Using simulation data of a regional ocean model, Nardini et al. applied pathline predicates for a detailed post-hoc analysis of the Benguela upwelling system. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of this technique. Using different temporal samplings, we aim at finding minimum requirements for the temporal resolution of the flow data in the context of retroactive particle pathline techniques. Besides the flow field, our simulation data contains synthetic tracer fields for different tracer source regions. Using the flow data, dense trajectories are computed to enable deriving ”emulated tracer fields” based on the local ratio of pathline particles originating from tracer source regions to other ones, which can then be compared to the original tracer fields. We find that the emulated tracer concentrations are overestimated in comparison to the original ones. However, the shape of the regions with high tracer concentration can be reproduced.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第17991号 / 情博第513号 / 新制||情||91(附属図書館) / 80835 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 石田 亨, 教授 河原 達也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Complex predicates (CP) have attracted the attention of a number of linguists, and their syntactic properties have been widely investigated cross-linguistically. This paper describes Swahili “complex predicates”, that is, verbal constructions (V+N) which resemble a typical verb-object relation, but function like a single lexical verb. In particular, we will deal with a specific type of CP, involving body part terms as part of the predicate, such as -fa moyo, lit. die heart, ‘despair’; -kata ini, lit. cut liver, ‘cause suffering’; or -toka damu, lit. go out blood, ‘bleed’. We show how body part nouns differ from other nominal elements typically employed in complex predicates, both in their syntactic properties (e.g. object marking and possessor raising) and in their semantic characteristics (e.g. degree of semantic compositionality). Indeed, body part terms are often employed to conceptualize more abstract entities and ideas which belong to different semantic domains. Unlike other nominal elements, they seem to occupy the slot of regular objects, while they are not syntactic arguments of the verb, but rather define the scope, range, character or extent of the process.

<p>Motion events have been argued to be decomposable into a subeventive structure. The aim of this dissertation is to provide a formal syntactic analysis of motion predicates in Limonese Creole, an endangered Creole language spoken in Costa Rica. Motion predicates denote a motion event in which a figure traverses a given space, with or without an endpoint (TELIC/ATELIC). On the structure of these events, Ramchand (2008, p. 39) among others, suggests that even if the event is analyzed as a single one, its syntax can contain three important subeventive components: a causing subevent, a process denoting subevent and a subevent corresponding to result state (yielding the TELIC interpretation). Contrastive analyses (especially Osei-Tutu, 2019; and Taherkhani, 2019), however, have found that a division between a TELIC and a RESULTATIVE subevent is possible as well. For encoding those different subcomponents of complex motion predicates, serial verb constructions (SVCs) have been attested in different languages, including other Pidgins and Creoles e.g., Ghanaian Student Pidgin, Jamaican Creole. However, those findings contrast with the presence of certain linking elements in Limonese Creole, conceptually related to elements like the “linker” (in terms of den Dikken, 2006). It is precisely this difference what motivates this study, since the presence of the linker an in Limonese Creole does not affect the monoeventivity of the macro-eventive structure of the motion predicate as defined by Bohnemeyer et al. (2007, p. 502). This dissertation proposes that subevents are assembled within the motion event in a layered complement structure (Larson 1991; Benedicto et al., 2020), and that the linker an does not involve coordination, rather it marks the structural border between subeventive components. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 1 introduces the main objective of this project: to provide a formal syntactic analysis of motion predicates in Limonese Creole. Then it refers to relevant issues on motion predicates, namely, a contrast between the approaches that have been used to study motion predicates. Additionally, the gap that the study fills and its contribution to the field are discussed. The study also serves the purpose of visibilizing Limonese Creole as a language and empowering its speakers. Finally, the main sociohistorical features of Limonese Creole are analyzed. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 2 outlines the hypothesized structure for motion predicates in Limonese Creole with all its subcomponents. I provide supporting evidence for the hypothesis by proving the monoeventivity of the complex predicate, the complement relation among subcomponents, and the structural connection between subevents with the LINKER that serves as boundary between subcomponents of motion predicates.</p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 3 describes the methodological procedures that were implemented for this study. Participants, data collection, and data analysis are described for each of the two stages from which the findings of this dissertation stem. The first stage consisted of a controlled data collection with an instrument of 175 clips with figures in motion with the participation of four speakers. This stage elicited contrasts between parameters of motion predicates. Complementarily, a second stage of  qualitative data collection was conducted to look for clarification, evaluation, and validation of items previously elicited or designed during the first stage. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 4 deals with the vectorization of the trajectory, which corresponds to the PROCESS subevent. I discuss how the vectorization is represented, what elements are present within the vectorization and what elements are prioritized or discarded. Based on this information, I identified the structural conditions behind the combinations in which the subcomponents of MANNER (verbs) and PATH (verbs, particles, and prepositional phrases) are expressed within this PROCESS subcomponent, namely the operations triggered by the [_u +V] feature in v. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 5 discusses the structure of the TELIC and RESULTATIVE subcomponents within the motion predicate in Limonese Creole. Even though this dissertation claims that TELIC and RESULTATIVE are two separate subcomponents, this chapter comprises the two of them as they are intricately related. First, I define TELICITY as a compositionally determined subcomponent which brings an event to its endpoint, then I introduce the hypothesis for the TELIC subcomponent, a semi-grammaticalized VP which I name EndP. The chapter discusses the conditions for TELICITY, more specifically, an interpretation that is returned by the functional projection AspQ after being assigned range by EndP. Additionally, I analyze the role of the outer aspect in the TELIC interpretation of motion predicates. Lastly, I examine the structure of the RESULTATIVE subcomponent by defining it and contrasting it with the TELIC subcomponent. There, I present the hypothesized structure for the subcomponent and examine the positions of the RESULTATIVE projection. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 6 discusses the conclusions, contributions, and areas for future research of this project.</p> <p><br></p>

No description available.

<p>Within the framework of Jackendoff’s conceptual semantics, this study investigates the semantic properties that govern the distribution of object control (such as <i>John persuaded Mary to help Sally</i>) and exceptional case marking (such as <i>John wanted Mary to help Sally</i>) in English. In contrast to Jackendoff’s approach to control, one central idea here is that the<i> to-</i>infinitive complements under discussion should receive a uniform semantic analysis, and thus that control behaviour cannot be explained in terms of semantic argument type of the complement clause. In order to arrive at such an analysis of these<i> to-</i>infinitival complements, they are taken to constitute Situations in conceptual structure, and clauses (TPs) in syntax.</p><p>It is argued here that it is indeed possible to establish the character of the semantic properties that govern the two constructions OC and ECM. Not only does the semantic type of the governing predicate play a role—attitude predicates, as opposed to force dynamic predicates, are exclusively coded as ECM in syntax—but also the realisation of the semantic argument position that corresponds to the Patient/Beneficiary role in conceptual structure. With force dynamic predicates, OC will arise when this argument position is filled with an explicit argument. When it is empty, or left implicit, however, the result will be ECM in syntactic structure.</p>

Within the framework of Jackendoff’s conceptual semantics, this study investigates the semantic properties that govern the distribution of object control (such as John persuaded Mary to help Sally) and exceptional case marking (such as John wanted Mary to help Sally) in English. In contrast to Jackendoff’s approach to control, one central idea here is that the to-infinitive complements under discussion should receive a uniform semantic analysis, and thus that control behaviour cannot be explained in terms of semantic argument type of the complement clause. In order to arrive at such an analysis of these to-infinitival complements, they are taken to constitute Situations in conceptual structure, and clauses (TPs) in syntax. It is argued here that it is indeed possible to establish the character of the semantic properties that govern the two constructions OC and ECM. Not only does the semantic type of the governing predicate play a role—attitude predicates, as opposed to force dynamic predicates, are exclusively coded as ECM in syntax—but also the realisation of the semantic argument position that corresponds to the Patient/Beneficiary role in conceptual structure. With force dynamic predicates, OC will arise when this argument position is filled with an explicit argument. When it is empty, or left implicit, however, the result will be ECM in syntactic structure.

A wide range of additional forward chaining applications could be realized with deductive databases, if their rule formalism, their immediate consequence operator, and their fixpoint iteration process would be more flexible. Deductive databases normally represent knowledge using stratified Datalog programs with default negation. But many practical applications of forward chaining require an extensible set of user–defined built–in predicates. Moreover, they often need function symbols for building complex data structures, and the stratified fixpoint iteration has to be extended by aggregation operations. We present an new language Datalog*, which extends Datalog by stratified meta–predicates (including default negation), function symbols, and user–defined built–in predicates, which are implemented and evaluated top–down in Prolog. All predicates are subject to the same backtracking mechanism. The bottom–up fixpoint iteration can aggregate the derived facts after each iteration based on user–defined Prolog predicates.

The aim of the research is to analyse the expression and contents of non-morphological evidentiality in Lithuanian realized by neuter (non-agreeing) adjectives and adverbs. The thesis focuses on the non-agreeing adjectives and the adverbs that derive from the semantic domains of perception, comparison and knowledge and thus have the potential to acquire evidential meanings. The study explores the morphosyntactic properties (Complement-Taking-Predicates and adverbials) of the markers under consideration, their quantitative parameters and semantic functional distribution in fiction and academic discourse. The study is corpus-driven and the data have been obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely from the subcorpus of fiction, and from the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The analysis of the morphosyntactic properties of the markers and their semantic functional distribution suggests that in Lithuanian the non-agreeing adjectives convey evidential meanings more frequently than the adverbs because the adverbs mainly function as predicate modifiers. The main evidential value is inference based on perceptual or conceptual sources of evidence. The non-agreeing adjectives and the adverbs under consideration can also express the meanings of epistemic modality, expectation or function as pragmatic markers. / Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti nemorfologinio evidencialumo raišką ir turinį, realizuojamus bevardės giminės (nederinamaisiais) būdvardžiais ir prieveiksmiais grožinės literatūros tekstuose ir lietuvių mokslo kalboje. Tyrimo objektą sudaro nederinamieji būdvardžiai ir prieveiksmiai, kurių leksinės reikšmės atspindi semantinius laukus, turinčius potencialą žymėti žinių šaltinį. Darbe analizuojami šių vienetų morfosintaksiniai bruožai (komplementiniai predikatai ir adverbialai), tiriami jų kiekybiniai rodikliai ir atskleidžiama semantinė funkcinė distribucija. Šioje disertacijoje atliekamas tyrimas naudojant tekstynų metodologiją. Tyrimo medžiaga yra surinkta iš grožinės literatūros patekstynio, esančio Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyne ir Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstyno. Nederinamųjų būdvardžių ir prieveiksmių morfosintaksinių bruožų ir semantinių funkcinių ypatybių analizė suponuoja, kad lietuvių kalboje nederinamieji būdvardžiai dažniau perteikia žinių šaltinio reikšmes negu prieveiksmiai, nes šie vartojami kaip predikato modifikatoriai. Pagrindinė evidencinė reikšmė, būdinga nagrinėjamiems žymikliams, yra numanymas, pagrįstas percepciniu arba konceptualiuoju žinių šaltiniu. Nagrinėjami vienetai vartojami ir kaip episteminiai, vertinimo arba pragmatiniai žymikliai.

Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti nemorfologinio evidencialumo raišką ir turinį, realizuojamus bevardės giminės (nederinamaisiais) būdvardžiais ir prieveiksmiais grožinės literatūros tekstuose ir lietuvių mokslo kalboje. Tyrimo objektą sudaro nederinamieji būdvardžiai ir prieveiksmiai, kurių leksinės reikšmės atspindi semantinius laukus, turinčius potencialą žymėti žinių šaltinį. Darbe analizuojami šių vienetų morfosintaksiniai bruožai (komplementiniai predikatai ir adverbialai), tiriami jų kiekybiniai rodikliai ir atskleidžiama semantinė funkcinė distribucija. Šioje disertacijoje atliekamas tyrimas naudojant tekstynų metodologiją. Tyrimo medžiaga yra surinkta iš grožinės literatūros patekstynio, esančio Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyne ir Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstyno. Nederinamųjų būdvardžių ir prieveiksmių morfosintaksinių bruožų ir semantinių funkcinių ypatybių analizė suponuoja, kad lietuvių kalboje nederinamieji būdvardžiai dažniau perteikia žinių šaltinio reikšmes negu prieveiksmiai, nes šie vartojami kaip predikato modifikatoriai. Pagrindinė evidencinė reikšmė, būdinga nagrinėjamiems žymikliams, yra numanymas, pagrįstas percepciniu arba konceptualiuoju žinių šaltiniu. Nagrinėjami vienetai gali būti vartojami ir kaip episteminiai, vertinimo arba pragmatiniai žymikliai. / The aim of the research is to analyse the expression and contents of non-morphological evidentiality in Lithuanian realized by neuter (non-agreeing) adjectives and adverbs. The thesis focuses on the non-agreeing adjectives and the adverbs that derive from the semantic domains of perception, comparison and knowledge and thus have the potential to acquire evidential meanings. The study explores the morphosyntactic properties (Complement-Taking-Predicates and adverbials) of the markers under consideration, their quantitative parameters and semantic functional distribution in fiction and academic discourse. The study is corpus-driven and the data have been obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely from the subcorpus of fiction, and from the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The analysis of the morphosyntactic properties of the markers and their semantic functional distribution suggests that in Lithuanian the non-agreeing adjectives convey evidential meanings more frequently than the adverbs because the adverbs mainly function as predicate modifiers. The main evidential value is inference based on perceptual or conceptual sources of evidence. The non-agreeing adjectives and the adverbs under consideration can also express the meanings of epistemic modality, expectation or function as pragmatic markers.