As the construction sector has caused significant environmental impacts, Sweden has made efforts to develop prefabricated buildings by increasing their prefabricated rates. In a life cycle perspective, this thesis examines how the overall environmental impacts during the construction processes are influenced when the prefabricated rate increases. By modelling in SimaPro version 9, this thesis conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a concrete framed reference building with a prefabricated rate of 26% located in Stockholm Royal Seaport. Nine scenarios with increasing prefabricated rates varying from 6% to 96% are compared in the thesis. The results show that when the prefabricated rate increases, the total water consumption of the building is optimized, while the overall energy consumption and GHG emissions have increased. For other environmental impacts, the thesis finds the terrestrial ecotoxicity is the most affected impact category when the prefabricated rate rises. The thesis indicates that water consumption of the building is mainly influenced by material extraction and processing stage, and the transport is the dominating factor to energy consumption, GHG emissions and terrestrial ecotoxicity as the prefabricated rate rises. The sensitivity analysis in the thesis also reveals that the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the prefabricated building are sensitive to transport scheme, such as transport distance and vehicle types. / För att optimera miljöproblem som orsakas av byggsektorn gör Sverige ansträngningar för att främja prefabricerade byggnader och stödjer också ökad andel prefabricerade komponenter i byggnader. Med fokus på byggverksamheten undersöker denna studie hur en ökad andel prefabricering kan påverka miljöpåverkan från byggsektorn. Denna studie genomför en Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) på en referensbyggnad med en prefabriceringsgrad på 26% i Stockholm Royal Seaport, och studerar nio scenarier med en prefabricerad andel från 6% till 96%. Resultaten indikerar att den totala vattenförbrukningen förbättras, men den totala energiförbrukningen och växthusgasutsläppen försämras när andelen prefabricering ökar. Av de undersökta effekterna har den markbundna ekotoxiciteten den högsta ökningen vid ökad prefabriceringsgrad. Rapporten visar att materialutvinning och -bearbetning är den dominerande påverkande faktorn som orsakar vattenförbrukning när prefabriceringsgraden ökar. Förändringarna i energiförbrukning, växthusgasutsläpp och markekotoxicitet påverkas främst av transporter. Energiförbrukningen och växthusgasutsläppen från den prefabricerade byggnaden är känsliga för transportavstånd och fordonstyper.

A quantification of costs of an insulation on multi-storey buildings and determination of returns on investments in the insulation due to cost savings for heating energy is the subject of this thesis. Analysis of the current statuses of prefabricated houses in the Czech Republic, possibilities of insulating, and characterization of thermal insulation materials are involved in the thesis. It is also included a description of the method for determining the energy performance of the building. The core of this work is the statistical comparison of the prices of two residential buildings in Trebic using the bid prices. These residential buildings, which differ by the number of floors, are assessed concerning impacts of the insulation works. There is also calculated the amount of saved energy for heating which is further used for determination of return on investments into complete building insulation.

This diploma thesis analyzes the impact of construction work on the usual price of the housing units in Velké Meziříčí. In the theoretical part the development of prefabricated buildings and the current situation are described. I also gave a description of different types of insulation where the method of building insulation ETICS and the energy intensity of buildings are given in details. The requirements for thermal building protection, their calculation and the basic methods of property evaluation are mentioned in this part as well. In the practical part I dealt with the price of selected units before and after reconstruction. I used several methods – the direct comparison, the comparative method according to the regulation and the yield value. Three variants of construction work are designed and they are evaluated from the point of energy saving for heating. The goal this thesis is to specify whether the price of the units will increase due to construction work related to the insulation.

In Sweden, prefabrication in the construction industry is a very common system. In prefabricated structures, there are various kinds of connections and generally many hinged connections. Therefore, it is of high interest to study the behavior of the prefabricated buildings in relation to the connections. Two main theories that can be used to evaluate our structures are the non-linear finite element analysis (NLFEA) and the second order effects. These two theories help to study the real behavior of the structures. Software that can apply these two theories is the ATENA-GiD. Therefore, it was very interesting to explore this software and find out how it can be used for prefabricated buildings. For this reason, a simplified ten-storey building was studied which had been also used in Lindwall’s and Wester’s (2016) master thesis. Various cases were chosen for this building. The building was studied either with monolithic walls or with vertical slip connection between the prefabricated walls. Also, the hollow core (HC) slabs were modelled in two ways and the supports of the columns were modelled in three ways. Even when each slab was modelled with two materials (solid concrete for the upper and lower layer with smeared reinforcement for the lower layer and modified concrete in order to compensate for the voids), the increase in the time for analysis was not important. Also, the cracking was not extensive thanks to the relatively low wind load. The slip joint between the walls didn’t lead to the different displacement between the walls. It was found that the hinged support in the columns was modelled by using the upwind line of the base. In non-linear analysis cases, the model of the structure gave 20% larger displacements than in linear analysis cases which means that the cracking had an important influence on the second order effects despite that the cracking was not extensive. The reduction of the stiffness of the walls to 40% accounting for cracked sections in additional linear analyses to according to the Eurocode 2 was a conservative choice for this building. The most remarkable result was that when the supports of the columns were modelled with hinges there was smaller displacement than when the supports were fixed. The reason for this was the negative displacements due to the buckling of the columns of the first storey. Moreover, for the linear cases, there was a much smaller displacement (5mm) than Lindwall and Wester (2016) (17mm) and this was possibly due to the way that the hinges were modelled in my building. It is interesting to investigate other ways to model the hinges in ATENA-GiD as well as other ways to model the connections between the HC slabs and the perimetric beams. Also, the effect of creep through the modulus of elasticity could be analyzed. Finally, it would be interesting to include foundations in the model to study the possible need for anchorages.