Our large intestine is like a large metabolic organ colonised by microorganisms. Beneficial probiotic bacteria are of interest since they might metabolise certain prebiotic carbohydrates and produce metabolites that are suggested to promote health and prevent diseases.   Strains of Weissella have proven probiotic properties since they, for example, show ability to metabolise prebiotic oligosaccharides, are resistant to a low pH (pH 2-3) and bile salt. In a previous project, six new strains of Weissella were isolated from Indian fermented food and vegetables, and four of them, including strain 92, were able to ferment xylooligosaccharides and form short chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially acetic acid. This strengthened the probiotic potential of these strains.   The aim of this project was to see if previously untested oligosaccharides (arabinooligosaccharides (AOS), laminarioligosaccharides (LOS) and chitooligosaccharides (COS)) could be metabolised by Weissella strain 92.   This study includes the following steps; cell growth in MRS (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) medium on different carbohydrates measured with spectrophotometer, pH measurement (analysing the difference of MRS medium (pH 6.42) pre and post cell growth, where reduced pH indicates acid production), and analysis of fermentation products (including SCFA (short chain fatty acids, e.g. acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid), lactic acid and ethanol) with an HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) instrument.   This research study has shown that Weissella strain 92 produces acetic and butyric acid as a consequence of use of AOS, LOS and COS, this indicates that the oligosaccharides are prebiotic and emphasizes the probiotic potential of Weissella strain 92.

Orientador: Glaucia Maria Pastore / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T23:04:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MairaOliveira_M.pdf: 3514110 bytes, checksum: c34d1c9ac53cb0424ed2a213e4e2c9fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A goiaba (Psidium guajava), uma das frutas tropicais mais consumidas e utilizadas na indústria brasileira, é conhecida como fonte de compostos bioativos relacionados à prevenção de várias doenças no homem, sendo seu subproduto agroindustrial também vinculado a esse benefício. A proposta do presente trabalho foi fornecer dados sobre o subproduto obtido do processamento de goiaba da variedade Paluma, analisando-se distintas metodologias de extração e determinação da capacidade antioxidante dos compostos fenólicos presentes na matriz e identificando a presença de oligossacarídeos, importante prebiótico, bem como sua quantificação, destacando-se a importância de sua aplicação na alimentação. Dois tipos de extração ¿ única com solução hidroetanólica 80% e sequencial com solução hidroacetônica 80% (fenólicos livres), hexano (fenólicos lipossolúveis) e acetato de etila (fenólicos conjugados) ¿ foram utilizadas para a quantificação dos compostos fenólicos, flavonoides e taninos, sendo a avaliação da atividade antioxidante realizada por três ensaios antioxidantes (DPPH ¿ 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil, ABTS ¿ ácido 2,2'-azinobis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfonico e ORAC ¿ capacidade de absorção de oxigênio radical. A identificação e quantificação dos oligossacarídeos foram realizadas em extratos obtidos por três mecanismos ¿ Shaker, Ultra-Turrax e Ultrassom, avaliando-se o mecanismo mais eficiente na recuperação do composto. O subproduto agroindustrial se mostrou uma boa fonte de compostos fenólicos, sendo a extração sequencial de melhor eficiência na extração dos compostos fenólicos (0,56 mg EAG.g-1 ¿ extração única e 2,60 mg EAG.g-1 ¿ extração sequencial), refletindo na maior atividade antioxidante determinada pelos três ensaios quando comparada com a fruta. Os oligossacarídeos identificados nas amostras foram os FOS ¿ fruto-oligossacarídeos (GF2, GF3 e GF4) e os MOS ¿ malto-oligossacarídeos (G3, G4, G5, G6 e G7), sendo maior teor determinado na goiaba. O mecanismo de extração Ultrassom mostrou ser o mais eficiente na recuperação dos oligossacarídeos nas amostras. O estudo indica que o subproduto agroindustrial da goiaba possui grande potencial antioxidante em extratos obtidos por processos sequenciais, merecendo atenção para aplicação em alimentos. As informações apresentadas de oligossacarídeos na goiaba e seu subproduto agroindustrial são uma boa base para um desenvolvimento de banco de dados de composição de alimentos, podendo ser melhores explorados por processo de otimização de extrações para melhor aproveitamento desse prebiótico e aplicação em alimentos. / Abstract: Guava (Psidium guajava), one of the most consumed tropical fruit and used in Brazilian industry, is known as a source of bioactive compounds related to the prevention of various diseases in humans and its agro-industrial by-product also linked to this benefit. The purpose of this study was to provide data on the by-product obtained from the processing from guava of the variety Paluma, analyzing different methodologies of extraction and determination of the antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds present in the matrix and identifying the presence of oligosaccharides, important prebiotic and its quantification, highlighting the importance of its application in food. Two kinds of extraction ¿ single with hydroethanol 80% solution and sequentially with hydroacetonic 80% solution (free phenol), hexane (soluble phenolic) and ethyl acetate (phenolic conjugates) - were used for the quantification of the phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins, and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity performed by three antioxidant assays (DPPH ¿ 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS ¿ 2,2?-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and ORAC ¿ oxygen radical absorbance capacity). The identification and quantification of the oligosaccharides were performed on extracts obtained by three mechanisms - Shaker, Ultra-Turrax and Ultrasound, evaluating the most efficient mechanism to recover the compound. The agro-industrial by-product proved to be a good source of phenolic compounds, sequential extraction with an improved efficiency in extraction of phenolic compounds (0.56 mg EAG.g-1 - single extraction and 2.60 mg EAG.g-1 - sequential extraction), reflecting the increased antioxidant activity determined by the three tests when compared with fruit. Oligosaccharides identified in the samples were the FOS ¿ fructooligosaccharides (GF2, GF3 and GF4) and MOS ¿ maltooligosaccharides (G3, G4, G5, G6 and G7), higher specific content in guava. The extraction mechanism Ultrasound showed to be the most efficient in the recovery of oligosaccharides in the samples. The study indicates that the agro-industrial by-product from guava has great potential antioxidant extracts obtained by sequential processes, deserving attention for application in food. The information presented oligosaccharides in guava and its agro-industrial by-product are a good basis for a database development of food composition and can be best exploited by extraction optimization process to better use of prebiotic and application in food / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Sakita.pdf: 2676800 bytes, checksum: 1441b473ee5d17d030119d3eef69a692 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Functional and nutraceuticals foods are defined as those which by virtue of physiologically active components, promote health benefits. Among these foods are prebiotics. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food compounds that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of populations of desirable bacteria in the colon, inhibiting the multiplication of pathogens and ensuring benefits to host health. Currently, these compounds have been used as an alternative to growth promoters in order to maintain the beneficial balance of intestinal microbiota, especially in young animals or in imminent stress condition. The objective of the research project was to evaluate the use of three different types of prebiotics, Bio-MosTM, ActigenTM e ImmunowallTM, based MOS, which are sold in the market, on cumulative feed intake, percentage of weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, villus height and area, crypt depth, and goblet cell counting of albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar. The study was conducted to compare the product which has greater benefits to the animal organism. / Alimentos funcionais ou nutracêuticos são definidos como aqueles que em virtude de componentes fisiologicamente ativos, promovem benefícios para a saúde. Dentre esses alimentos encontram-se os prebióticos. Os prebióticos são definidos como compostos alimentares não digeríveis que afetam beneficamente o hospedeiro por estimularem seletivamente a proliferação e/ou atividade de populações de bactérias desejáveis no cólon, inibindo a multiplicação de patógenos e garantindo benefícios a saúde do hospedeiro. Atualmente, estes compostos vêm sendo utilizados como alternativa aos promotores de crescimento com o objetivo de manter o equilíbrio benéfico da microbiota intestinal, especialmente em animais jovens ou em iminente condição de estresse. O objetivo do projeto de pesquisa foi avaliar a utilização de três diferentes tipos de prebióticos, Bio-MosTM, ActigenTM e ImmunowallTM, a base de mananoligossacarídeos, que são comercializados no mercado, sobre os parâmetros de consumo acumulado de ração, percentual de ganho de peso, índice conversão alimentar, coeficiente de eficiência alimenta, altura e área das vilosidades, profundidade das criptas e contagem de células caliciformes duodenais de ratos albinos (Rattus novergicus) linhagem Wistar. O estudo foi realizado para comparar qual produto apresenta maiores benefícios sobre o organismo animal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Sakita.pdf: 2676800 bytes, checksum: 1441b473ee5d17d030119d3eef69a692 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Functional and nutraceuticals foods are defined as those which by virtue of physiologically active components, promote health benefits. Among these foods are prebiotics. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food compounds that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of populations of desirable bacteria in the colon, inhibiting the multiplication of pathogens and ensuring benefits to host health. Currently, these compounds have been used as an alternative to growth promoters in order to maintain the beneficial balance of intestinal microbiota, especially in young animals or in imminent stress condition. The objective of the research project was to evaluate the use of three different types of prebiotics, Bio-MosTM, ActigenTM e ImmunowallTM, based MOS, which are sold in the market, on cumulative feed intake, percentage of weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, villus height and area, crypt depth, and goblet cell counting of albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar. The study was conducted to compare the product which has greater benefits to the animal organism. / Alimentos funcionais ou nutracêuticos são definidos como aqueles que em virtude de componentes fisiologicamente ativos, promovem benefícios para a saúde. Dentre esses alimentos encontram-se os prebióticos. Os prebióticos são definidos como compostos alimentares não digeríveis que afetam beneficamente o hospedeiro por estimularem seletivamente a proliferação e/ou atividade de populações de bactérias desejáveis no cólon, inibindo a multiplicação de patógenos e garantindo benefícios a saúde do hospedeiro. Atualmente, estes compostos vêm sendo utilizados como alternativa aos promotores de crescimento com o objetivo de manter o equilíbrio benéfico da microbiota intestinal, especialmente em animais jovens ou em iminente condição de estresse. O objetivo do projeto de pesquisa foi avaliar a utilização de três diferentes tipos de prebióticos, Bio-MosTM, ActigenTM e ImmunowallTM, a base de mananoligossacarídeos, que são comercializados no mercado, sobre os parâmetros de consumo acumulado de ração, percentual de ganho de peso, índice conversão alimentar, coeficiente de eficiência alimenta, altura e área das vilosidades, profundidade das criptas e contagem de células caliciformes duodenais de ratos albinos (Rattus novergicus) linhagem Wistar. O estudo foi realizado para comparar qual produto apresenta maiores benefícios sobre o organismo animal.

Les hépatopathies métaboliques regroupent les maladies non alcooliques du foie (NAFLD) et les maladies alcooliques du foie (MAF) causées respectivement par l’obésité ou une consommation excessive d’alcool. Ces pathologies vont de la simple stéatose à des formes aggravées pouvant aller jusqu’au carcinome hépatocellulaire. D’autres facteurs que le surpoids ou l’abus d’alcool jouent un rôle dans la susceptibilité des patients à développer une NAFLD ou une MAF. Cette thèse a pour objectif de clarifier et d'étudier les mécanismes et les facteurs participant à l’installation de l’inflammation dans ces deux pathologies. Mes travaux ont porté d’une part sur le rôle de la cellule de Kupffer dans les étapes précoces de la NAFLD et d’autre part sur l’étude du microbiote intestinal comme cofacteur déclenchant de la MAF. La cellule de Kupffer lors de la stéatose, étape précoce de la NAFLD, présente une dérégulation de son homéostasie lipidique qui participe à son phénotype pro-inflammatoire et favorise l’inflammation hépatique. L’impact du fructose, largement utilisé dans notre alimentation actuelle, a été étudié et aggrave l’inflammation hépatique lors d’un régime hyperlipidique et ceci est associé à une dysbiose spécifique. Dans la MAF, une dysbiose intestinale, une diminution des Bacteroides, a été associée aux lésions hépatiques dans un modèle murin d’alcoolisation. L‘utilisation de traitements permettant de maintenir cette population à des taux élevés a corrigé cette dysbiose et protégé les animaux face aux lésions hépatiques. Ces travaux permettent d‘envisager le MI comme une cible prometteuse permettant de contrôler l’évolution des hépatopathies métaboliques vers des formes sévères. / Metabolic hepatopathies is including Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) due to an excessive consumption of alimentation or alcohol. The pathologies range from simple steatosis to aggravated forms until hepatocellular carcinoma. Other factors than overweight or alcohol abuse play a role in sensitivity of patients to develop NAFLD or ALD. The aim of this thesis is to clarify and study the mechanisms and factors that lead to the installation of inflammation in those pathologies. My work covered in part on the role of Kupffer cell in the early stages of NAFLD and secondly on the study of intestinal microbiota as a cofactor triggering the MAF.The Kupffer cell role in steatosis, the early stages of NAFLD, showed a deregulation of its lipid homeostasis involved in the pro-inflammatory phenotype and promotes liver inflammation. The impact of fructose, widely used in our current diet, was studied and worsening liver inflammation during high fat diet. This is associated with a specific dysbiosis. In ALD, intestinal dysbiosis, a decrease of Bacteroides, leading to liver damage has been established. The use of treatments to maintain this population with high levels corrected the dysbiosis and has protected animals against liver damages. Both works on the NAFLD and ALD establish MI is a promising target to control the evolution of metabolic liver diseases toward aggravated forms.

The Diploma thesis deals with designing of probiotic dietary supplement for children with strains Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium breve and with prebiotics. Used prebiotics were Inulin, Chia fiber, Bamboo fiber, Chlorella + Spirulina and Yakon syrup. The theoretical part is focused on probiotics, prebiotics and their biological influence. In experimental part the possibilities of encapsulation into alginate particle and lyophilisation of probiotic cells were observed to find their good form to final nutritional product for children. Several types of probiotic with addition of prebiotics were tested in model conditions of gastrointestinal tract. It was found that addition of prebiotic highly increases viability of probiotic cells and their resistance to model conditions of gastrointestinal tract. In this case, the best prebiotic was found in Yakon syrup. The prebiotics were also characterised in terms of nutritional composition, amount of total and reducing sugars, oligosaccharides, proteins, lipids, polyphenols and chlorophyll were obtained. Finally, Chia fiber, Chlorella + Spirulina and Yakon syrup were chosen as prebiotics with best characterisation/properties. In conclusion, a dietary supplement with lyophilized alginate particles containing probiotic cells and with the most appropriate prebiotics were designed. Forms of the product were powder and gummy-bear.

This diploma thesis is focused on encapsulation probiotics and co-encapsulation with some types of prebiotics. In theoretical part is aimed to probiotics, their general characteristics and application of probiotics in food industry. There are described prebiotics and their classification, there is described principles of encapsulation and encapsulation techniques. Methods, which are used for analysis of particles and encapsulation components were introduced too. The experimental part describes methods of prebiotics characterization by high performance liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometric methods. Cultivation of probiotics with prebiotics - hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed wad tested. Using flow cytometry cell viability was measured too. Finally probiotics and prebiotics were encapsulated, mainly by encapsulator machine. Long-term stability of particles during 6 week storage was observed. The particles were exposed to effect of artificial intestinal, gastric and bile juices.

<p>The most common food and supplement prebiotic fiber is inulin – most commonly extracted from chicory root. Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is a smaller version of inulin, both containing mainly fructose units with β-1,2 linkages. FOS/inulin has been used, and studied, as a prebiotic for decades. The potential of alternative prebiotics intrinsic in whole foods, such as in tubers, grains, vegetables, and pulses – the world’s most common staple crops – are not as commonly recognized as prebiotics, though have this potential if fermentable in the gut. If such alternative sources of prebiotic ingredients could be established it would allow for cheaper, possibly more effective, and more diverse food product development options beyond FOS/inulin. </p> <p>This study demonstrates the potential of tubers, grains, and pulses as prebiotics in relation to their <i>in vitro</i> human fecal fermentation rate, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and microbiota indicators of alpha diversity and impact on key bacterial genera. Fecal samples were obtained from three diverse healthy human donors and used as the initial bacterial inoculum to simulate conditions in the human gut (colon). Substrates (n=35), after undergoing an upper gastrointestinal tract simulated digestion, were fermented by each individual donors’ inoculum separately, and measurements after 6, 12, and 24 h of fermentation were made on gas production, SCFA metabolite production, and microbiome composition. </p> <p>The results of this study establish high fermentability and potential prebiotic effects of dietary fibers from tubers, grains, and pulses. Whole foods, ground and cooked the same way, produced dietary fibers that were largely insoluble, but surprisingly fermentable with high SCFA levels, mostly slow fermentation profiles indicating high tolerability, and mostly promoting diverse microbiota responses compared to FOS. Generally, whole food fibers had higher fermentability than similar isolated fibers. Overall, the processing steps, such as atmospheric or pressure cooking, tested in some pulses did not detract, or add to, the prebiotic abilities of the substrates. Each food fiber substrate had unique effects on the gut microbiota parameters tested. Gut microbiome compositional responses to the same substrate varied significantly among the three donors, but notably SCFA metabolite responses were similar among donors. </p>

<p>The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effect of dietary enzymatically treated yeast (ETY) in weanling pigs and evaluate the effect of ETY in broiler chickens during a coccidia challenge. Two studies were carried out to investigate this objective.</p> <p>The first experiment examined the effect of ETY on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune response, and gut health of weanling pigs. A total of 192 weanling pigs (6.0 ± 1.04 kg) were allocated to 4 corn, soybean-based diets with increasing concentrations of ETY (0, 1, 2, or 4 g/kg) for a 43-d trial. There were 8 replicate pens (4 replicate pens per sex) and 6 pigs per replicate for each dietary treatment. The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design. Dietary ETY supplementation did not affect the growth performance of weanling pigs. The ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) linearly increased (P < 0.05) at d 28. The concentrations of serum antioxidant and antibody markers increased (P < 0.05) from d 14 to d 43; a linear increase (P < 0.05) in catalase was observed on d 14 with increasing ETY supplementation in the diets. The inclusion of ETY in the diet did not affect the mRNA abundance of anti-inflammatory markers in the ileal mucosa of pigs but increased (P < 0.01) glutathione peroxidase 4. Ileal villus height (VH) and villus height to crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ETY supplemented diets relative to control pigs. However, jejunal VH and the VH:CD ratio was not affected by ETY inclusion in the diet. Pigs fed diets with increasing ETY levels had higher (P < 0.05) ileal digesta butyrate concentration relative to control pigs, but not propionate or acetate. </p> <p>The second experiment examined the effect of ETY on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of broiler chickens during a coccidia challenge. From d 1 to 14 post hatching, 480 broiler chickens (49.9 ± 3.95 g) were allocated to 3 corn-soybean meal-based diets with increasing concentrations of ETY (0, 1, or 2 g/kg). There were 16 replicate cages and 10 birds per cage. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with body weight (BW) used as a blocking factor. On d 14 post hatching, the birds were combined and re-randomized within each of the 0, 1, or 2 ETY g/kg experimental diets. Following this, the number of birds was reduced to 8 birds per cage with 8 replicate cages. Each of the 3 diet groups was split into a challenge or no-challenge group. This resulted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 3 experimental diets and 2 challenge states. The BW ratio before re-randomization was maintained across all treatments during the reallotment. On d 15 post hatching, the birds in the challenge group were orally gavaged with 1 mL solution containing 25,000, 25,000, and 125,000 oocysts of E. maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina, respectively. The birds belonging to the no-challenge group were orally gavaged with 1 mL phosphate buffered saline. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and polynomial contrasts were used to estimate the linear and quadratic effects of ETY. The coccidia challenge (CC) decreased (P < 0.01) the BW gain, feed intake, and G:F of broiler chickens from d 14 to 21. Increasing supplementation of dietary ETY improved (P < 0.05) the G:F of birds. Also, the CC reduced (P < 0.01) the apparent total tract utilization of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and gross energy (GE). The CC reduced (P < 0.01) the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of diets fed to broiler chickens. On d 21, dietary ETY linearly increased (P < 0.01) the apparent ileal digestibility of DM, N, and GE in broiler chickens. The CC increased (P < 0.01) the mRNA gene expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6. There was a tendency (P < 0.1) for ETY to reduce IL-1β expression in broiler chickens on d 21. Additionally, ETY supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the gene expression of occludin in the ceca of broiler chickens but not claudin 1. Serum catalase increased (P < 0.05) with increasing supplementation of dietary ETY in broiler chickens on d 21. Dietary ETY linearly increased (P < 0.05) the ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio and ileal goblet cell count and density in broiler chickens. The ileal and excreta oocyst counts decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing supplementation of dietary ETY in coccidia-challenged broiler chickens on d 21. </p> <p>In summary, ETY inclusion in diets of weanling pigs partially reduced reactive oxygen species damage and enhanced intestinal health without negatively affecting growth performance. Hence, ETY could be favorable in attenuating some of the deleterious effects of post-weaning stress in weanling pigs. Dietary ETY also reduced oxidative damage, improved growth performance, enhanced nutrient utilization, and augmented intestinal development in broiler chickens. However, the inclusion of ETY did not mitigate the adverse effects of a coccidia challenge in broiler chickens. Therefore, further studies may be necessary to investigate the prospect of ETY as a dietary strategy for combating coccidiosis.</p> <p><br></p>

Background: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is seen as a state between normal aging and dementia, with patients having an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other sorts of dementia. MCI has been linked to a change in gut microbiota which impacts the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), consequently affecting neurological functions. A way of altering microbiota and thereby promoting cognitive health is through the administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Aim: This systematic literature review aims to assess the impact of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on MCI by compiling existing data on the matter. Methods: Three databases - Web of Science, Cochrane, and PubMed - were searched and articles were included based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomized clinical trials (RCTs), (2) conducted on adults evaluated with MCI during the study, (3) including a prebiotic, probiotic, or synbiotic intervention of any kind, (4) comparing the intervention with a placebo or control group, (5) written in English, (6) reporting the main outcome of cognitive function using any neuropsychological evaluation test. Results: Five studies were included in the final selection. These studies showed that cognitive function improved after probiotic intervention, significantly affecting several cognitive domains: attention, calculation, orientation in time, and delayed memory. Two studies showed that subjects with low cognitive scores at baseline benefited more from probiotic supplementation compared to high-scoring subjects. Conclusions: Probiotics appear to improve cognition in MCI subjects; however, further research is needed to conclude the effects of prebiotics and synbiotics.