The accurate control of a positioning system that exhibits scalar hysteresis requires a control strategy that incorporates compensation for the hysteresis. One approach is to develop a compensator based on an inverse hysteresis operator. This method uses an open loop control in which the inverse operation adjusts the actuator input to compensate for the hysteresis in the system. When this is accomplished, the composite operation produces a linear relationship between a reference input and the system output. The difficulty of this method lies in developing an accurate model of the hysteresis for which an inverse operator can be obtained. In this work, a system with hysteresis is modeled by a generic model based on a Preisach type operator. First, it is shown that the operator has an inverse and that both have approximations that are convergent. Then, simulation and experimental data are used to demonstrate the ability of the operator to accurately model a hysteresis relationship. This lays the foundation for then demonstrating the concept of inverse compensation. / Ph. D.

With their various structures and operations, the operational magnetic flux densities inside those energy conversion mechanisms are non-uniformly distributed, hence large deviations are exhibited among the actual and the estimated values of iron losses in those electric machines. The available datasheets provided by the steel manufacturers derived from standard measurement systems can only cover some typical information, accuracies of applying these data for related machine performance evaluations at those operational conditions are always uncertain. To establish more convincing datasheet for the calculation of iron loss in machines, standing between the steel manufacturers and the electric machine designers, the application of improved magnetic circuits analysis and the numerical Epstein Frame is proposed. The static transformers and the rotary synchronous switched-reluctance motors will be thoroughly calculated for illustrations. Based on the aforementioned datasheets and the iron losses evaluation procedure, when designing the similar machines, the iron losses could be appropriately estimated, and more detailed information could be supplied.

Hysteresis, defined as a rate independent memory effect, is a phenomenon that occurs in many physical systems. The effect is sometimes desired, sometimes a nuisance, sometimes catastrophic, but in every case we must understand hysteresis if we are to better understand the system itself. While the study of hysteresis has been conducted by engineers, scientists and mathematicians, the contribution of mathematicians has at times been theoretically sound but impractical to implement. The goal of this work is to use sound mathematical theory to provide practical information on the subject. The Preisach operator was developed to model hysteresis in magnetism. It is based on a continuous linear combination of relay operators weighted by a distribution function μ. A new method for approximating μ in a finite dimensional space is described. Guidelines are given for choosing the “best” finite dimensional space and a “most efficient” training set. Simulated and experimental data are also introduced to demonstrate the utility of this method. In addition, the approximation of singular Preisach measures is explored. The types of singularities investigated are characterized by non-zero initial slopes of reversal curves. The difficulties of finding the “optimal” approximation in this case are detailed as well as a method for determining an approximation “close” to the optimal approximation. / Ph. D.

A system with hysteresis is one that exhibits path dependent but rate independent memory. Hysteresis can be observed physically through the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material. In order to mathematically describe systems with hysteresis, we use the Preisach model. A discussion of the Preisach model is given as well as a method for computing the hysteretic transformation of an input variable. The focus of this paper is hysteresis in economics, namely, unemployment. We consider essential time series techniques for analyzing time series data, i.e. unit root testing for stationarity. However, we point out problems in modeling hysteresis with these techniques and argue that unit root tests cannot capture the selective memory of a system with hysteresis. For that, hysteresis in economic time series data is modeled using the Preisach model. We test the explanatory power of the previous unemployment rate on the current unemployment rate using both a hysteretic and non-hysteretic model. We find that the non-hysteretic model is better at explaining current unemployment rates, which suggests hysteresis is not present in the United States unemployment rate. / Master of Science

Orientador: Kleber Roberto Pirota / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T16:30:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_PriscilaToderode_M.pdf: 4163268 bytes, checksum: 28aa8c398a21212739c3588c9ce78593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O principal objetivo desse trabalho consiste em uma nova abordagem para o tunelamento da magnetização do magneto molecular Mn12, embasado em uma ampliação do modelo de Preisach. Introduziremos novos operadores que levam em conta a possibilidade de efeitos quânticos. Implementamos esse novo modelo num programa de simulação que é capaz de simular curvas de histerese e curvas de relaxação magnética sem recorrer a resolução de hamiltonianas de spin. Além disso, este programa utiliza simulação estocástica, apresentando os resultados em poucos minutos. Os resultados obtidos concordam com os experimentos realizados de histerese e relaxação magnética. Apesar de ser um modelo de simulação simples, reproduz adequadamente a fenomenologia, pois introduz os dois ingredientes essenciais de um sistema com inversão da magnetização por efeito túnel termicamente ativado: a ativação térmica, descrita pela ocupação de níveis segundo a distribuição de Boltzmann e a possibilidade do efeito túnel descrita pelo modelo de Landau¿Zenner. A consistência física do modelo é estudada através da variação de parâmetros do modelo de forma sistemática / Abstract: The main objective of this work consists of a new approach concerning the tunneling of the magnetization of the molecular magnet Mn12, based on an extension of the Preisach model. We will introduce new operators that take into account the possibility of quantum effects. Thus, we have implemented this new model in a simulation software that is capable of simulating hysteresis curves and magnetic relaxation curves without utilizing resolution of spin Hamiltonians. Also, this program uses stochastic simulation, presenting the results in only a few minutes. The results obtained agree with the hysteresis and relaxation experiments. Despite being a simple simulation model, it adequately reproduces the phenomenology, because it introduces two key ingredients of a system with inversion of magnetization by thermally activated tunnel effect: the thermal activation, described by the occupation of levels according to the Boltzmann distribution and the possibility of tunnel effect described by the Landau-Zenner model. The physical consistency of the model is studied by systematically varying the model¿s parameters / Mestrado / Física / Mestra em Física

The aim of this work is to present a model for the superelastic response of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) by developing a Preisach Model with thermodynamics basis. The special features of SMA superelastic response is useful in a variety of applications (eg. seismic dampers and arterial stents). For example, under seismic loads the SMA dampers undergo rapid loading{unloading cycles, thus going through a number of internal hysteresis loops, which are responsible for dissipating the vibration energy. Therefore the design for such applications requires the ability to predict the response, particularly internal loops. It is thus intended to develop a model for the superelastic response which is simple, computationally fast and can predict internal loops. The key idea here is to separate the elastic response of SMAs from the dissipative response and apply a Preisach Model to the dissipative response as opposed to the popular notion of applying the Preisach Model to the stress{strain response directly. Such a separation allows for the better prediction of internal hysteresis, avoids issues due to at/negative slopes in the stress{strain plot, and shows good match with experimental data, even when minimal input is given to the model. The model is developed from a Gibbs Potential, which allows us to compute a driving force for the underlying phase transformation in the superelastic response. The hysteresis between the driving force for transformation and the extent of transformation (volume fraction of martensite) is then used with a Preisach model. The Preisach model parameters are identi ed using a least squares approach. ASTM Standards for the testing of NiTi wires (F2516-07^sigma 2), are used for the identi cation of the parameters in the Gibbs Potential. The simulations are run using MATLAB R . Results under di erent input conditions are discussed. It is shown that the predicted response shows good agreement with the experimental data. A couple of attempts at extending the model to bending and more complex response of SMAs is also discussed.

Most smart actuators exhibit rate-dependant hysteresis when the working frequency is higher than 5Hz. Although the Preisach model has been a very powerful tool to model the static hysteresis, it cannot be directly used to model the dynamic hysteresis. Some researchers have proposed various generalizations of the Preisach operator to model the rate-dependant hysteresis, however, most of them are application-dependant and only valid for low frequency range. In this thesis, a first-order dynamic relay operator is proposed. It is then used to build a novel dynamic Preisach model. It can be used to model general dynamic hysteresis and is valid for a large frequency range. Real experiment data of magnetostrictive actuator is used to test the proposed model. Experiments have shown that the proposed model can predict all the static major and minor loops very well and at the same time give an accurate prediction for the dynamic hysteresis loops. The controller design using the proposed model is also studied. An inversion algorithm is developed and a PID controller with inverse hysteresis compensation is proposed and tested through simulations. The results show that the PID controller with inverse compensation is good at regulating control; its tracking performance is really limited (average error is 10 micron), especially for high frequency signals. Hence, a simplified predictive control scheme is developed to improve the tracking performance. It is proved through experiments that the proposed predictive controller can reduce the average tracking error to 2 micron while preserve a good regulating performance.

Estudamos propriedades magnéticas de ligas nano cristalinas de Sm-F e-Co. As ligas foram preparadas por mecano-síntese e posterior tratamento térmico. Como resultado, obtivemos ímãs nanocristalinos de Sm18 (Fe,Co)82 , com Sm(Fe,Co)7 como fase principal. As ligas apresentaram excelentes propriedades magnéticas: remanências relativas Mn/ Ms ~ 0.6 e coercividades na faixa 5-20 kOe, dependendo do teor de Fe nos materiais. Interações magnéticas nas ligas foram estudadas com base nos gráficos ele Henkel. Interpretamos, nestes gráficos, de maneira consistente a influência elas interações e dos estados desmagnetizados. / We studied the magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Sm-Fe-Co alloys. These alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying and subsequent annealing. We obtained nanocrystalline rnagnets of composition Sm18 (Fe, Co )82 , for which the main hard magnetic phase is Sm(Fe, Co)82. The alloys showed excellent magnetic properties: relative remanence Mn/ Ms :2; 0.6 and coercive fields ranging from 5 to 20 k0e, depending upon the amount of Fe present. Henkel plots were used in order to study magnetic interactions in these alloys. The influence of the interactions and the demagnetized state on the Henkel plots was also studied.

Estudamos propriedades magnéticas de ligas nano cristalinas de Sm-F e-Co. As ligas foram preparadas por mecano-síntese e posterior tratamento térmico. Como resultado, obtivemos ímãs nanocristalinos de Sm18 (Fe,Co)82 , com Sm(Fe,Co)7 como fase principal. As ligas apresentaram excelentes propriedades magnéticas: remanências relativas Mn/ Ms ~ 0.6 e coercividades na faixa 5-20 kOe, dependendo do teor de Fe nos materiais. Interações magnéticas nas ligas foram estudadas com base nos gráficos ele Henkel. Interpretamos, nestes gráficos, de maneira consistente a influência elas interações e dos estados desmagnetizados. / We studied the magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Sm-Fe-Co alloys. These alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying and subsequent annealing. We obtained nanocrystalline rnagnets of composition Sm18 (Fe, Co )82 , for which the main hard magnetic phase is Sm(Fe, Co)82. The alloys showed excellent magnetic properties: relative remanence Mn/ Ms :2; 0.6 and coercive fields ranging from 5 to 20 k0e, depending upon the amount of Fe present. Henkel plots were used in order to study magnetic interactions in these alloys. The influence of the interactions and the demagnetized state on the Henkel plots was also studied.

El presente documento es la tesis doctoral de Alfredo de Blas del Hoyo, dirigida por el Dr.Ing. Ramón Bargalló Perpiñá, realizada en el marco del programa de doctorado de Ingeniería Electromecánica del Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica de la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. El trabajo de investigación realizado trata sobre la modelización de la histéresis magnética y su aplicación al cálculo numérico. En concreto se trata de aportar un sistema de cálculo que permita considerar el efecto de la histéresis en la determinación de la distribución del campo magnético en los núcleos ferromagnéticos de las máquinas eléctricas. Lo aquí expuesto es fácilmente extrapolable a otros sistemas que empleen materiales ferromagnéticos.Se han analizado y comparado los modelos de histéresis más difundidos. Fruto de la comparación se ha elegido el modelo más adecuado para nuestro ámbito de aplicación, el modelo de Preisach. Dicho modelo es analizado exhaustivamente, no solo en sus fundamentos y propiedades, sino que también se comparan los diversos métodos de caracterización y desarrollo, determinando cual es la opción más apropiada. Nuestra propuesta es el modelo de Preisach caracterizado por el método de Mayergoyz y desarrollado directamente a partir de su definición algebraica o bien mediante integrales de Everett.Basándonos en una idea de G. Bertotti, desarrollamos también un modelo de Preisach dinámico. Además proponemos un modelo de Preisach completamente inverso, necesario en problemas en los que la ecuación de difusión del campo magnético se formula en A-U.Para caracterizar el modelo de Preisach mediante el método de Mayergoyz hemos desarrollado un ensayo basado en el método balístico que permite obtener de una forma económica los datos experimentales necesarios. También se investiga la forma de obtener estos datos experimentales mediante el método histeresigráfico, para ello desarrollamos un equipo automático controlado por ordenador que empleamos además para determinar llas características magnéticas de las muestras.La combinación del modelo de Preisach con los métodos numéricos se realiza mediante una aplicación, la determinación del campo, flujo y pérdidas magnéticas disgregadas en el núcleo de un transformador monofásico de 220V/380V y 1,3kVA. / This document is the doctoral thesis of Alfredo de Blas del Hoyo, directed by Dr. Ramón Bargalló Perpiñá, made in the context of the doctorate program of Electromechanics Engineering of the Electric Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.This researching work is about the modelization of the magnetic hysteresis and its application to numeric calculus. Actually it treats to contribute a calculus system that allows consider the effect of magnetic hysteresis on the determination of the magnetic field distribution inside the ferromagnetic cores of electric machines. This study is easy to extrapolate to other systems with ferromagnetic materials.We have analyzed and compared the most spread models of hysteresis. Result of this comparison we have chosen the model most suitable for our scope of application, the model of Preisach. This model is exhaustively analyzed, not only on its foundation and on properties, but several methods of characterization and development are compared. Our proposal is the Preisach model characterized by the method of Mayergoyz and developed directly from its algebraic definition or with Everett integrals.From an idea by G. Bertotti we develop a dynamic generalization of the model of Preisach. We propose also a full inverse model of Preisach. The inverse model is necessary in problems where the diffusion equation of magnetic field is formulated in A-U. To characterize the model of Preisach with the method of Mayergoyz we have developed a procedure based on the ballistic method that allows obtain in a cheap way the experimental data required. We also research the way to obtain this experimental data with the hysteresigraphic method, developing an automatic device controlled by computer. This device is also used to obtain the magnetic characteristics of the samples.The combination of the model of Preisach with numeric methods is carry out by means of an application, the determination of magnetic field, magnetic flux and core losses on a single - phase transformer of 1,3kVA and 220V / 380V.