Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

La caractérisation expérimentale de la réponse vibro-acoustique de panneaux excités par des champs de pression aléatoires est d'un grand intérêt autant en recherche que pour des applications industrielles. Deux excitations sont particulièrement étudiées: le champ acoustique diffus les pressions fluctuantes induites par une couche limite turbulente. Les moyens d’essais associés à ces excitations (chambre réverbérante, soufflerie, essais in situ) peuvent être très coûteux, difficilement contrôlables et rarement comparables entre laboratoires ou centre d’essais (installations de différentes dimensions ou mises en œuvres). La reproductibilité des mesures peut alors être remise en cause, ce qui rend difficile la comparaison entre différentes solutions technologiques. Il y a donc un fort intérêt à disposer d'un outil de laboratoire permettant de reproduire l’effet de ces excitations aléatoires dans un environnement contrôlé. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse propose de développer une méthode expérimentale permettant de caractériser le comportement vibro-acoustique de panneaux sous un champ de pression aléatoire en s’affranchissant des moyens d’essais usuels. Les approches que l’on étudie se basent sur la formulation mathématique du problème dans le domaine des nombres d'onde. Celle-ci met en évidence une séparation explicite des contributions de l'excitation (via l’interspectre de pression pariétale), de celles du comportement vibro-acoustique du panneau (via les fonctions de sensibilité). A partir de la connaissance de l'interspectre de pression pariétale, il suffit alors de déterminer expérimentalement les fonctions de sensibilité du panneau afin de déterminer par post-traitement sa réponse à l'excitation considérée. Deux méthodes permettant de déterminer les fonctions de sensibilité sont étudiées numériquement et validées expérimentalement : la méthode dite de l’antenne synthétique et une méthode basée sur des principes de réciprocité. Pour étudier la validité de ces méthodes, on compare leurs résultats à ceux obtenus par des moyens standards pour deux types de panneaux et les deux types d’excitations évoqués précédemment. / Abstract: The experimental vibro-acoustic characterization of panels submitted to random pressure fields is of great interest in the industry as well as in research laboratories. For the transport sector, this type of excitation can be found when a turbulent flow develops at the wall of a moving vehicle for example. The pressure fluctuations induced by the turbulent boundary layer excite the panels which radiate a noise inside the cabin. The experimental reproduction of those pressure fluctuations requires test means which can be very costly (i.e., wind tunnel, in situ tests) and whose physical parameters can hardly be controlled. The repeatability of measurements can thereby be questioned which makes it hard to compare different technological solutions. A second example of random pressure field is the diffuse acoustic field. This latter is usually reproduced in a reverberant room which is often coupled with an anechoic chamber by means of the panel whose acoustic insulation is to be tested. A pressure field is assumed to be diffuse if the acoustic energy comes from every direction with an equiprobable intensity of the incident waves. This assumption is never fully reached in practice (lack of grazing incident waves, strong modal behavior of the room at low frequencies, etc.). A laboratory tool which allows reproducing the effect of those random excitations in a controlled environment is therefore of great interest. In this context, this thesis aims at developing an experimental method to characterize the vibro-acoustic behavior of panels under random pressure fields without using the common test means (wind tunnel, reverberant room, in situ tests, etc.). For relevance sake, this approach must compensate for the previously stated issues. The approaches studied in this work are based on the mathematical formulation of the problem in the wavenumber domain. This latter allows an explicit separation of the contributions of the excitation via the wall-pressure cross-spectrum, from those of the vibro-acoustic behavior of the panel via so-called ‘sensitivity functions’. Assuming the wall-pressure cross-spectrum of the excitation is known, it is only required to experimentally determine those sensitivity functions, on the panel or in the acoustic medium, to determine the response of the panel to the considered excitation by post-processing. Two methods aiming at determining the sensitivity functions will be numerically and experimentally studied: the source scanning technique and the method based on the reciprocity principle. Results obtained with those method are compared to measurements using standard test means to attest the validity of those methods. Several vibro-acoustic indicators will be confronted while considering the two previously mentioned excitations and for two types of panels: an academic panel and a ‘complex’ from the aeronautic sector. This latter shows the applicability of the method in an industrial context.

Anisotropy of hydraulic properties of the subsurface geologic formations is an essential feature that has been established as a consequence of the different geologic processes that undergo during the longer geologic time scale. With respect to subsurface reservoirs, in many cases, anisotropy plays significant role in dictating the direction of flow that becomes no longer dependent only on driving forces like the pressure gradient and gravity but also on the principal directions of anisotropy. Therefore, there has been a great deal of motivation to consider anisotropy into the subsurface flow and transport models. In this dissertation, we present subsurface flow modeling in single and dual continuum anisotropic porous media, which include the single-phase groundwater flow coupled with the solute transport in anisotropic porous media, the two-phase flow with gravity effect in anisotropic porous media, and the natural gas flow in anisotropic shale reservoirs. We have employed the multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) method to handle anisotropy in the flow model. The MPFA method is designed to provide correct discretization of the flow equations for general orientation of the principal directions of the permeability tensor. The implementation of MPFA method is combined with the experimenting pressure field approach, a newly developed technique that enables the solution of the global problem breaks down into the solution of multitude of local problems. The numerical results of the study demonstrate the significant effects of anisotropy of the subsurface formations. For the single-phase groundwater flow coupled with the solute transport modeling in anisotropic porous media, the results shows the strong impact of anisotropy on the pressure field and the migration of the solute concentration. For the two-phase flow modeling with gravity effect in anisotropic porous media, it is observed that the buoyancy-driven flow, which emerges due to the density differences between the phases, migrates upwards and the anisotropy aligns the flow directions closer to the principal direction of anisotropy. Lastly, for the gas flow modeling in anisotropic shale reservoirs, we observe that anisotropy affects the pressure fields and the velocity fields of the matrix and fracture systems as well as the production rate and cumulative production. It is observed from the results that all of the anisotropic cases produce higher amount of gas compared to isotropic case during the same production time. Furthermore, we have also examined the performance of MPFA with respect to mixed finite element (MFE) method over the lowest-order Raviart-Thomas (RT0) space and the first-order Brezzi-Douglas-Marini (BDM1) space. From the comparison of the numerical results we observe that MPFA method show very good agreement with the BDM1 than RT0. In terms of numerical implementation, however, MPFA method is easier than BDM1 and it also offers explicit discrete fluxes that are advantageous. Combining MPFA with the experimenting pressure field approach will certainly adds another advantage of implementing MPFA method as compared with RT0 and BDM1. Moreover, the computational cost (CPU cost) of the three different methods are also discussed.

Orientador: Vitor Baranauskas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:24:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Degasperi_FranciscoTadeu_D.pdf: 5413263 bytes, checksum: 7251a00fbc05d996c38d70e8417d16ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para o cálculo, análise e modelagem de sistemas de vácuo de uso geral. As contribuições ocorreram na criação, desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de ferramentas matemáticas tanto analíticas como numéricas para modelar e analisar detalhadamente sistemas de vácuo. Foram consideradas duas maneiras de modelar sistemas de vácuo, denominadas de formulação discreta e contínua. Na formulação discreta os sistemas de vácuo são tratados de modo que a pressão em função do tempo na câmara de vácuo pode ser obtida a partir de especificações das fontes de gases e vapores, das dimensões da linha de bombeamento e das bombas de vácuo. Foram considerados nos cálculos e nas modelagens os quatro regimes de escoamento presentes nos sistemas de vácuo em geral. Foram também consideradas em detalhe as condutâncias e as fontes gasosas importantes para processos em vácuo em geral, além de obtidas as expressões matemáticas para as curvas de velocidade de bombeamento das bombas de vácuo comumente utilizadas em circuitos de vácuo. Foram utilizados nas análises numéricas os métodos de Euler-Heun e Runge-Kutta de segunda e quarta ordens. Na formulação contínua os sistemas de vácuo foram modelados de forma que a pressão possa ser determinada em todas as suas partes e em função do tempo. Foram obtidas as equações de difusão para sistemas de vácuo unidimensionais, bidimensionais e tridimensionais estacionários e transientes. Foram estudados em detalhe e exemplificados sistemas de vácuo por meio das formulações discreta e contínua. Sistemas de vácuo com geometrias tubulares e planares foram modelados com o estabelecimento preciso das definições das grandezas condutância específica e throughput específico para as fontes de gases e condições de contorno pertinentes à descrição a partir de equações diferenciais parciais. Para exemplificar os conceitos e abordagens desenvolvidas, foram tratados de casos realísticos encontrados em laboratórios e na indústria / Abstract: The main propose of this work is to toward in modeling of general vacuum systems. In addition, the aims of this work are to create, develop and improve analytic and numerical mathematical tools in order to model and to analyze vacuum systems in detail. Two different modeling ways to vacuum systems have been considered, denoted discrete and continuum formulations. In the discrete formulation the vacuum systems are treated in a way such that inside the vacuum chamber the pressure as a function of time can be obtained from the specification of the gas and vapor sources, from the pumping line dimensions and from the choice of the vacuum pumps. The conductance and the gas sources were considered important to vacuum processes in general besides the mathematical expressions obtained to pumping speed curves of the vacuum pumps. The numerical analysis was done through the Euler-Heun and the Runge-Kutta of second and fourth order methods. In the continuum formulation the vacuum systems were modeled in a way such that the pressure can be determined in all parts and as a function of the time. To perform this modeling were defined specific conductance and specific throughput to general gas sources. Vacuum systems with one-dimension or tubular forms and two-dimensions or planar forms were studied in detail and exemplified with the definitions of the quantities and the appropriate partial differential equations boundary conditions. The concepts, definitions and approach were applied in realistic cases, with typical laboratory and industry dimensions / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

La caractérisation expérimentale de la réponse vibro-acoustique de panneaux excités par des champs de pression aléatoire est d'un grand intérêt dans le monde de la recherche, aussi bien industrielle qu'académique. Dans le domaine des transports, ce type d'excitation se rencontre par exemple lorsqu'un écoulement turbulent se développe en paroi d'un véhicule en mouvement. Les fluctuations de pression induites par la couche limite turbulente excitent les parois qui rayonnent un bruit à l'intérieur de l'habitacle. La reproduction expérimentale de ces fluctuations de pression nécessite des moyens qui peuvent être très coûteux (i.e, tunnel aérodynamique, essais in situ) et dont il est difficile de maîtriser tous les paramètres physiques. Un second exemple de champ de pression aléatoire est le champ acoustique diffus. Celui-ci est généralement reproduit dans une chambre réverbérante que l'on couple souvent à une chambre anéchoïque par l'intermédiaire de la paroi dont on souhaite étudier l'isolation acoustique. Un champ acoustique est supposé diffus si l'énergie acoustique provient de toutes les directions et l'intensité des ondes incidentes est équiprobable, ce qui n'est jamais le cas en pratique (problème des angles rasants, modes propres en basse fréquence, etc.). Il y a donc un fort intérêt à disposer d'un outil de laboratoire permettant de reproduire l'effet d'excitations aléatoires dans un environnement qui peut être contrôlé. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit cette thèse qui a pour but de développer une méthode expérimentale permettant de caractériser le comportement vibro-acoustique de panneaux sous champ de pression aléatoire tout en se passant des moyens de mesures usuels (soufflerie, chambre réverbérante, essais in situ, etc.). Les approches étudiées dans cette thèse se basent sur la formulation mathématique du problème dans le domaine des nombres d'onde. Celle-ci met en évidence une séparation explicite des contributions de l'excitation via son interspectre de pression pariétale, de celles du comportement vibro-acoustique du panneau via des fonctions appelées "fonctions de sensibilité". Supposant donc que l'interspectre de pression pariétale de l'excitation est connu, il suffit de déterminer expérimentalement ces fonctions de sensibilité, sur le panneau ou dans le milieu acoustique, pour déterminer par post-traitement la réponse du panneau à l'excitation considérée. Deux méthodes permettant de déterminer les fonctions de sensibilité seront étudiées numériquement et validées expérimentalement: la méthode par antenne synthétique et la méthode basée sur le principe de réciprocité. Pour étudier la validité de ces méthodes, on compare leurs résultats à ceux obtenus par des moyens standards sur la base de plusieurs indicateurs vibro-acoustiques. Les méthodes sont validées en considérant les deux types d'excitations évoqués précédemment et pour deux types de panneaux: un panneau académique et un panneau "complexe" issu du domaine aéronautique. / The experimental vibro-acoustic characterization of panels submitted to random pressure fields is of great interest in the industry as well as in research laboratories. For the transport sector, this type of excitation can be found when a turbulent flow develops at the wall of a moving vehicle for example. The pressure fluctuations induced by the turbulent boundary layer excite the panels which radiate a noise inside the cabin. The experimental reproduction of those pressure fluctuations requires test means which can be very costly (i.e., wind tunnel, in situ tests) and whose physical parameters can hardly be controlled. The repeatability of measurements can thereby be questioned which makes it hard to compare different technological solutions. A second example of random pressure field is the diffuse acoustic field. This latter is usually reproduced in a reverberant room which is often coupled with an anechoic chamber by means of the panel whose acoustic insulation is to be tested. A pressure field is assumed to be diffuse if the acoustic energy comes from every direction with an equiprobable intensity of the incident waves. This assumption is never fully reached in practice (lack of grazing incident waves, strong modal behavior of the room at low frequencies, etc.). A laboratory tool which allows reproducing the effect of those random excitations in a controlled environment is therefore of great interest. In this context, this thesis aims at developing an experimental method to characterize the vibro-acoustic behavior of panels under random pressure fields without using the common test means (wind tunnel, reverberant room, in situ tests, etc.). For relevance sake, this approach must compensate for the previously stated issues. The approaches studied in this work are based on the mathematical formulation of the problem in the wavenumber domain. This latter allows an explicit separation of the contributions of the excitation via the wall-pressure cross-spectrum, from those of the vibro-acoustic behavior of the panel via so-called `sensitivity functions'. Assuming the wall-pressure cross-spectrum of the excitation is known, it is only required to experimentally determine those sensitivity functions, on the panel or in the acoustic medium, to determine the response of the panel to the considered excitation by post-processing. Two methods aiming at determining the sensitivity functions will be numerically and experimentally studied: the source scanning technique and the method based on the reciprocity principle. Results obtained with those method are compared to measurements using standard test means to attest the validity of those methods. Several vibro-acoustic indicators will be confronted while considering the two previously mentioned excitations and for two types of panels: an academic panel and a `complex' from the aeronautic sector. This latter shows the applicability of the method in an industrial context.

La durée de vie des pièces mécaniques en contact est fortement affectée par la présence d'hétérogénéités dans le matériau, comme des renforts (fibres, particules), des précipités, des porosités, ou encore des fissures. Des hétérogénéités dures et de formes complexes peuvent créer des surcontraintes locales, initiatrices de fissures par fatigue à proximité de la surface de contact. Une analyse quantitative des surcontraintes créées par les hétérogénéités est nécessaire à la compréhension des mécanismes d'endommagement. Cette étude s'applique à des roulements de ligne d'arbre qui font partie des éléments critiques de moteurs en aéronautique. Elle vise à déterminer précisément la distribution du champ de pression sur l'aire effective de contact et à prédire le profil et l'évolution des champs de contraintes/déformations à chaque passage de la charge sur un volume élémentaire représentatif prenant en compte le gradient de dureté, la présence de carbures et l'existence des contraintes initiales d'origine thermochimique. Une partie de l’étude est consacrée au développement d’un solveur du problème de contact roulant élasto-plastique avec présence d’hétérogénéité par les méthodes semi analytiques assurant un excellent gain en temps et ressources de calculs. Ensuite, un algorithme homogénéisation a été conçu pour analyser le comportement effectif d’un massif élasto-plastique hétérogène sous indentation. Enfin une partie expérimentale est dédiée à la caractérisation microstructurale des aciers étudiés dans le but de déterminer leurs propriétés. Les analyses des résultats de cette étude concourent à soutenir que bien que les inclusions de particules non métalliques soient responsables de la haute résistance de ces matériaux, certaines d’entre elles (celles de longueur dépassant les dizaines de micromètre ou celles qui forment des chaines dans une direction particulière) deviennent, au cours des cycles de fatigue, les principales sources d’endommagement depuis l’échelle locale jusqu’à la rupture globale de la structure. / The lifetime of contacting mechanical parts is strongly affected by the presence of heterogeneities in their materials, such as reinforcements (fibers, particles), precipitates, porosities, or cracks. Hard heterogeneities having complex forms can create local overstress that initiating fatigue cracks near the contact surface. The presence of heterogeneities influences the physical and mechanical properties of the material at microscopic and macroscopic scales. A quantitative analysis of the over-stresses generated by heterogeneities is necessary to the comprehension of the damage mechanisms. The present study is applied to rolling bearings which are the critical elements of the aero-engine's mainshaft. The performance required for these bearings, led SKF Aerospace to introduce a new technology of hybrid bearing with ceramic rolling elements on high-strength steels having experienced a double surface treatment (carburizing followed by nitriding). The study aims to precisely determine the pressure field distribution on the effective contact area and to predict the profile and the evolution of the stress/strain fields at each loading cycle on a representative elementary volume that takes into account the gradient of hardness, the presence of carbides and the existence of an initial compressive stress from thermochemical origin. A major part of this study is devoted to develop a heterogeneous elastic-plastic rolling contact solver, by semi-analytical methods ensuring an excellent saving of calculation time and resources. Thereafter, a homogenization algorithm was built to analyze the effective behavior of a heterogeneous elastic-plastic half-space subjected to an indentation loading. Finally, an experimental part is dedicated to the microstructure characterization of the studied steels with intent to determine their properties. A description of the carbides behavior inside the matrix during micro-tensile tests was carried out under SEM in-situ observation. In the scheme of all analyses conducted in the present work, it can be argued that, although the heterogeneities (such as carbides or nitrides) are responsible for the high resistance of the studied materials, some of them (those whose length exceeds tens of micrometer or those which form stringers in a particular direction) become, over fatigue cycles, the main sources of damage, from their local scale up to the macroscopic failure of the structure.

Afin d'estimer les forces statiques équivalentes du vent, qui produisent les réponses quasi-statiques et dynamiques extrêmes dans les structures soumises au champ de pression instationnaire induit par les effets du vent, une nouvelle méthode probabiliste est proposée. Cette méthode permet de calculer les forces statiques équivalentes du vent pour les structures avec des écoulements aérodynamiques complexes telles que les toitures de stade, pour lesquelles le champ de pression n'est pas gaussien et pour lesquelles la réponse dynamique de la structure ne peut être simplement décrite en utilisant uniquement les premiers modes élastiques (mais nécessitent une bonne représentation des réponses quasi-statiques). Généralement, les mesures en soufflerie du champ de pression instationnaire appliqué à une structure dont la géométrie est complexe ne suffisent pas pour construire une estimation statistiquement convergée des valeurs extrêmes des réponses dynamiques de la structure. Une telle convergence est nécessaire pour l'estimation des forces statiques équivalentes afin de reproduire les réponses dynamiques extrêmes induites par les effets du vent en tenant compte de la non-gaussianité du champ de pression aléatoire instationnaire. Dans ce travail, (1) un générateur de réalisation du champ de pression instationnaire non gaussien est construit en utilisant les réalisations qui sont mesurées dans la soufflerie à couche limite turbulente; ce générateur basé sur une représentation en chaos polynomiaux permet de construire un grand nombre de réalisations indépendantes afin d'obtenir la convergence des statistiques des valeurs extrêmes des réponses dynamiques, (2) un modèle d'ordre réduit avec des termes d'accélération quasi-statique est construit et permet d'accélérer la convergence des réponses dynamiques de la structure en n'utilisant qu'un petit nombre de modes élastiques, (3) une nouvelle méthode probabiliste est proposée pour estimer les forces statiques équivalentes induites par les effets du vent sur des structures complexes décrites par des modèles éléments finis, en préservant le caractère non gaussien et sans introduire le concept d'enveloppes des réponses. L'approche proposée est validée expérimentalement avec une application relativement simple et elle est ensuite appliquée à une structure de toiture de stade pour laquelle des mesures expérimentales de pressions instationnaires ont été effectuées dans la soufflerie à couche limite turbulente / In order to estimate the equivalent static wind loads, which produce the extreme quasi-static and dynamical responses of structures submitted to random unsteady pressure field induced by the wind effects, a new probabilistic method is proposed. This method allows for computing the equivalent static wind loads for structures with complex aerodynamic flows such as stadium roofs, for which the pressure field is non-Gaussian, and for which the dynamical response of the structure cannot simply be described by using only the first elastic modes (but require a good representation of the quasi-static responses). Usually, the wind tunnel measurements of the unsteady pressure field applied to a structure with complex geometry are not sufficient for constructing a statistically converged estimation of the extreme values of the dynamical responses. Such a convergence is necessary for the estimation of the equivalent static loads in order to reproduce the extreme dynamical responses induced by the wind effects taking into account the non-Gaussianity of the random unsteady pressure field. In this work, (1) a generator of realizations of the non-Gaussian unsteady pressure field is constructed by using the realizations that are measured in the boundary layer wind tunnel; this generator based on a polynomial chaos representation allows for generating a large number of independent realizations in order to obtain the convergence of the extreme value statistics of the dynamical responses, (2) a reduced-order model with quasi-static acceleration terms is constructed, which allows for accelerating the convergence of the structural dynamical responses by using only a small number of elastic modes of the structure, (3) a novel probabilistic method is proposed for estimating the equivalent static wind loads induced by the wind effects on complex structures that are described by finite element models, preserving the non-Gaussian property and without introducing the concept of responses envelopes. The proposed approach is experimentally validated with a relatively simple application and is then applied to a stadium roof structure for which experimental measurements of unsteady pressures have been performed in boundary layer wind tunnel