CDMA, in particular on the uplink. This thesis describes the work earned out to evaluate and enhance the link-level performance of closed-loop power control (CLPC) for the UMTS-FDD uplink. Factors that influence the performance of the CLPC scheme amongst others include the round-trip delay, UE (User Equipment) speed, dynamic range of the handset, the level of diversity available at the receiver and the accuracy of SIR (Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio) estimation and channel estimation. The above-mentioned performance improvement is obtained by focussing on the SIR measurement aspect of the power control scheme, and to this end, two new signal quality estimation techniques are proposed and evaluated. Based on the two algorithms, a further comparison is made to investigate the effects of SIR measurement before and after RAKE combining of the signal. Firstly, an improved Eb/N0 estimator is proposed and its performance evaluated both in a stationary (Gaussian) as well as a Rayleigh channel. The improvement in the estimator's performance is obtained by the addition of a smoothing filter to an existing algorithm. The improved algorithm, based on maximum likelihood estimation, is shown to improve the performance of CLPC with an average gain of 0.25 dB (i.e. the average gain for a range of UE speeds) in the power control error (PCE) in a narrowband channel, over the performance without the filter; the algorithm would also offer gains in the wideband channel when the SIR measurement is done before RAKE-combining of the signal. The second algorithm is a traffic-based SIR measurement scheme, so-called because it uses a dedicated traffic channel for the SIR measurement, and hence specific to UMTS-FDD. Again, using the standard deviation of the PCE as the performance metric, it is shown that this scheme achieves gains in the PCE of up to 1.4dB (1.15dB on average) for the 4.75-12.2kbps speech service and up to 2.75dB (2.5dB on average) for 144kbps data, both in UMTS Vehicular environments. The gains achieved are with respect to the performance obtainable with the SIR measurement technique proposed by 3GPP (using dedicated pilot symbols), and they translate to improvements in the CDMA capacity at system-level. Furthermore, the algorithm, which currently assumes perfect blind rate detection, provides a higher improvement in the performance of CLPC for higher data rates (as the figures exemplify), which is an additional advantage since higher data-rate users cause more interference to the network by transmitting higher powers. Results obtained using the PCE performance metric also indicate that the higher path diversity available in W-CDMA (compared to narrowband systems) does not necessarily convert to improved system performance, especially when combining weak taps in the channel, i.e. the performance either stays the same or somewhat degrades. Finally, using the uncoded bit error rate (BER) as the performance metric, two further SIR measurement techniques, both based on variations of the two algorithms discussed earlier, are proposed and compared. The Pre-RAKE scheme, in which the SIR measurement is carried out before RAKE combining of the signal vs. the Post-RAKE scheme where the measurement is carried out after, are compared. The overestimation problem that occurs with the Pre-RAKE scheme is highlighted; hence, it is concluded that Post-RAKE schemes offer superior performance over their Pre-RAKE counterparts. The work has highlighted several issues that need careful consideration as far as SIR measurement is concerned, whether it be for power control or any other radio resource management technique; the overestimation problem which occurs for low SIR values as well as the issue of the number of symbols available for the measurement, can contribute significantly to the SIR measurement error, degrading the performance of CLPC in turn. In addition, it is also useful to have an idea of how much the true SIR can vary within the duration of measurement. Last but not least, the little or no improvement in performance obtained when combining weak taps is attributed to the performance and robustness of the channel estimation algorithms employed; they tend to add more noise than signal power to the RAKE-combined signal when used to combine paths with low Eb/N0 values. The SIR measurement algorithms proposed and discussed in this thesis can be implemented directly in UMTS receivers. On the other hand, the knowledge and information contained herein and the logical approaches considered can lead to the development of new ideas as well as new algorithms.

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In this thesis a number of system design options are studied for the generation and processing of ultra—high speed optical data, based on the technique of Optical Time Division Multiplexing. The limits are investigated with regard to maximum unregenerated transmission distances for linear propagation over single mode fibre with large chromatic dispersion. Overall, the aim is to minimise the bandwidth requirements of electronic and opto—electronic system components for a given optical line capacity whilst at the same time maximising the chromatic dispersion limited propagation distances, thus exploring the potential for future system and network operating speeds of several tens of Gbit/s. A summary of standard system designs and their performance in terms of maximum system speed and dispersive fibre propagation provides an introduction into the field of high performance fibre optic data communication systems. Particular examples are used to introduce the device models subsequently employed in the analysis of new system configurations. This includes a description of the system performance measurements which are the basis for the performance analyses of the proposed ultra—high speed systems. In the field of fibre transmission research a variety of electrical interface and optical line signal formats are being investigated, each being appropriate for particular application areas and offering varying compromises between performance, complexity and user friendliness. In the context of this thesis the investigations are limited to high capacity time division multiplexed configurations, which represent a medium to longer term alternative as well as a complementary approach to the currently widely pursued system capacity upgrades by means of optical wavelength or frequency division multiplexing. Moreover, ultra—high speed time division multiplexed transmission is fundamentally compatible with WDM system operation, providing a future upgrade path for multi—wavelength systems being developed at the present time. The vehicle for these investigations is a set of computer models. Optical signal generation, pulse propagation in single—mode fibre, optical time domain processing, amplification and optical receiver detection are all included in the models to allow end—to—end system performance studies. Experimental results are presented at various stages to validate the models employed.

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D.Ing. / Transmission networks change continuously when new supply requests are made, network reinforcements are installed and equipment configuration changes. Therefore, network design, operation and control requirements change. To manage this, controllers are being developed to assist human network controllers who might not always be specialists in equipment operation and characteristics. A transmission network comprises multiple variables, some dependent on others. The resistive portion of a load (PLoad) and the total reactive power (Q) installed close to the load can be set in relation to each other. This relationship forms the basic concept of the QP ratio for a transmission network. This ratio is not standardly used as a variable in network operation or control. This thesis explores this new QP ratio in more depth for application in different networks. This concept is developed and investigated in detail and equations are derived from first principles. The usability of the QP ratio is described and calculations are done for existing networks. It is shown that each network has its own unique QP ratio that can be used as information for human operators or as part of a controller device. This information can assist in determining actions required to be taken by controllers and operators. This thesis investigates aspects related to the use of a QP ratio in transmission networks as far as system operation and network control is concerned. The information provided in this thesis could be developed further to assist in implementing of the QP ratio in transmission network control rooms or systems. This will contribute to the provision of more reliable, robust and controlled electrical networks.

M.Ing. (Electrical And Electronic Engineering) / In this dissertation, an investigation into reducing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) through design is presented. Root generation mechanisms of Electromagnetic Interference are often neglected during the design process and later treated symptomatically. Mitigation of Electromagnetic Interference at source often reduces cost and physical size of electronics. This dissertation demonstrates the process and results by which schematic balance mitigates EMI. In addition, the introduction of Geometric Balance and physically designing circuits to be Geometrically Symmetrical are presented and tested to determine whether the design produces mitigating EMI results. Multiple Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s) were developed and tested against each other to demonstrate schematic balance and other EMI generation mechanisms. The final PCB was designed to be Geometrically Symmetrical and the test results compared. The results illustrate the varying performance of each PCB due to their differing design. The Geometrically Symmetrical PCB presented the best results due to various improvements which include physical layout size and semiconductor placement. An additional important phenomenon discovered was the amount of EMI generated during MOSFET Driver operation. This contributed to a significant amount of EMI during the no-load phase of testing.