Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoAA_Capa_ate_11.pdf: 7331054 bytes, checksum: 95b093e73afc9c2e5df63a5d0c5b2c6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-06 / A 2.5D ray-tracing propagation model is proposed to predict radio loss in indoor environment. Specifically, we opted for the Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) method, together with the Geometrieal Theory of Diffrartion (GTD). Besides the line-of-sight propagation (LOS), we consider that the radio waves may experience reflection, refraction, and diffraction (NLOS). In the Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) method, the transmitter antenna launches a bundle of rays that may or may not reach the receiver. Considering the transmitting antenna as a point, the rays will start to launch from this position and can reach the receiver either directly or after reflections, refractions, diffractions, or even after any combination of the previous effects. To model the environment, a database is built to record geometrical characteristics and information on the constituent materials of the scenario. The database works independently of the simulation program, allowing robustness and flexibility to model other seenarios. Each propagation mechanism is treated separately. In line-of-sight propagation, the main contribution to the received signal comes from the direct ray, while reflected, refracted, and diffracted signal dominate when the line-of-sight is blocked. For this case, the transmitted signal reaches the receiver through more than one path, resulting in a multipath fading. The transmitting channel of a mobile system is simulated by moving either the transmitter or the receiver around the environment. The validity of the method is verified through simulations and measurements. The computed path losses are compared with the measured values at 1.8 GHz ftequency. The results were obtained for the main corridor and room classes adjacent to it. A reasonable agreement is observed. The numerical predictions are also compared with published data at 900 MHz and 2.44 GHz frequencies showing good convergence / Este trabalho apresenta um modelo 2,5D de tra?ado de raios para predi??o de propaga??o em ambientes interiores (indoor). Especificamente, optou-se pelo M?todo dos Raios For?ados (SBR) em combina??o com a Teoria Geom?trica da Difra??o (GTD). Considera-se que, al?m de propaga??o em visada direta (LOS), podem ocorrer os mecanismos de reflex?o, refra??o e difra??o (NLOS). No M?todo dos Raios For?ados (SBR), a antena transmissora lan?a um feixe de raios que pode ou n?o alcan?ar o receptor. Considerando a antena transmissora como elemento pontual, os raios s?o lan?ados dessa posi??o, podendo alcan?ar o receptor diretamente ou mediante reflex?es, refra??es, difra??es, ou pela combina??o dessas modalidades de propaga??o. Para o modelamento do ambiente, um banco de dados ? constru?do para armazenar as caracter?sticas geom?tricas e informa??es dos materiais constituintes do cen?rio. O banco de dados funciona independentemente do programa de simula??o, possibilitando robustez ? implementa??o e maior flexibilidade para a representa??o de outros ambientes. Cada mecanismo de propaga??o ? tratado separadamente. Na propaga??o em linha de visada, o raio direto oferece maior contribui??o ao sinal recebido, enquanto o raio refletido, refratado e difratado apresentam maior influ?ncia quando a propaga??o ocorre com obstru??o. Neste caso, o sinal transmitido alcan?a o receptor por diversas trajet?rias, ocorrendo desvanecimento por m?ltiplos percursos. O canal de transmiss?o, no sistema m?vel, ? simulado deslocando-se o transmissor ou o receptor ao longo do ambiente. A valida??o do m?todo ? verificada atrav?s de simula??es e medi??es. As perdas de percurso calculadas s?o comparadas com os valores medidos, na freq??ncia de 1,8 GHz. Os resultados s?o obtidos para ambientes de corredor e salas de aula adjacentes. Uma boa converg?ncia ? observada. Os resultados num?ricos deste trabalho s?o tamb?m comparados com os dispon?veis na literatura especializada, na freq??ncia de 900 MHz e 2,44 GHz, mostrando boa concord?ncia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FredSRP.pdf: 1871145 bytes, checksum: 9d94e1a0030a3d2f8d2aa6aaa2df93bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-17 / The development of wireless telecommunication in the last years has been great. It has been taking academics to conceive new ideas and techniques. Their aims are to increase the capacity and the quality of the system s services. Cells that are smaller every time, frequencies that are every time higher and environments that get more and more complex, all those facts deserve more accurate models the propagation prediction techniques are inserted in this context and results with a merger of error that is compatible with the next generations of communication systems. The objective of this Work is to present results of a propagation measurement campaign, aiming at pointing the characteristics of the mobile systems covering in the city of Natal (state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). A mobile laboratory was set up, using the infra-structure available and frequently used by ANATEL. The measures were taken in three different areas: one characterized by high buildings, high relief, presence of trees and towers of different highs. These areas covered the city s central zone, a suburban / rural zone and a section of coast surrounded by sand dunes. It is important to highlight that the analysis was made taking into consideration the actual reality of cellular systems with covering ranges by reduced cells, with the intent of causing greater re-use of frequencies and greater capacity of telephone traffic. The predominance of telephone traffic by cell in the city of Natal occurs within a range inferior to 3 (three) km from the Radio-Base Station. The frequency band used was 800 MHz, corresponding to the control channels of the respective sites, which adopt the FSK modulation technique. This Dissertation starts by presenting a general vision of the models used for predicting propagation. Then, there is a description of the methodology used in the measuring, which were done using the same channels of control of the cellular system. The results obtained were compared with many existing prediction models, and some adaptations were developed by using regression techniques trying to obtain the most optimized solutions. Furthermore, according to regulations from the old Brazilian Holding Telebr?s, a minimum covering of 90% of a determined previously area, in 90% of the time, must be obeyed when implanting cellular systems. For such value to be reached, considerations and studies involving the specific environment that is being covered are important. The objective of this work is contribute to this aspect / O enorme desenvolvimento das comunica??es sem fio tem levado estudiosos a conceber novas id?ias e t?cnicas visando aumentar a capacidade e melhorar a qualidade de servi?o dos sistemas de comunica??o m?vel. C?lulas cada vez menores, freq??ncias cada vez mais altas e ambientes cada vez mais complexos est?o a merecer modelamentos mais acurados e as t?cnicas de predi??o de propaga??o se inserem neste contexto, estando ainda a merecer resultados com margem de erro compat?vel com as pr?ximas gera??es de sistemas de comunica??o. Este trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar os resultados de uma campanha de medidas de propaga??o visando caracterizar a cobertura de sistemas m?veis celulares na cidade do Natal, RN. Um laborat?rio m?vel foi montado aproveitando a estrutura dispon?vel e utilizada rotineiramente pela ANATEL. As medi??es foram efetuadas em ?reas com caracter?sticas de edifica??es, relevo, arboriza??o e alturas de torres diversificadas, abrangendo a zona central da cidade, uma zona de caracter?stica suburbana / rural e trecho litor?neo circundado por dunas. ? importante destacar que a an?lise foi feita considerando a realidade atual dos sistemas celulares com raios de cobertura por c?lula reduzidos visando proporcionar maior reuso de freq??ncias e maior capacidade de tr?fego telef?nico. A predomin?ncia do tr?fego telef?nico por c?lula na cidade do Natal ocorre dentro de um raio inferior a 3 (tr?s) km em rela??o a Esta??o R?dio-Base. A faixa de freq??ncia utilizada foi de 800 MHz, correspondendo aos canais de controle dos respectivos sites, os quais adotam a t?cnica de modula??o FSK. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se inicialmente uma vis?o geral dos modelos utilizados para predi??o de propaga??o. Em seguida, descreve-se a metodologia utilizada nas medi??es, as quais foram efetuadas aproveitando os pr?prios canais de controle do sistema celular. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com diversos modelos de predi??o existentes e foram desenvolvidas adapta??es utilizando t?cnicas de regress?o na tentativa de obten??o de solu??es mais otimizadas. Al?m disso, ? importante observar que, de acordo com norma da antiga holding brasileira Telebr?s, uma cobertura m?nima de 90% de uma ?rea pr?-estabelecida em 90% do tempo deve ser obedecida em implanta??es de sistemas celulares. Para que tal ?ndice seja obtido, considera??es e estudos envolvendo o ambiente espec?fico de atendimento s?o importantes. Este trabalho apresenta uma contribui??o nesse sentido

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RonaldoAM.pdf: 2082162 bytes, checksum: 2dd11d30b856b23cf429317a1e68bfbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-12 / In this dissertation new models of propagation path loss predictions are proposed by from techniques of optimization recent and measures of power levels for the urban and suburban areas of Natal, city of Brazilian northeast. These new proposed models are: (i) a statistical model that was implemented based in the addition of second-order statistics for the power and the altimetry of the relief in model of linear losses; (ii) a artificial neural networks model used the training of the algorithm backpropagation, in order to get the equation of propagation losses; (iii) a model based on the technique of the random walker, that considers the random of the absorption and the chaos of the environment and than its unknown parameters for the equation of propagation losses are determined through of a neural network. The digitalization of the relief for the urban and suburban areas of Natal were carried through of the development of specific computational programs and had been used available maps in the Statistics and Geography Brazilian Institute. The validations of the proposed propagation models had been carried through comparisons with measures and propagation classic models, and numerical good agreements were observed. These new considered models could be applied to any urban and suburban scenes with characteristic similar architectural to the city of Natal / Nesta tese novos modelos de predi??o de perda de percurso de propaga??o s?o propostos a partir de t?cnicas de otimiza??es recentes e de medi??es de n?veis de pot?ncias obtidas para as ?reas urbana e suburbana de Natal, cidade do Nordeste Brasileiro. Estes novos modelos s?o: (i) um modelo estat?stico que foi implementado baseado na adi??o de estat?sticas de 2a. ordem para a pot?ncia e a altimetria do relevo ao modelo de perdas lineares; (ii) um modelo com redes neurais artificiais que usou o treinamento do algoritmo backpropagation, a fim de obter a equa??o de perdas de propaga??o; (iii) um modelo baseado na t?cnica dos trajetos aleat?rios, que considera a aleatoriedade da absor??o e do caos do meio ambiente e que seus par?metros desconhecidos para a equa??o de perdas de propaga??o s?o determinados atrav?s de uma rede neural. A digitaliza??o do relevo das ?reas urbanas e suburbanas de Natal foi realizada atrav?s do desenvolvimento de programas computacionais espec?ficos e foram usados os mapas existentes no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica. As valida??es dos modelos propostos de predi??o de perda de propaga??o foram realizadas atrav?s de compara??es com medidas e modelos cl?ssicos de propaga??o, obtendo-se boas concord?ncias num?ricas. Estes novos modelos poder?o ser aplicados a qualquer cen?rio urbano e suburbano com caracter?sticas arquitet?nicas semelhantes ? cidade de Natal