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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Structure-based engineering of CYP105AS1 for the production of high-value molecules

Ashworth, Mark January 2018 (has links)
Biocatalysis represents an attractive route to the production of various compounds which are difficult or impossible to synthesise and isolate using traditional chemical synthesis. In particular, the production of chiral molecules is a function ideally suited to biocatalysis, due to the natural stereospecificity of enzymes. The synthesis of such chiral molecules is essential in the production of pharmaceuticals, additives for the food and drinks industry and the creation of specialist polymers. CYP105AS1, isolated from Amycolatopsis orientalis, is a cytochrome P450 enzyme which produces the inactive 6-epi-pravastatin of the blockbuster anti-cholesterol drug pravastatin. Previous directed evolution efforts have engineered this enzyme to produce a five-point mutant, known as P450prava, which partially reversed the stereospecificity of the enzyme to produce a majority pravastatin product mixture. This thesis details work to use structure-led engineering approaches to redesign the active site of P450prava to introduce stringent stereospecificity. A combinatorial approach of manual and computational rational design was pursued, leading to the creation of a novel T95F/V180M double mutant of P450prava. This double mutant was found to have successfully eliminated the unwanted 6-epi-pravastatin enantiomer from the product mix, leaving a pure pravastatin product. P450prava was also shown to bind and hydroxylate other statin substrate molecules, demonstrating its versatility in the production of drug metabolites and other high-value oxyfunctionalised molecules. This property, along with its proven tolerance of significant active site engineering efforts, demonstrates the viability of the P450prava as a platform for the creation of novel biocatalysts for the production of various hydroxylated products from diverse substrate molecules.
12

Efeito da pravastatina na agregação e número de plaquetas circulante em ratos tratados e não tratados com LPS / Effect of aggregation in pravastatin and current number of plates in rats treated and untreated with LPS

Naime, Ana Carolina Antunes, 1987- 24 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Sisi Marcondes Paschoal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T17:43:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Naime_AnaCarolinaAntunes_M.pdf: 1176730 bytes, checksum: d42b22c3ad536a50c078c7dcc3f57226 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A sepse leva a uma alta taxa de mortalidade em hospitais de todo o mundo e por se tratar de um quadro clínico muito complexo ainda não há tratamento eficaz para o mesmo. Nas últimas décadas tem-se dado destaque para o papel das plaquetas na sepse, já que a gravidade do quadro correlaciona-se com o número de plaquetas circulantes e seu estado de ativação. Uma vez que as estatinas têm sido usadas clinicamente com muito sucesso no tratamento de doenças inflamatórias, decidimos investigar o efeito da pravastatina em plaquetas de ratos sadios e em modelo experimental de sepse induzida por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Para tanto, ratos foram tratados com solução salina ou pravastatina 20 mg/kg (gavagem, uma vez ao dia durante 7 dias). No sexto dia, os ratos de ambos os grupos receberam uma única injeção de salina ou de LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) e após 48h o sangue arterial foi coletado. A determinação plasmática de TNF-'alfa' e trombopoietina foi feita por ELISA. O número de megariócitos foi determinado pela histologia da medula óssea. A agregação plaquetária foi induzida por ADP (1-10 µM). A formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e GMPc foi analizada em plaquetas por citometria de fluxo utilizando a sonda fluorescente DCFH-DA e por kit comercial, respectvamente. Também foi avaliada a atividade enzimática da SOD e glutationa peroxidase (GPx) em plaquetas através de kits comerciais. Nos ratos injetados com salina, a pravastatina aumentou 3,7 vezes os níveis plasmáticos de TNF-'alfa'. Além disso, a pravastaina reduziu 36% o número de plaquetas circulantes. A agregação plaquetária induzida por ADP foi significativamente reduzida por esta estatina, a qual foi acompanhada de uma redução dos níveis intraplaquetários de GMPc. Apesar do aumento marcante da atividade enzimática da SOD e da GPx, a pravastatina aumentou 2,4 vezes a quantidade de EROs em plaquetas de ratos injetados com salina. A pravastatina reduziu o número aumentado de leucócitos totais observado em ratos injetados com LPS para os mesmos valores encontrados em ratos injetados com salina. A concentração plasmática aumentada de TNF-? também foi reduzida pelo pré-tratamento com pravastatina, mas ainda permaneceu significativamente maior do que a observada em ratos injetados com salina. O LPS reduziu 6.8 vezes o número de plaquetas circulantes, o qual foi acompanhado por aumento do número de megacariócitos e redução de trombopoetina. O pré-tratamento com pravastatina restaurou os valores de trombopoetina e megacariócitos, mas não preveniu a queda do número de plaquetas circulantes. A agregação plaquetária induzida por ADP foi inibida por LPS e restaurada pela pravastatina. A quantidade de EROs em plaquetas de ratos injetados com LPS foi 2,2 vezes maior do que a observada em ratos injetados com salina, o qual foi acompanhado por um aumento significativo da atividade enzimática da SOD e da GPx. O pré-tratamento com pravastatina dos ratos injetados com LPS não modificou da quantidade de EROs intraplaquetária, mas reduziu de forma marcante a atividade enzimática da SOD e da GPx. Portanto, nossos resultados mostram que a administração de pravastatina em animais sadios, além de levar a trombocitopenia e estresse oxidativo plaquetário, promove um aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de TNF-?, o que poderia incorrer em danos teciduais a longo prazo. A pravastatina restaura a agregação plaquetária e melhora o quadro inflamatório dos ratos injetados com LPS. Entretanto, esta estatina não previne a queda acentuada do número de plaquetas circulantes, marcador importante para avaliação da gravidade da sepse, e nem reduz o estresse oxidativo plaquetário, o que poderia contribuir para a disfunção de diferentes tecidos. Sendo assim, a pravastatina não parece ser uma boa opção no tratamento da sepse / Abstract: Sepsis is still a cause of high mortality in hospitals all over the world. It is a very complex clinical condition and up to now there is no effective treatment. In the last decades works have been plublished describing the important role of platelets in sepsis, since the severity of the condition is correlated to the number of circulating platelets and their activation state. Statins, besides their action on lowering the cholesterol levels, have been successfully used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, in the present study we decided to investigate the effect of pravastatin in platelets of healthy rats and in model of experimental sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rats were treated with saline or pravastatin (20 mg/kg, gavage once daily for 7 days). On the sixth day, the rats in both groups received a single injection of saline or LPS ( 1 mg / kg, i.p.) and after 48h the arterial blood was collected. Plasmatic TNF-? and thrombopoietin concentrations were measured by ELISA. The number of megakaryocytes was determined by histology of the bone marrow. Platelet aggregation was induced by ADP (1-10 mM ). The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cGMP in platelets was analyzed by flow cytometry using DCFH-DA and by commercial kits, respectively. We also analyzed the enzymatic activity of SOD and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) in platelets using commercial kits. In rats injected with saline, pravastatin increased 3.7 fold the plasma levels of TNF-'alfa'. Furthermore, pravastaina reduced 36% the number of circulating platelets. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP was significantly reduced by this statin, which was accompanied by a reduction in the intraplatelet cGMP levels. Despite the marked increase in enzymatic activity of SOD and GPx, pravastatin increased 2.4 fold the amount of ROS in platelets of saline-injected rats. Pravastatin reduced the increased number of total leukocytes in LPS-injected to the same values found in rats injected with saline. Increased TNF-'alfa' plasma concentration was also reduced by pre-treatment with pravastatin, but it still remained significantly higher than that observed in saline-injected rats. LPS reduced 6.8 fold the number of circulating platelets, which was accompanied by increased numbers of megakaryocytes and reduced thrombopoietin concentration. Pre-treatment with pravastatin restored the values of thrombopoietin and megakaryocytes, but did not prevent the drop in circulating platelets. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by LPS and restored by pravastatin. The amount of ROS in platelets of LPS-injected rats was 2.2 fold higher than that observed in rats injected with saline, which was accompanied by significant increase in SOD and GPx activity. The pretreatment with pravastatin of LPS-injected rats did not change the amount of intraplatelet ROS but markedly reduced SOD and GPx activity. Therefore, our results show that administration of pravastatin in healthy animals, in addition to lead thrombocytopenia and platelet oxidative stress, it promotes an increase in TNF-'alfa' levels, which could result in tissue injury in long-term. Pravastatin restores platelet aggregation and improves the inflammatory condition of LPS-injected rats. However, this statin does not prevent sharp drop in the number of circulating platelets, an important marker for evaluating the severity of sepsis, and neither reduces platelet oxidative stress, which could contribute to the dysfunction of different tissues. Thus, pravastatin does not seem to be a good option in the treatment of sepsis / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestra em Farmacologia
13

Materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânico: espécies de interesse farmacológico imobilizadas em hidróxidos duplos lamelares / Organic-inorganic hybrid materials: species of pharmacological interest immobilized into layered double hydroxide

Cunha, Vanessa Roberta Rodrigues da 20 December 2012 (has links)
A intercalação de espécies com atividade farmacológica em Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDLs) vem sendo explorada com uma maior freqüência não apenas pelo fato da matriz ser biocompatível, mas também por outros efeitos reportados em estudos recentes como: (i) possível liberação sustentada da droga mediada por alterações no pH, (ii) aumento da solubilidade de substâncias pouco solúveis em água, (iii) aumento da estabilidade química de substâncias frente à luz, ao calor, à umidade, ao oxigênio molecular etc. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a intercalação de substâncias de interesse medicinal (em suas formas aniônicas) como a pravastatina, Prav (ação anti-hiperlipidêmica) e os antioxidantes ácidos coumárico, Cou, e lipóico, Lip, em HDLs de magnésio-alumínio e zinco-alumínio através da coprecipitação, utilizando diferentes condições experimentais (pH, tratamento pós-síntese e relação molar ânion/Al3+). As amostras sólidas foram caracterizadas por análise elementar (CHN e metais), difratometria de raios X, métodos espectroscópicos (vibracional no infravermelho, Raman e ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C no estado sólido), análise térmica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, medidas de tamanho de partícula e de potencial Zeta. A ação farmacológica dos HDLs de composição Mg2Al foi investigada através do teste biológico com o corante Sulforodamina B na linhagem celular de melanoma A-375. A utilização de diferentes proporções molares Pravastatina/Al3+ (1, 2 e 3) não alterou significativamente a quantidade de substância orgânica presente no material. O HDL de composição lamelar Zn2+/Al3+ apresentou maior cristalinidade e maior quantidade de orgânico (52 % m/m) que a matriz Mg2+/Al3+ (32 % m/m). A Pravastatina forma uma bicamada na região interlamelar. Os valores de tamanho médio de partícula e do potencial Zeta encontrado para o material Mg2Al1Prav (razão molar Prav/Al3+= 1) são 126 nm e + 22,9 mV, respectivamente. A Pravastatina e o material de Mg2Al1Prav diminuíram o crescimento celular da linhagem A-375 em até 20 % após tratamento. A composição dos HDLs intercalados com íons coumarato é dependente da razão molar Cou/Al3+ empregada na síntese. Observou-se novamente que o emprego da composição lamelar Zn2+/Al3+ contribui para a obtenção de material com maior cristalinidade e quantidade de orgânico intercalado (36 % m/m) comparado ao análogo de Mg2+/Al3+ (32 % m/m). Os ânions orgânicos na forma bivalente, constatados pelos resultados obtidos no espectro Raman, assumem um arranjo de monocamada com inclinação do esqueleto carbônico em relação às lamelas. Dados de análise elementar e análise térmica sugerem que o íon orgânico está enxertado/coordenado às lamelas do HDL. A suspensão aquosa do material Zn2Al3Cou apresenta estabilidade moderada frente à aglomeração (potencial Zeta igual a + 39,6 mV) e tamanho médio de partícula de 226 nm. No caso dos HDLs-Lip, observou-se que o excesso de íons lipoato na síntese, assim como o tempo de agitação pós-síntese , não alterou a cristalinidade e a quantidade de orgânico (39 % m/m) no material. Os ânions orgânicos devem se organizar na forma de uma bicamada interdigitada na região interlamelar. A suspensão aquosa do material Mg2Al1Lip apresenta estabilidade moderada frente à aglomeração (potencial Zeta igual a + 34,3 mV) e tamanho médio de partícula de 110 nm. / The intercalation of species with pharmacological activity in Layered Double Hydroxide (LDHs) has been explored frequently not only because it is biocompatible, but also by others effects as reported in recent studies: (i) sustained release of the drug by changes in pH, (ii) increasing the solubility of poorly water soluble substances, (iii) increase of the chemical stability of substance against light, heat, moisture, molecular oxygen etc. The main goal of this work is the intercalation of substances of therapeutic interest (in their anionic forms) as Pravastatin, Prav (antihyperlipidemic), and the antioxidants coumaric acid, Cou, and lipoic acid, Lip, in LDHs of magnesium-aluminum and zinc-aluminum by coprecipitation using different experimental conditions (pH, post-synthesis treatment and molar ratio anion/Al3+). Solid samples were characterized by elemental analysis (CHN and metals), X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic methods (Vibrational Infrared, Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 13C in solid state), thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, measurements of particle size and Zeta potential. The pharmacological activity of LDHs of Mg2Al composition was investigated by the biological assay with the dye Sulforhodamine B in the melanoma cell line A-375. The usage of different molar ratio Pravastatin/Al3+ (1, 2 and 3) did not significantly alter the amount of organic substance present in the inorganic carrier. The LDH of composition Zn2+/Al3+ promoted an increase in the crystallinity of the material and in the amount of organic (52 % w/w) compared to the Mg2+/Al3+ material (32 % w/w). Pravastatin forms a bilayer into the interlayer region. The mean particle size and Zeta potential of the Mg2Al1Prav (molar ratio Prav- /Al3+= 1) are 126 nm and + 22.9 mV, respectively. The Pravastatin and the material Mg2Al1Prav decreased cell growth of strain A-375 melanoma by 20 % after treatment. The composition of the LDH intercalated with coumarate ions is dependent of the molar ratio anion/Al3+ used in the synthesis. The composition Zn2+/Al3+ promoted an increase in the crystallinity and amount of the organic (36 % w/w) compared to Mg2+/Al3+ material (32 % w/w). The organic divalent anions, visualized by the Raman spectra results, assume a monolayer arrangement with the inclination of the carboxylate group related to the layer. Elemental and thermal analysis suggest the grafting/coordination of the organic ions into the layers of LDH. The aqueous suspension of the Zn2Al3Cou shows moderate stability against agglomeration (Zeta potential value + 39.6 mV) and particle size of 226 nm. In the case of LDHs-Lip, it was observed that excess of lipoate ions from the synthesis, as well as, the stirring time pos-synthesis did not alter the crystallinity and the organic amount (39 % w/w) material. The organic anions are organized in an interdigitated bilayer into the interlayer region. The aqueous suspension of the Mg2Al1Lip material shows moderate stability against the agglomeration (zeta potential value equal to + 34.3 mV) and a particle size of about 110 nm.
14

Wound healing signals mediated by Rho/ROCK activation in response to radiotherapy and consequences fot treatmeny of late damage within normal tissues / Signaux de cicatrisation médiées par l'activation de la voie Rho/ROCK en réponse à la radiothérapie et conséquences pour le traitement de dommages choroniques des tissus normaux

Pasinetti, Nadia 15 June 2012 (has links)
La Radiothérapie occupe la deuxième place dans la liste de traitement du cancer le plus important après chirurgie. Le progrès technique récent, comme la radiothérapie avec modulation d'intensité (IMRT) ou la radiothérapie guidée par l'image (IGRT), en combinaison avec de nouveaux médicaments à action spécifique tels que les anticorps monoclonaux, sont une garantie d'augmentation de l'index thérapeutique. Cependant, la radiothérapie peut provoquer un’ altération du processus normal de réparation et d'induire le développement d'un cadre de fibrose dans un sous-ensemble de patients sensibles et dans les survivants à long terme au cancer. La principale caractéristique de la fibrose radio-induit est l'accumulation excessive et anormale de collagène composé principalement des éléments fibrillaire et immatures de la matrice extracellulaire (ECM).Les organes qui peuvent être touchés par ce phénomène sont le foie, la peau, les intestins, les reins et les poumons. D'un point de vue clinique, la fibrose peut être considérée comme une condition irréversible, sans solution. Nous et d'autres ont récemment montré que, outre l'activation de la TGF-β/Smad canonique, d'autres voies sont activées dans les tissus fibreux tels que la cascade de signalisation intracellulaire Rho/ROCK. Fait intéressant, la façon dont Rho/ROCK semble spécifiquement activé dans la fibrose intestinale radio-induite, fournis une justification pour un stratégie anti-fibrotique ciblé. L’ inhibition pharmacologique de Rho avec les statines, en fait, est en mesure de prévenir et même inverser les phénomènes de fibrose post-actinique intestinale.Avec ces prémisses, dans nos études, nous avons montré le rôle des statines (Simvastatine et Pravastatine) et d'un inhibiteur spécifique de ROCK (Y-27632) dans un modèle murin de fibrose pulmonaire obtenue avec une approche pharmacologique (Bléomycine - BLM) . Par la suite, nous avons développé un modèle de fibrose pulmonaire induite par l'irradiation complet du thorax et évalué la réponse à l'administration de la Pravastatine. La confirmation de la participation de la voie Rho/ROCK/CTGF dans la fibrose pulmonaire a été montré par immunohistochimie: le traitement à la Pravastatine normalise l'expression de trois marqueurs: RhoB, TGFβ-RII et CTGF.Après, dans deux modèles de fibrose radio-induite (intestinal et pulmonaire), nous avons analysé, grâce à l’immunohistochimie, les mécanismes sous-jacents l'action antifibrotique de la Pravastatine via l’axe MMP2-TIMP2. Très intéressant, quand la pravastatine a été administré à titre préventif ou curatif, nous avons trouvé un impact différent sur la fibrolyse.Enfin, in vitro, nous avons étudié par zymographie l'expression des gélatinases (MMP2 et MMP9) dans des cultures primaires des fibroblastes pulmonaire murins exposées à différentes doses de rayonnement et de Pravastatine. Le métalloprotéases semble être à son tour impliquée dans les mécanismes pro-fibrolytiques induits par les statines.Dans notre modèle animal de fibrose pulmonaire, la Pravastatine est capable d'inverser le processus fibrotique et les métalloprotéases semblent être impliqués à leur tour, in vivo et in vitro, dans les mécanismes pro-fibrolyse induits par le médicament.La multiplicité des acteurs impliqués dans la physiopathologie de lésions fibrotiques explique pourquoi la mise en place d'une stratégie thérapeutique efficace est si complexe. La recherche dans les processus mécaniques de dommages aux tissus normaux ont ouvert la voie à de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Ces nouvelles cibles comprennent la réduction de l’inflammation, de l'activation vasculaire et de la thrombose, ainsi que la découverte de nouvelles cibles moléculaires. Il existe une variété de modèles précliniques et des stratégies efficaces, mais de nombreux efforts doivent être déployés pour atteindre l'objectif difficile de protéger les tissus normaux des effets secondaires de la radiothérapie. / Radiotherapy is the second most important treatment modality after surgery in the treatment of cancer. Recent technical advancements, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), combined with new targeted drugs have significant promise for therapeutic outcome. However radiation treatment could result in disabling normal tissue injury and in the development of progressive fibrosis in a subset of sensitive patients and in long-term cancer survivors. The main feature of tissue fibrosis is excessive accumulation of abnormal and cross-linked collagen mainly composed of fibrillar and immature extracellular matrix (ECM) components.The organs that can be affected by this phenomenon are liver, skin, intestine, kidneys and lungs. From a clinical point of view, fibrosis can be seen as an irreversible condition, without solution. We and others recently showed that beside the activation of the canonical TGF-β/Smad pathway, other intracellular signaling cascades including the Rho/ROCK pathway are switched on in fibrotic tissues. Interestingly, the Rho/ROCK pathway seems differentially activated in radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis, thereby providing a rationale for a specific, targeted anti-fibrotic strategy. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho using statins indeed prevent and even reverse intestinal radiation fibrosis.In our studies, we showed the role of Statin (Pravastatin e Simvastatin) and a specific inhibitor ROCK inhibitors (Y-27632) in a mice model of pulmonary induced-fibrosis obtained by a pharmacological approach (Bleomycin – BLM). Indeed, we developed a model of lung fibrosis by complete irradiation of chest and tested Pravastatin action. Confirmation of the involvement of Rho/ROCK/CTGF pathway in lung fibrosis are shown by immunohistochemistry: Pravastatin-treament normalized the expression of three markers: RhoB, TGF-RII and CTGF.Then, in models of radiation induced gut and lung fibrosis, we analysed, from a immunohistological point of view, the underlying mechanisms of the antifibrotic action of Pravastatin via MMP2-TIMP2 axis. Interestingly we found a different impact on fibrolysis when Pravastatin was administered preventively or curatively.Finally, in vitro, we investigate by zymography the expression of Gelatinases (MMP2 and MMP9) in primary lung fibroblasts cultures exposure at the different radiation and Pravastatin doses. Metalloproteases would appear to be in turn involved in pro-fibrolytic mechanisms induced by statin.The multiplicity of actors involved in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lesions explains why the definition of an effective therapeutic strategy is so complex.Researches in mechanistic processes of normal tissue damage paved the way for new therapeutic approaches. These new targets include reduction of vascular activation, inflammation and thrombosis and new molecular targets definition. Effective strategies are multiple on preclinical models, but numerous efforts have to be made to achieve the complicated goal of protection of normal tissues from the side effects of radiation therapy. / La radioterapia è la seconda modalità di trattamento più importante dopo chirurgia neltrattamento delle neoplasie. I recenti progressi tecnici, come la terapia ad intensità modulata(IMRT) o l’image-guided radioterapia (IGRT), in combinazione con nuovi farmaci ad azionemirata come gli anticorpi monoclonali, costituiscono ulteriore garanzia di incrementodell’indice terapeutico. Tuttavia il trattamento radiante può causare un’alterazione delnormale processo di riparazione e indurre lo sviluppo di un quadro di fibrosi in unsottogruppo di pazienti sensibili e nei lungo-sopravviventi al cancro. La caratteristicacardinale della fibrosi radioindotta è l’eccessivo ed anomalo accumulo di collagene compostoprincipalmente di componenti fibrillari e immature della matrice extracellulare (ECM).Gli organi che possono essere interessati da questo fenomeno sono fegato, pelle,intestino, reni e polmoni. Da un punto di vista clinico, la fibrosi può essere vista come unacondizione irreversibile, senza soluzione. Noi ed altri recentemente abbiamo mostrato cheaccanto alla attivazione della via canonica TGF-β/Smad, altre vie vengono attivate nei tessutifibrotici come la cascata di segnalazione intracellulare della via Rho/ROCK. Interessantenotare che la via Rho/ROCK sembra specificatamente attivata nella radiazione indotta fibrosiintestinale, fornendo così una spiegazione razionale per una specifica, mirata strategia antifibrotica.L'inibizione farmacologica di Rho con le statine infatti è in grado di prevenire eaddirittura invertire i fenomeni di fibrosi intestinale post-attinica.Grazie a queste premesse, nei nostri studi, abbiamo mostrato il ruolo delle statine(Pravastatina e Simvastatina) e di uno specifico inibitore di ROCK (Y-27632) in un modellomurino di fibrosi polmonare indotta ottenuto con un approccio farmacologico (bleomicina -BLM). In seguito, abbiamo sviluppato un modello di fibrosi polmonare indottadall’irradiazione completa del torace e valutata la risposta alla somministrazione dellaPravastatina. In questo modello ed in un modello di fibrosi intestinale indotto da radiazioni,abbiamo analizzato, da un punto di vista immunoistologico, i meccanismi sottostanti l'azione9antifibrotica della pravastatina e il ruolo delle metalloproteasi (MMP2 e TIMP2). Infine, invitro, abbiamo indagato, mediante zimografia, l'espressione delle gelatinasi (MMP2 e MMP9)in culture primarie di fibroblasti polmonari murini esposti a differenti dosi di radiazione epravastatina.Nel nostro modello animale di fibrosi polmonare, la Pravastatina è in grado di renderereversibile il processo fibrotico e le metalloproteasi parrebbero essere a loro volta coinvolte,in vivo and in vitro, nei meccanismi pro-fibrolitici indotti dal farmaco.La molteplicità di attori coinvolti nella patogenesi delle lesioni fibrotiche spiegaperché la definizione di una strategia terapeutica efficace è così complessa. Ricerche neiprocessi meccanicistici di danno ai tessuti normali hanno aperto la strada a nuovi approcciterapeutici. Questi nuovi obiettivi comprendono la riduzione dell’ attivazione vascolare,dell'infiammazione e della trombosi, oltre alla definizione di nuovi target molecolari. Esistonomolteplici ed efficaci strategie su modelli preclinici, ma numerosi sforzi devono essere fattiper raggiungere il complicato obiettivo di proteggere i tessuti normali dagli effetti collateralidella radioterapia.
15

Wound healing signals mediated by Rho/ROCK activation in response to radiotherapy and consequences fot treatmeny of late damage within normal tissues

Pasinetti, Nadia 15 June 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Radiotherapy is the second most important treatment modality after surgery in the treatment of cancer. Recent technical advancements, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), combined with new targeted drugs have significant promise for therapeutic outcome. However radiation treatment could result in disabling normal tissue injury and in the development of progressive fibrosis in a subset of sensitive patients and in long-term cancer survivors. The main feature of tissue fibrosis is excessive accumulation of abnormal and cross-linked collagen mainly composed of fibrillar and immature extracellular matrix (ECM) components.The organs that can be affected by this phenomenon are liver, skin, intestine, kidneys and lungs. From a clinical point of view, fibrosis can be seen as an irreversible condition, without solution. We and others recently showed that beside the activation of the canonical TGF-β/Smad pathway, other intracellular signaling cascades including the Rho/ROCK pathway are switched on in fibrotic tissues. Interestingly, the Rho/ROCK pathway seems differentially activated in radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis, thereby providing a rationale for a specific, targeted anti-fibrotic strategy. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho using statins indeed prevent and even reverse intestinal radiation fibrosis.In our studies, we showed the role of Statin (Pravastatin e Simvastatin) and a specific inhibitor ROCK inhibitors (Y-27632) in a mice model of pulmonary induced-fibrosis obtained by a pharmacological approach (Bleomycin - BLM). Indeed, we developed a model of lung fibrosis by complete irradiation of chest and tested Pravastatin action. Confirmation of the involvement of Rho/ROCK/CTGF pathway in lung fibrosis are shown by immunohistochemistry: Pravastatin-treament normalized the expression of three markers: RhoB, TGF-RII and CTGF.Then, in models of radiation induced gut and lung fibrosis, we analysed, from a immunohistological point of view, the underlying mechanisms of the antifibrotic action of Pravastatin via MMP2-TIMP2 axis. Interestingly we found a different impact on fibrolysis when Pravastatin was administered preventively or curatively.Finally, in vitro, we investigate by zymography the expression of Gelatinases (MMP2 and MMP9) in primary lung fibroblasts cultures exposure at the different radiation and Pravastatin doses. Metalloproteases would appear to be in turn involved in pro-fibrolytic mechanisms induced by statin.The multiplicity of actors involved in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lesions explains why the definition of an effective therapeutic strategy is so complex.Researches in mechanistic processes of normal tissue damage paved the way for new therapeutic approaches. These new targets include reduction of vascular activation, inflammation and thrombosis and new molecular targets definition. Effective strategies are multiple on preclinical models, but numerous efforts have to be made to achieve the complicated goal of protection of normal tissues from the side effects of radiation therapy.
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Materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânico: espécies de interesse farmacológico imobilizadas em hidróxidos duplos lamelares / Organic-inorganic hybrid materials: species of pharmacological interest immobilized into layered double hydroxide

Vanessa Roberta Rodrigues da Cunha 20 December 2012 (has links)
A intercalação de espécies com atividade farmacológica em Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDLs) vem sendo explorada com uma maior freqüência não apenas pelo fato da matriz ser biocompatível, mas também por outros efeitos reportados em estudos recentes como: (i) possível liberação sustentada da droga mediada por alterações no pH, (ii) aumento da solubilidade de substâncias pouco solúveis em água, (iii) aumento da estabilidade química de substâncias frente à luz, ao calor, à umidade, ao oxigênio molecular etc. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a intercalação de substâncias de interesse medicinal (em suas formas aniônicas) como a pravastatina, Prav (ação anti-hiperlipidêmica) e os antioxidantes ácidos coumárico, Cou, e lipóico, Lip, em HDLs de magnésio-alumínio e zinco-alumínio através da coprecipitação, utilizando diferentes condições experimentais (pH, tratamento pós-síntese e relação molar ânion/Al3+). As amostras sólidas foram caracterizadas por análise elementar (CHN e metais), difratometria de raios X, métodos espectroscópicos (vibracional no infravermelho, Raman e ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C no estado sólido), análise térmica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, medidas de tamanho de partícula e de potencial Zeta. A ação farmacológica dos HDLs de composição Mg2Al foi investigada através do teste biológico com o corante Sulforodamina B na linhagem celular de melanoma A-375. A utilização de diferentes proporções molares Pravastatina/Al3+ (1, 2 e 3) não alterou significativamente a quantidade de substância orgânica presente no material. O HDL de composição lamelar Zn2+/Al3+ apresentou maior cristalinidade e maior quantidade de orgânico (52 % m/m) que a matriz Mg2+/Al3+ (32 % m/m). A Pravastatina forma uma bicamada na região interlamelar. Os valores de tamanho médio de partícula e do potencial Zeta encontrado para o material Mg2Al1Prav (razão molar Prav/Al3+= 1) são 126 nm e + 22,9 mV, respectivamente. A Pravastatina e o material de Mg2Al1Prav diminuíram o crescimento celular da linhagem A-375 em até 20 % após tratamento. A composição dos HDLs intercalados com íons coumarato é dependente da razão molar Cou/Al3+ empregada na síntese. Observou-se novamente que o emprego da composição lamelar Zn2+/Al3+ contribui para a obtenção de material com maior cristalinidade e quantidade de orgânico intercalado (36 % m/m) comparado ao análogo de Mg2+/Al3+ (32 % m/m). Os ânions orgânicos na forma bivalente, constatados pelos resultados obtidos no espectro Raman, assumem um arranjo de monocamada com inclinação do esqueleto carbônico em relação às lamelas. Dados de análise elementar e análise térmica sugerem que o íon orgânico está enxertado/coordenado às lamelas do HDL. A suspensão aquosa do material Zn2Al3Cou apresenta estabilidade moderada frente à aglomeração (potencial Zeta igual a + 39,6 mV) e tamanho médio de partícula de 226 nm. No caso dos HDLs-Lip, observou-se que o excesso de íons lipoato na síntese, assim como o tempo de agitação pós-síntese , não alterou a cristalinidade e a quantidade de orgânico (39 % m/m) no material. Os ânions orgânicos devem se organizar na forma de uma bicamada interdigitada na região interlamelar. A suspensão aquosa do material Mg2Al1Lip apresenta estabilidade moderada frente à aglomeração (potencial Zeta igual a + 34,3 mV) e tamanho médio de partícula de 110 nm. / The intercalation of species with pharmacological activity in Layered Double Hydroxide (LDHs) has been explored frequently not only because it is biocompatible, but also by others effects as reported in recent studies: (i) sustained release of the drug by changes in pH, (ii) increasing the solubility of poorly water soluble substances, (iii) increase of the chemical stability of substance against light, heat, moisture, molecular oxygen etc. The main goal of this work is the intercalation of substances of therapeutic interest (in their anionic forms) as Pravastatin, Prav (antihyperlipidemic), and the antioxidants coumaric acid, Cou, and lipoic acid, Lip, in LDHs of magnesium-aluminum and zinc-aluminum by coprecipitation using different experimental conditions (pH, post-synthesis treatment and molar ratio anion/Al3+). Solid samples were characterized by elemental analysis (CHN and metals), X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic methods (Vibrational Infrared, Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 13C in solid state), thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, measurements of particle size and Zeta potential. The pharmacological activity of LDHs of Mg2Al composition was investigated by the biological assay with the dye Sulforhodamine B in the melanoma cell line A-375. The usage of different molar ratio Pravastatin/Al3+ (1, 2 and 3) did not significantly alter the amount of organic substance present in the inorganic carrier. The LDH of composition Zn2+/Al3+ promoted an increase in the crystallinity of the material and in the amount of organic (52 % w/w) compared to the Mg2+/Al3+ material (32 % w/w). Pravastatin forms a bilayer into the interlayer region. The mean particle size and Zeta potential of the Mg2Al1Prav (molar ratio Prav- /Al3+= 1) are 126 nm and + 22.9 mV, respectively. The Pravastatin and the material Mg2Al1Prav decreased cell growth of strain A-375 melanoma by 20 % after treatment. The composition of the LDH intercalated with coumarate ions is dependent of the molar ratio anion/Al3+ used in the synthesis. The composition Zn2+/Al3+ promoted an increase in the crystallinity and amount of the organic (36 % w/w) compared to Mg2+/Al3+ material (32 % w/w). The organic divalent anions, visualized by the Raman spectra results, assume a monolayer arrangement with the inclination of the carboxylate group related to the layer. Elemental and thermal analysis suggest the grafting/coordination of the organic ions into the layers of LDH. The aqueous suspension of the Zn2Al3Cou shows moderate stability against agglomeration (Zeta potential value + 39.6 mV) and particle size of 226 nm. In the case of LDHs-Lip, it was observed that excess of lipoate ions from the synthesis, as well as, the stirring time pos-synthesis did not alter the crystallinity and the organic amount (39 % w/w) material. The organic anions are organized in an interdigitated bilayer into the interlayer region. The aqueous suspension of the Mg2Al1Lip material shows moderate stability against the agglomeration (zeta potential value equal to + 34.3 mV) and a particle size of about 110 nm.

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