Solid phase extraction is one of the most widely used methods to concentrate diluted compounds in a solution. Substances can be extracted into admicelles and hemimicelles, which are surface adsorbed micelles and surfactant monolayers, respectively. Investigations of the electrical control of surfactants on surfaces for the purpose of analyte preconcentration prior to chromatographic analysis are presented. The surfactant layer serves as the “stationary phase” in a solid phase extraction sorbent scenario. Analytes are adsorbed on this layer, and then released from the solid phase via surfactant removal. The attachment and removal of the surfactant are controlled by means of an electric field. Because the surfactant-analyte association is released by electrical control, organic solvents, which are used in conventional solid phase extraction, are not required. Therefore, this procedure is advantageous for method development and environmental concerns. Presented is the preconcentration of a test probe, 2-naphthol, using electrical control of the formation and release of dodecyl sulfate on planar gold, gold coated stainless steel, and a porous stainless steel frit, using impedance spectroscopy to observe the layer formation with various surfactant concentrations and applied potentials.

Hydride generation technique is frequently used for the detection of elements as As, Se, Sb, Sn, Bi, Ge, Te and Pb that form volatile hydrides in solution using a reductant. In this study, a novel quartz trap for on-line preconcentration of volatile analyte species was designed. Pb, Sb and Cd were selected as analyte elements and chemical vapour generation technique was employed for generation of their volatile species in flow systems. The trapping medium was formed by external heating of either the inlet arm of the quartz tube atomizer or a separate cylindirical quartz tube. Generated analyte species were trapped on quartz surface heated to the collection temperature and the collected species were revolatilized when the trap was heated further to releasing temperature and hydrogen gas was introduced in the trapping medium. The conventional quartz T-tube and multiple microflame quartz tube were employed as atomizers. The influence of relevant experimental parameters on the generation, collection and revolatilization efficiencies was investigated. Optimum conditions, performance characteristics of the trap and analytical figures of merit are presented. Experimental design was used for optimizations in some cases. Standard reference materials were analyzed to assess the accuracy of the proposed method. For a collection period of 1.0 minute for Pb, 2.0 minutes for Sb and 3.0 minutes for Cd, 3&amp / #963 / limit of detections, in pg ml-1, were 19, 3.9 and 1.8, respectively. In cases of Sb and Cd, the limits of detections obtained are the same as the best attained with in-situ trapping in graphite furnaces.

Vapor generation in atomic spectrometry is a well established technique for the determination of elements that can be volatilized by chemical reactions. In-situ trapping in graphite furnaces is nowadays one of the most popular methods to increase the sensitivity. In this study, resistively heated W-coil was used as an online trap for preconcentration and revolatilization of volatile species of Bi, Cd and Pb. The collected analyte species were revolatilized rapidly and sent to a quartz Ttube atomizer for AAS measurement. Although the nature of revolatilized species of Bi and Pb are not clear, they are probably molecular since they can be transported at least 45 cm without any significant decrease in the peak height values. However, cadmium is revolatilized from the trap surface as atoms. The experimental parameters were optimized for the highest vapor generation, trapping and revolatilization efficiencies. The concentration limits of detection calculated by the 3 of blank solution were found to be 0.0027, 0.0040 and 0.015 ng/mL for Bi (18 mL), Cd (4.2 mL) and Pb (2 mL), respectively / enhancement factors in the sensitivity were 130, 31 and 20, respectively. These values are comparable with those obtained by in-situ trapping in graphite furnaces or even ICP-MS found in the literature or better. Sensitivity can be improved further for Bi and Cd using larger sample volumes, but purification of blank is required for Pb. Certified standard reference materials were analyzed for the assessment of accuracy of developed method.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_as_me_ilha.pdf: 690149 bytes, checksum: dcd57c1df4d926f151fe50ced6db565f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho consistiu na organofuncionalização da superfície da sílica gel com o ligante 4-amino-2-mercaptopirimidina (Si-AMP), a qual foi utilizada para estudo de sorção e pré-concentração de Cd(II) e Cu(II) em meio aquoso. A reação de modificação da sílica gel foi realizada em duas etapas, a primeira constituiu na sililação com o agente sililante 3-cloropropiltrimetoxisilano e a última tratou-se do ancoramento da molécula do ligante. O produto final obtido, Si-AMP, foi caracterizado por espectrometria na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourrier (FT-IR), ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), medida da área superficial específica, análise elementar de nitrogênio e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os espectros de FT-IR apresentaram bandas na região de 3347 cm-1 e 1541 cm-1, as quais foram atribuídas a vibrações de grupamentos amina existentes na molécula do ligante. Os espectros de RMN de 13C e 29Si obtidos nas regiões entre 0 e 50 ppm e -65,560 ppm respectivamente, confirmaram que o grupo orgânico encontra-se covalentemente ligado na superfície da matriz sílica. O ancoramento do ligante na matriz também resultou em modificações na área superficial do material, a qual teve uma redução de 331,70 para 289,74 m2g-1. A análise elementar indicou a presença de 0,245 mmoles do ligante por grama de Si-AMP. O material funcionalizado foi aplicado em estudo de sorção pelo método de batelada, onde investigou-se o tempo de equilíbrio (fixado em 10 minutos), influência do pH (ajustado em 5) no processo de sorção e a determinação da capacidade máxima de sorção da Si-AMP. As isotermas de adsorção foram ajustadas à equação modificada de Langmuir e os valores de Ns (capacidade máxima de sorção) encontrados foram 0,447 mmoles g-1 para... / The present work refers to the organofunctionalization of the silica gel surface with the 4-amino-2-mercaptopyrimidine ligand (Si-AMP), which was used to sorption and preconcentration of Cd (II) and Cu (II) in aqueous medium. The modification reaction of silica gel was performed in two steps, the first one was the sililation with the silylant agent (chloropropyltrimethoxysilane) and the second was the attachment of the molecule ligand. The characterization of the product obtained, Si-AMP, was done by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), measurement of specific surface area, nitrogen elemental analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The bands obtained by FT-IR spectra at 3347 cm-1 and 1541 cm-1 were attributed to amino groups vibrations in the ligand molecule. The NMR spectra, obtained between 0 and 50 ppm and -65.560 ppm for 13C and 29Si respectively, confirmed that the organic group is covalently attached to the silica matrix surface. The anchoring of the ligand in the matrix also resulted in changes in the area of the material surface, which was reduced from 331.70 to 289.74 m2g-1. The elemental analysis indicated the presence of 0.245 mmols of ligand per gram of Si-AMP. The functionalized material was applied to sorption experiments by the batch method, where it was investigated the equilibrium time (fixed at 10 minutes), pH influence (adjusted to 5) in the sorption process and the determination of maximum adsorption capacity of Si -AMP. The adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the modified Langmuir equation, and the Ns values (maximum sorption capacity) were found to be 0.447 mmol g-1 for Cu (II) and 0.193 mmoles g-1 for Cd(II). The preconcentration experiments, using a mini-column packed with 5 mg of Si-AMP, showed a preconcentration enrichment factor... (Summary complete electronic access click below)

A dual phase gas diffusion-FIA system containing a tubular PTFE-membrane was studied as a mean of producing gas samples for routine 15N/14N isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. The method is based on Rittenberg's reaction; the ammonium sample is injected into a liquid alkaline stream containing hypobromite and the N2 gas produced in the reaction diffuses across a PTFE-membrane into a helium carrier stream which carries it to the detector. Initially here, the use of a tubular microporous PTFE-membrane as a device for the preconcentration of samples in aqueous solutions was investigated. The performance of such a membrane was studied under a variety of operating conditions. A qualitative model of the membrane mechanism was developed based on the diffusion transport of vapour away from the contained liquid surface through the connected pore space. The dispersion undergone by the sample in the GD-FIA system containing this preconcentration unit was also studied and this FIA system was applied as a practical device for the determination and speciation of aluminium in a river water sample. The procedure for generating nitrogen gas involved optimisation of the system parameters including the oxidation reaction step and the production on-line of the chemicals used. The nitrogen gas was generated easily and rapidly, allowing a sample throughput capability of the order of 20 h-1. The system was applied to the determination of total nitrogen content in agricultural sample prepared by the Kjeldahl digestion. The method offered precision and accuracy comparable to those of the standard distillationtitration procedure. Isotope ratios were determined with good precision and means for obtaining accuracy comparable with established techniques were developed. It was also shown that the DPGD-FIA system can be readily adapted to enable different forms of nitrogen e. g. N02-, N03- and NH4+ to be determined.

Afin de pallier aux problèmes dus aux limites de détection des capteurs et des détecteurs usuels, un système de préconcentration est indispensable. Ce microcomposant permet d’accumuler le ou les vapeur(s) à détecter à l’aide d’un adsorbant et permet de les libérer sous l’effet d’une montée brutale de la température vers un détecteur. Une amplification de la concentration et donc du signal est ainsi obtenue.Cette thèse poursuit le développement d’un préconcentrateur pour la détection de vapeurs toxiques et d’explosifs. Ce préconcentrateur sera constitué d’un microcomposant en silicium rempli d’un adsorbant et muni d’une résistance de chauffage sur sa face inférieure. Des capillaires métalliques permettent d’assurer la circulation du gaz dans le dispositif. Différents types de préconcentrateurs ont été développés avec différents adsorbants afin satisfaire les conditions pour des applications concernant les composés organiques volatils (COV) et les explosifs. L’optimisation des phases d’adsorption et de désorption est cruciale pour le procédé.Le couplage entre un micro-chromatographe et un préconcentrateur a été réalisé et a montré l’apport de ce microcomposant pour la chromatographie. L’analyse d’un mélange de COV a pu être réalisée avec des concentrations initiales de l’ordre de 40 ppb alors que la limite de détection de l’appareillage était de quelques ppm. Un facteur d’enrichissement de 800 a été atteint.L’avantage de l’utilisation du silicium poreux a également été mis en évidence pour l’adsorption de gaz avec des faibles pressions de vapeur saturante. Cette propriété est intéressante pour la préconcentration de vapeur d’explosifs. / In order to overcome problems due to the conventional sensors detection limits, a preconcentration system is required. Accumulation of vapor(s) for detection is possible with an adsorbent and allows releasing them toward a detector, under the effect of a sudden rise of the temperature. Amplification of the concentration and the signal are obtained.This thesis continues the development of a preconcentrator for the detection of toxic gas and explosives. This preconcentrator is made of a silicon microcomponent filled with an adsorbent and a heater at its back. Two metal capillary allow ensuring the gas flow into the device. Various designs of preconcentrators were developed with different adsorbents to satisfy the requirements for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and explosives applications.The optimization of adsorption and desorption phases is very important for the process.The coupling between a micro-chromatograph and a preconcentrator was conducted and showed the contribution of the microcomponent to the chromatography. Analysis of a VOCs mixture was achieved with initial concentrations in the order of 40 ppb, whereas the detection limit was of a few ppm. An enrichment factor of 800 was achieved.The advantage of using porous silicon was also demonstrated for the gas adsorption with low saturation vapor pressure. This result is interesting for explosive vapor préconcentration.

Atomization of arsine in a novel hydride atomizer for atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) was thoroughly optimized. This plasma atomizer is based on a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Sensitivity and detection limit reached 0.48 s ng-1 As and 0.16 ng ml-1 As, respectively, under optimum atomization conditions (Ar discharge using a flow rate of 60 ml min-1 Ar, DBD power 17 W). Analytical figures of merit reached in DBD are comparable to those found in an externally heated quartz tube multiatomizer (MMQTA) that was chosen as a model of conventional approach to hydride atomization in HG-AAS. An extent of interferences (Se, Sb, Bi) during As determination was investigated comparing both MMQTA and DBD atomizers. The later one was found to be more resistant towards interferences. A simple preconcentration of As in a DBD atomizer was reached after oxygen introduction into the Ar plasma in the DBD resulting in analyte retention in the atomizer followed by its volatilization once the oxygen flow is switched off. Preconcentration efficiency of 100 % was reached and detection limit improvement by a factor of ten was achieved (0.01 ng ml-1 As, preconcentration period 300 s).

The determination of inorganic speciations of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tellurium in natural waters demands often separation and preconcentration. Solid phase extraction is a very effective method for these purposes. In this paper the separation and preconcentration of these microelements is realised on the basis of modified silica Separon SGX C18, SGX C8, SGX CN, SGX NH2, SGX Phenyl and strongly basic anion Exchanger SGX AX. The sorption was provided in the presence of cationic surfactants such as benzyldimethyl dodecylammonium bromide (Ajatin), benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (Zephyramine), 1-ethoxycarbonylpentadecyltrimetrhylammonium bromide (Septonex) and selected complexing agents 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR), 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acide (8-HQS), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (PYR), amonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate (APDC), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) or thiourea(Thur). The interactions of the formed ion associate with the sorbent shows a complicated character which has not been cleared as yet. The previous conditioning of the sorbent plays an outstanding role. Thus, the sorption efficiency was studied in the presence and absence of surfactant and of selected organic complexing agents. Moreover, the influence of pH of the sorbed solution as well as the speed and the volume of the solution running through the sorbent and the type and volume of the eluent on the resulting sorption efficiency was evaluated. The sorption was successfully carried out from 50-1000 ml of solution which allows the 100 fold increase of the preconcentration factor and the determination of the microelements in g.l-1 instead of mg.l-1 by using the common ICP-AES. The influence of macroelements occurring in waters as well as B, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn in comparable concentrations involve less than 5% error. After the quantitative elution of microelements, the organic solvents were evaporated under IR lamps prior to the determination by ICP-AES and |ICP-MS. The conditions for the direct determination of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tellurium in g.l-1 with ICP-MS were also described in detail in the absence and presence of internal standards Ge and Bi. However, even in this case the preconcentration on silica in the presence of surfactant and selected organic complexants was also tested. When the sorption was followed from 500 ml a 50 fold enrichment factor is reached and the sensitivity for the microelements is improved. The direct determination and the sorption of microelements were applied on synthetic and real waters (dirinking, surface, mineral and sea waters). Instrumental and practical detection limits for various water samples were evaluated according to IUPAC. The results from 1000 ml solution of real waters after sorption on modified silica and the final determination of microelements with ICP-AES were compared with those from ICP-MS without sorption using the method of standards addition in the presence of suitable internal standards. By comparison of results for synthetic and real water samples the error of the determination of microelements was evaluated.

No description available.

La phosphorylation de protéines est un régulateur clé de voies de signalisation cellulaire. Elle est impliquée dans la plupart des événements cellulaires et contrôle les processus biologiques tels que la prolifération, la différenciation et l'expression des gènes. Une phosphorylation anormale de protéines peut être observée dans diverses maladies comme certains cancers ou maladies neurodégénératives. Ces protéines constituent donc des biomarqueurs potentiels pour le développement d’outils de diagnostic. Cependant les phosphoprotéines peuvent être présentes à faibles concentrations dans les liquides biologiques et des techniques d’enrichissement sélectif des protéines phosphorylées doivent être développées en amont des analyses. L'une des approches les plus courantes est basée sur la chromatographie d'affinité de type IMAC. Le but de ce travail de thèse était de développer un microsystème contenant un monolithe en tant que support solide d'extraction pour réaliser une préconcentration sélective de phosphopeptides par IMAC. La polymérisation par UV et la caractérisation (perméabilité, porosité et surface spécifique) d'un monolithe à base de phosphate de méthacrylate d'éthylène glycol dans des capillaires de silice ont été d'abord réalisées. Puis, nous avons tenté d'optimiser les différentes étapes de l’IMAC (immobilisation du métal, chargement de l’échantillon, lavage et élution). Une immobilisation efficace de zirconium sur le monolithe phosphaté a été démontrée par des mesures de FEO dans un capillaire et a été par la suite confirmée par la rétention d'un phosphopeptide modèle. Nous avons démontré que le monolithe phosphaté était également un support d’échange de cations vis-à-vis de peptides fortement basiques. Les protocoles de chargement et d'élution ont également été étudiés, mais nécessitent encore d’être améliorés. La transposition de l'enrichissement de phosphopeptides par IMAC sur un système miniaturisé a ensuite été envisagée. Nous avons choisi deux matériaux pour la puce : le PDMS, qui est un polymère attractif pour son faible coût, sa facilité de microfabrication, ses excellentes propriétés en termes de biocompatibilité ainsi que ses nombreuses possibilités d'intégration (enrichissement, séparation, détection) et le verre plus communément employé pour développer des microsystèmes analytiques et possédant une bonne transparence aux UV. Toutefois, le PDMS présente deux inconvénients majeurs: son absorption élevée et sa perméabilité importante à l'oxygène qui inhibe la polymérisation radicalaire. A l’exception de quelques tentatives, ce matériau n'a jamais été employé avec succès comme support pour la polymérisation d’un monolithe. Afin de pouvoir surmonter ces problèmes, nous avons étudié plusieurs stratégies de traitement de surface du PDMS tels que le traitement par plasma d’oxygène ou encore le revêtement au borosilicate. Enfin, nous avons démontré que notre module d’IMAC fonctionnait correctement dans un microsystème en verre. Ce module miniaturisé devrait à l’avenir s’intégrer dans un microsystème d’analyse dédié au diagnostic de la maladie d'Alzheimer. / Protein phosphorylation is a key regulator of cellular signaling pathways. It is involved in most cellular events and strictly controls biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. An abnormal phosphorylation can be observed in various diseases such as some cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, these proteins are potential biomarkers for the development of diagnostic tools. However, phosphoproteins can be present at low abundance in biological samples and selective enrichment techniques have to be developed prior to the analysis process. One of the most common approaches is based on Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The goal of this work was to develop a microsystem which contains a porous polymer monolith (PPM) as a solid phase extraction for a selective preconcentration of phosphopeptides by IMAC. UV-polymerization and characterization (permeability, porosity and specific area) of a monolith based on ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate in silica capillaries was first performed. Then, we tried to optimize the different IMAC steps (metal immobilization, sample loading, washing and elution). An efficient immobilization of zirconium on the phosphated PPM was demonstrated by EOF measurements in capillary and confirmed by retention of a model phosphopetide. We demonstrated that the phosphated monolith was also a strong cation exchanger of highly basic peptides. Protocols of loading and elution were also studied but need to be further optimized. Transposition of phosphopeptides enrichment by IMAC on a miniaturized system was then considered. We selected two microchip materials: PDMS is an attractive polymer for its low cost, its ease of microfabrication, its excellent working properties (biocompatibility, UV transparent with low autofluorescence) and many integration possibilities (enrichment, separation and detection) and glass microchip more common and having a good UV transparency. However, PDMS presents two major disadvantages: high absorption property, and oxygen permeability which quench free radical polymerization. Except a few attempts, this material has not been employed successfully as mould for monolith polymerization. To overcome these problems, we investigated several strategies for PDMS surface treatments such as plasma treatment and borosilicate coating. Finally, we demonstrated that our IMAC module performed well on glass microchip. This miniaturized module should be integrated in the future into a microsystem dedicated to the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease.