Foi feito um estudo a partir dos dados provenientes das fichas de notificação do atendimento Centro de Controle de Intoxicações da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, CCI-SP no período de 1998 a 2002 com o objetivo de avaliar as intoxicações na população. Crianças de 1 a 4 anos foi o grupo mais exposto, com 38,8% seguido pelos adultos de 20 a 29 anos, com 14,4% do total dos atendimentos. A circunstância acidental foi a principal razão das exposições, especialmente para crianças de 1 a 4 anos, com 66,4% das ocorrências. A tentativa de suicídio foi a circunstância mais freqüente nas faixas etárias de 15 a 19 anos (20,9%) e de 20 a 29 anos (32,4%). Os medicamentos (43,4%), liderados pelos psicofármacos, foram os agentes mais freqüentes nas exposições, seguidos pelos produtos químicos de uso domiciliar (16,5%), especialmente produtos a base de hipoclorito de sódio. Ações de prevenção e educação da população frente ao risco das intoxicações foram sugeridas. / Data collected from Poison Control Center of Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo registration sheets reporting from 1998 to 2002 were used in order to evaluate the poisoning among the population. The study shows that children aged 1-4, corresponding to 38,8%, followed by the adults (20-29 years old) corresponding to 14,4%, were the main affected groups from the total cases of poisoning exposures. The accidental circumstance was the major cause of the exposures, especially in the 1-4 age group with corresponding to 66,4% of poisoning cases. The suicide attempts are higher among adolescents between ages from 15 to 19 (20,9%) and adults from 20 to 29 (32,4%). The medicine drugs represent 43,4% of all poisoning cases, with psychotropics ranking followed by household products (16,5%), in special solutions of sodium hypochlorite. The study suggests preventive actions and public education to reduce risks of poisoning.

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine. Johannesburg 2012. / Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common bacterial oral infections in humans. Prevention and treatment of these infections are oral hygiene measures including antimicrobial compounds which can be chemical agents or natural products. Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia is an indigenous South African plant that has antibacterial, antiviral and anticandida properties. This study investigated the antibacterial and antivirulence effect of D. viscosa var. angustifolia on cariogenic bacteria and the causative organisms of periodontal diseases.

Foi feito um estudo a partir dos dados provenientes das fichas de notificação do atendimento Centro de Controle de Intoxicações da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, CCI-SP no período de 1998 a 2002 com o objetivo de avaliar as intoxicações na população. Crianças de 1 a 4 anos foi o grupo mais exposto, com 38,8% seguido pelos adultos de 20 a 29 anos, com 14,4% do total dos atendimentos. A circunstância acidental foi a principal razão das exposições, especialmente para crianças de 1 a 4 anos, com 66,4% das ocorrências. A tentativa de suicídio foi a circunstância mais freqüente nas faixas etárias de 15 a 19 anos (20,9%) e de 20 a 29 anos (32,4%). Os medicamentos (43,4%), liderados pelos psicofármacos, foram os agentes mais freqüentes nas exposições, seguidos pelos produtos químicos de uso domiciliar (16,5%), especialmente produtos a base de hipoclorito de sódio. Ações de prevenção e educação da população frente ao risco das intoxicações foram sugeridas. / Data collected from Poison Control Center of Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo registration sheets reporting from 1998 to 2002 were used in order to evaluate the poisoning among the population. The study shows that children aged 1-4, corresponding to 38,8%, followed by the adults (20-29 years old) corresponding to 14,4%, were the main affected groups from the total cases of poisoning exposures. The accidental circumstance was the major cause of the exposures, especially in the 1-4 age group with corresponding to 66,4% of poisoning cases. The suicide attempts are higher among adolescents between ages from 15 to 19 (20,9%) and adults from 20 to 29 (32,4%). The medicine drugs represent 43,4% of all poisoning cases, with psychotropics ranking followed by household products (16,5%), in special solutions of sodium hypochlorite. The study suggests preventive actions and public education to reduce risks of poisoning.

O sistema de análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle (APPCC) possui como principal objetivo a prevenção de riscos à saúde humana, bem como evitar alterações nos alimentos através da aplicação de práticas de controle em etapas da produção nas quais existe maior probabilidade de ocorrência de perigos ou situações críticas, sendo aplicado em todas as etapas de produção, desde a obtenção da matéria-prima até a elaboração do produto final. Desta maneira, o sistema APPCC é considerado como importante técnica para prevenção e controle de qualidade dos alimentos, já utilizado em fazendas leiteiras para controle de patógenos e resíduos de medicamentos. A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e a contaminação bacteriana do Leite são fatores essenciais para manutenção da qualidade do leite em propriedades leiteiras, representando grandes prejuízos para a produção leiteira. Assim, os objetivos gerais da pesquisa foram: avaliação da eficiência, possíveis diferenças e principais problemas relacionados a aplicação do sistema APPCC em duas propriedades leiteiras (A e B) com vistas ao controle dos níveis de células somáticas e parâmetros higiênico-sanitários no leite do rebanho e ocorrência de mastite nos animais. Preliminarmente à implantação do sistema, realizou-se o treinamento em Boas Práticas de Produção e Manipulação para possibilitar a aplicação dos princípios do sistema APPCC. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação do sistema foi eficaz para melhoria da qualidade do leite em uma das propriedades, resultado demonstrado pela melhoria da qualidade com referência ao controle da mastite e parâmetros higiênicos. Observou-se uma redução da CCS média dos animais, número de quartos afetados e escore de mastite. Quanto aos parâmetros higiênicos do leite, observou-se redução das contagens de mesófilos e coliformes fecais. Aspectos relacionados ao comprometimento dos funcionários e proprietário foram considerados essenciais para o sucesso do sistema APPCC, cuja implementação em propriedades leiteiras apresentou peculiaridades e diferenças pronunciadas em relação às indústrias alimentícias. / The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) has, as the main objective the prevention of human’s health risks, as to avoid changes in the food due to use of the application of control practices in the steps of production, where the possibility of hazards or critical situations is bigger. The system is used in all steps of the production, since the ran material until the manufactured product. Regarding to this, the HACCP is considered as an important technique to prevent and to control the quality of the food that has been used in dainy forms to control pathogens and medical residues. The somatic cells count and the bacterial contamination of milk are essential factors to maintain the milk quality in the right condition, what represent big damages for the milk production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency, possible mistakes and the main problems related to the application of HACCP process in two dairy properties (A and B), based on the control of somatic cells level and hygienic conditions of the milk among the herd, besides the occurrence of the mastitis in animals. Before the application of the system, training in good manufacture practices and manipulation was accomplished to allow the use of the HACCP system. The results showed that the application of this method was efficient in order to improve the milk quality in one of the properties, what was shown in a better result of the mastitis’s control it was observed a reduction in the average counting of affected animals and mastitis’s cases. Related to the hygienic conditions of the milk, it was noticed a reduction in the numbers of mesophills and faecals coliforms. Aspects regarding the commitment of the workers and the owner were considered as essential for the success of the HACCP program, as the implementation in dairy forms showed particularities and differences related to the to the food industry.

The aim of this study was to explore and describe HIV and AIDS workplace programmes and policies (WPPs) in the tourism industry of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) in South Africa. This study adopted a quantitative and qualitative approach, in other words, a mixed approach. The reason for using more than one method of inquiry was to obtain a deeper understanding of the tourism industry of NMBM in terms of examined behaviour, and of the meaning of occurrences in the industry. To gather qualitative data concerning HIV and AIDS programmes, key informant stakeholders in the tourism industry at global, national, provincial, and local levels were identified to conduct in-depth interviews. These respondents were selected using the non-probability sampling method of quota sampling. This is a type of stratified sampling in which the selection of the strata within the sample is not random, but rather is typically left to the discretion of the interviewer (Wienclaw, 2015). One respondent for each level of the industry was selected, resulting in four key informant stakeholders participating in the qualitative research component of this study. The initial criterion for participation in the quantitative portion for this study was that tourism businesses based in NMBM must be able to produce robust evidence of HIV and AIDS WPPs. The researcher selected the probability sampling method of stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. This technique considers the known characteristics of the population (Wienclaw, 2015). A database of tourism businesses was obtained from the local tourism organisation, who are members of the governing body for local tourism. This database was cleaned, to eliminate any data that did not meet the participation criterion for the study. Ten per cent of the total number of businesses in the cleaned database were sampled. The simplest approach to sampling is to merely randomly select from the population by, for example, having a computer choose names at random from a list, or by selecting names from a hat (Wienclaw, 2015). Therefore, every fifth business listed on the sampled database was selected to participate. Unfortunately, surveys tend to have notoriously low return rates, and people are frequently reluctant to give out information over the phone. This was also the case for most of the tourism businesses in the sample. When emailed or telephoned, they refused to participate for various reasons. Some stated that HIV does not affect their business; others reported that their businesses were too small and therefore they could not afford to implement these programmes. Some businesses were hearing about the WPP for the very first time, while several others responded with simple disinterest in participating. The findings of the study are that although tourism is viewed as an important industry that contributes to the economy, tourism businesses do not include any intervention programmes with which to respond to the threat of HIV and AIDS to their businesses. Additionally, there is neither leadership nor support from any level of the tourism industry, to create a conducive environment for the adoption of HIV and AIDS WPPs by tourism businesses. The primary reason for the lack of uptake of these programmes is ignorance across cascading levels of the tourism industry, which includes tourism businesses. Additionally, a number of perceived barriers, such as size of business, are cited as the reasons why tourism workplaces in the NMBM fail to participate in HIV and AIDS WPPs. It is anticipated that this study will create further awareness of HIV and AIDS WPPs, in an industry that seems to have limited knowledge about such programmes. This study will also provide guidance regarding the requirements to implement effective HIV and AIDS WPPs.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Occlusal pits and fissures are ideal places for caries development. Placement of dental sealants has been reported to be effective in preventing this process. However, the effectiveness of dental sealants has been reported to be influenced by clinical factors, such as preparation and placement techniques. A report recently published by the American Dental Association on the clinical recommendations for use of pit-and-fissure sealants included critical evaluation and a summary of relevant scientific evidence on the use of sealants aimed at assisting clinicians. The report addressed concerns such as: Does placing sealants over early (noncavitated) lesions prevent progression of the lesions? Are there any techniques that could improve sealants’ retention and ffectiveness in caries prevention? The investigators concluded that there is limited and conflicting evidence to support that mechanical preparation with a bur results in higher retention rates in children and recommend that pit-and-fissure sealants should be placed on early (noncavitated) carious lesions. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate two methods of fissure treatment before sealant placement on different caries levels. In this study, 135 extracted human molars (ICDAS codes 0 to 2) were collected and ranked by a calibrated examiner into three groups. These were further divided into three subgroups (nine total). Occlusal surfaces were prepared with: 1) a ¼-mm round bur, 2) air abrasion, and 3) no treatment as a control. All groups were etched with 3.0- percent phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, rinsed thoroughly, and dried with an air water syringe. Opaque dental sealants were placed on the etched occlusal surfaces according to the accepted clinical standards and light-cured for 30 seconds. All groups were thermocycled for 5000 cycles. The roots of the teeth were painted with nail varnish, root apices were sealed with wax, and the occlusal surfaces were immersed in 1.0-percent methylene blue for a full 24 hours. The next day the teeth were cleaned, and the roots were sectioned to expose the crowns. Crowns were cut along the occlusal surfaces in the buccolingual direction. The sectioned surfaces were examined under the Nikon SMZ 1500 microscope for sealant penetration in the fissure and microleakage along the sealant enamel interface. The analyses were performed on a transformation of the sealant penetration percentage commonly used for calculated percentages: sin-1(p1/2). The effects of the type of group, the ICDAS code, and the fissure type on sealant penetration percentage were compared using ANOVA. The effects on microleakage and bubbles were compared using GEE methods applied to logistic regression. The effects on dye penetration were compared using GEE methods applied to cumulative logistic regression to account for the ordered categories of the dye penetration scale. In the findings of sealant penetration, the group type did not have a significant effect on sealant penetration (p = 0.195). ICDAS codes had a significant effect on sealant penetration (p = 0.0113) where ICDAS Code 0 had greater penetration than ICDAS codes 1 and 2. Fissure type had a significant effect on sealant penetration (p = 0.0001) where fissure types V and U had greater sealant penetration than Fissure types Y and W. In the findings of microleakage, the type of group had a significant effect on microleakage (p = 0.0004) where the abrasion group had increased microleakage as compared with the 1/4 round bur and control groups. ICDAS code had a significant effect on microleakage (p = 0.0022) where ICDAS code 0 had less microleakage as compared with ICDAS code 1 and 2. Fissure types V, U, Y, and W did not have a significant effect on microleakage (p = 0.721).

Wong, Ying Suet. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-131). / In English with some Chinese and Japanese; abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.3 / Literature Review --- p.7 / Structure --- p.10 / Notes on Sources --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Venereal Disease Policies in the Metropole and Their Colonies --- p.15 / The Case of Britain --- p.16 / VD Policy in the Metropole: The case of Britain --- p.16 / VD Policy in the Colonies: The Case of Colonies under Britain --- p.23 / The Case of Japan with Reference of Britain as the Pioneer Policy Maker --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Venereal Disease control in the Metropole --- p.31 / Legislation --- p.32 / Institutions --- p.44 / Education and Social Discussion --- p.49 / Resistance --- p.55 / VD control in the Japanese Military Force --- p.60 / Summary --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Venereal Disease Control in Colonial Taiwan --- p.70 / Legislation --- p.72 / Licensed prostitution system --- p.72 / The VD Prevention Law --- p.79 / Education and Social Discussion --- p.84 / Before the VD Prevention Law in Japan in 1927 --- p.84 / Education and Public Discussion of VD after the promulgation of the VD Prevention Law in 1927 --- p.90 / The Changing Discourse of VD --- p.95 / Summary --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- "Sex, Gender, Class, Race and Colonialism" --- p.101 / Taiwanese Women´ةs image: Scapegoating --- p.101 / Medical Development: State Medicine and Local Elites --- p.106 / VD Control in the Military in Taiwan --- p.109 / Summary --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.114 / Bibliography --- p.120

Lu, Zengbing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-217). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Cheng, Suosuo. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-173). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts aslo in English.

Wang, Zixin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-223). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendixes also in Chinese.