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Introduction Health problems emanating from sexual behaviour include HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections among adolescents are considered high in South Africa. Also, the burden of unplanned pregnancies has wider implications in society. These problems occur in spite of a number of different sexual health promotion programmes. The aim of the study was to view the perception of high school teenagers to sexual health promotions programmes as well as their response to these programmes. The objectives of the study were: 1. To explore the perceptions of local teenagers regarding the content and materials used in local health promotion programmes 2. To explore the perceptions of local teenagers regarding the communication strategies and style used in local health promotion programmes 3. To explore the perceptions of local teenagers regarding the impact of local health promotion programmes on their behaviour Method This was a qualitative study. The study population was high school teenagers from the Whittlesea townships in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Fourteen purposefully selected teenagers from the seven high schools were individually interviewed. Analysis was done using the framework method. Results The study showed that the content of sexual health promotion programmes to which high school teenagers in Whittlesea were exposed to composed of sexual health education and the building of life skills. Perception of the messages in these contents was influenced by lack of communication on sexual matters within individual families and religious beliefs of participants. The programmes were considered to be practical and helpful. Methods that involved teenagers’ participation or interaction were generally preferred and the communication style was perceived as facilitating behavioural/attitudinal change. Conclusion In order for adolescent sexual health promotion programmes to be effective, they should employ methods that involve participation and human interaction. The involvement of parents, role models, religious groups and community services in sexual health promotion could be helpful in promoting sexual health education and lifestyle change amongst teenagers.

Although many extraneous variables such as different countries, levels of economic development, technologies, and politics are as important in determining the success of a project as its budgeting and finance, this report is solely from the finance and budgeting perspective. It is shown that projects in the United States have a systemic budgeting process, based on sound concepts of planning and control. In contrast, financial and budgeting planning is underdeveloped in the two projects examined in Nigeria. It is desirable that the least developed countries seek expert advice before embarking on any environmental health services programmes which may lead to the waste of resources if not properly planned and managed.

p. 1-85 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-30T17:41:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 333333333.pdf: 250715 bytes, checksum: d0725f7bc52614bbf53110aff0346099 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:40:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 333333333.pdf: 250715 bytes, checksum: d0725f7bc52614bbf53110aff0346099 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:40:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 333333333.pdf: 250715 bytes, checksum: d0725f7bc52614bbf53110aff0346099 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o absenteísmo numa população de trabalhadores, submetidos as ações de um programa de consultoria e diagnóstico em saúde, implantado numa instituição financeira estatal, para reduzir o absenteísmo por doença, através da mensuração dos afastamentos do trabalho por doença e das principais causas de afastamento. A população de trabalhadores foi avaliada em dois momentos distintos, antes da implantação do programa e a partir de dois anos após seu início. Foram avaliados 438 trabalhadores num estudo seqüencial do tipo case crossover, onde cada trabalhador foi controle dele mesmo. Cada trabalhador, para participar da população do estudo, precisou ter sido submetido as ações do programa e ter pelo menos duas avaliações de saúde, através dos exames do PCMSO (Programa de Controle Médico e Saúde Ocupacional), antes e depois da implantação do programa. Verificou-se uma redução no número de afastamentos, após a implantação do programa, passando de 29,0% no momento anterior ao programa, para 25,0% na segunda avaliação (um declínio de 1,2 %). As doenças osteomusculares apareceram como maior responsável pelos afastamentos do trabalho no grupo estudado, seguido pelas doenças do aparelho respiratório, tanto no momento anterior quanto no posterior à intervenção. Esses achados foram discutidos à luz da importância da implantação desses programas pelas empresas, assim como da necessidade de serem avaliados sistematicamente, para medir o alcance dos objetivos propostos, buscando garantir melhores condições de trabalho e saúde para os funcionários. Também são discutidas as proporções de doenças osteomusculares nessa categoria, associados às características das atividades desempenhadas. / Salvador

The aim of this study was to explore and describe HIV and AIDS workplace programmes and policies (WPPs) in the tourism industry of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) in South Africa. This study adopted a quantitative and qualitative approach, in other words, a mixed approach. The reason for using more than one method of inquiry was to obtain a deeper understanding of the tourism industry of NMBM in terms of examined behaviour, and of the meaning of occurrences in the industry. To gather qualitative data concerning HIV and AIDS programmes, key informant stakeholders in the tourism industry at global, national, provincial, and local levels were identified to conduct in-depth interviews. These respondents were selected using the non-probability sampling method of quota sampling. This is a type of stratified sampling in which the selection of the strata within the sample is not random, but rather is typically left to the discretion of the interviewer (Wienclaw, 2015). One respondent for each level of the industry was selected, resulting in four key informant stakeholders participating in the qualitative research component of this study. The initial criterion for participation in the quantitative portion for this study was that tourism businesses based in NMBM must be able to produce robust evidence of HIV and AIDS WPPs. The researcher selected the probability sampling method of stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. This technique considers the known characteristics of the population (Wienclaw, 2015). A database of tourism businesses was obtained from the local tourism organisation, who are members of the governing body for local tourism. This database was cleaned, to eliminate any data that did not meet the participation criterion for the study. Ten per cent of the total number of businesses in the cleaned database were sampled. The simplest approach to sampling is to merely randomly select from the population by, for example, having a computer choose names at random from a list, or by selecting names from a hat (Wienclaw, 2015). Therefore, every fifth business listed on the sampled database was selected to participate. Unfortunately, surveys tend to have notoriously low return rates, and people are frequently reluctant to give out information over the phone. This was also the case for most of the tourism businesses in the sample. When emailed or telephoned, they refused to participate for various reasons. Some stated that HIV does not affect their business; others reported that their businesses were too small and therefore they could not afford to implement these programmes. Some businesses were hearing about the WPP for the very first time, while several others responded with simple disinterest in participating. The findings of the study are that although tourism is viewed as an important industry that contributes to the economy, tourism businesses do not include any intervention programmes with which to respond to the threat of HIV and AIDS to their businesses. Additionally, there is neither leadership nor support from any level of the tourism industry, to create a conducive environment for the adoption of HIV and AIDS WPPs by tourism businesses. The primary reason for the lack of uptake of these programmes is ignorance across cascading levels of the tourism industry, which includes tourism businesses. Additionally, a number of perceived barriers, such as size of business, are cited as the reasons why tourism workplaces in the NMBM fail to participate in HIV and AIDS WPPs. It is anticipated that this study will create further awareness of HIV and AIDS WPPs, in an industry that seems to have limited knowledge about such programmes. This study will also provide guidance regarding the requirements to implement effective HIV and AIDS WPPs.

No final da década dos 70 e início da década dos 80, em diferentes regiões do Brasil, os serviços públicos - tanto aqueles existentes quanto aqueles começando a se estruturar - passam a utilizar pessoal de nível elementar e médio para auxiliar nas ações de atenção à saúde bucal. No Estado de São Paulo, embora inúmeros sistemas locais de saúde (SILOS) venham empregando pessoal auxiliar odontológico (PAO), existe pouca informação disponível sobre a contribuição dada por estes trabalhadores à essas ações. O objetivo desta investigação foi de analisar a participação do PAO em dez SILOS de cinco municípios do Estado de São Paulo, em 1994. Um questionário foi respondido por 248 (76,3 por cento) dos 325 auxiliares e técnicos em higiene dental empregados nos municípios de ltú, Embú, Penápolis, São José dos Campos e Campinas. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria do PAO é jovem, do sexo feminino, possui 2° grau completo, curso de qualificação profissional, tem vínculo municipal e trabalha 40 horas/semana, sendo que, recebem entre US$ 119,00 e US$ 330,00 no exercício da função de ACD e entre US$ 162,00 e US$ 232,00 como THD. Sua participação em atividades de promoção da saúde bucal é relativa e varia conforme o SILOS em estudo: nos SILOS do Embú e das regiões norte e leste de S. José do Campos, o PAO vem dedicando sua jornada de trabalho mais para ações coletivas que para ações de assistência individual, contribuindo para a transformação das práticas da odontologia em saúde coletiva e para a mudança do modelo assistencial conforme as diretrizes de saúde bucal e os princípios do SUS. A participação do PAO é mais frequente em atividades de evidenciação de placa bacteriana seguida de escovação supervisionada (ES), bochechos fluorados e atividades educativas. A participação em ações coletivas é maior quando se trata da realização dessas atividades em escolas ou outros espaços sociais. Entretanto, em ltú, Embú e Penápolis, o pessoal auxiliar desenvolve de forma significativa atividades de ES em unidades básicas de saúde, atingindo com atividades de promoção da saúde bucal grupos populacionais que as frequentam. Excetuando-se os três SILOS de Campinas e o de ltú, é baixa a proporção do PAO que trabalha à quatro-mãos rotineiramente. Os SILOS de ltú, Embú e Penápolis apresentam maior grau de delegação de funções ao PAO na assistência individual que os SILOS dos municípios de São José dos Campos e Campinas. Segundo o pessoal auxiliar, a população-usuária reage positivamente e aceita bem os seus serviços. Além disso, os cirurgiões-dentistas têm um relacionamento profissional bom ou muito bom com eles, prestam-lhes orientações sempre que necessário e, na opinião deles, devem manter o grau de orientação corrente. / At the end of the seventies and begining of the eighties, dental public services from different areas of Brazil started to introduce basically and intermediately trainned personnel to assist dental care activities. This happened both in services in operation at the time and in those which were begining to be structured. In São Paulo State, although several health local systems are employing dental auxiliary personnel, we know there is a small number of studies in this field and also little information about this personnel. The purpose of this survey was to document the role and extent of dental auxiliary personnel in some state public health programmes in São Paulo State, 1994. A questionnaire requested information from 248 (76,3 per cent) auxiliarias of 325 dental assistants and dental hygienists employed in the health municipal systems of ltú, Embú, Penápolis, São José dos Campos and Campinas (towns in São Paulo State). The results indicated that most of them are young, female sex, went through high school and professional qualification course, work forty hours a week and receive between US$ 119,00 and US$ 330,00 in dental assistant function and between US$ 162,00 and US$ 232,00 in dental hygienist function. Their participation in oral healh promotion activities is relative and varies according to each town reality: in Embú and in the north and east health local systems of São José dos Campos, the working time of auxiliary personnel is spent more in oral health promotion activities than in dental clinic activities, contributing to the transformation of public health dentistry practice according to the principies of health systems in Brazil. This \' participation occurs more often in fluoride mouthrinse, dental plaque staining followed by supervised brushing and oral health education activities. The participation in oral health promotion activities happens more often in schools than in health centers. However, in ltú, Embú and Penápolis, the auxiliarias provide expressively dental plaque staining followed by supervised brushing in health centers, reaching population groups who use them. Excluding the health local systems of Campinas and ltú, the proportion of them who practice four-handed dentistry daily is low. ltú, Embú and Penápolis present high grade of expanded functions to auxiliary personnel in dental clinic activities. According to the auxiliary personnel, the aided population answer positively and accept their services well. Besides, dentists have a good or very good professional relationship with them, give them orientation everytime it is necessary; also, in their opinion, dentists ought to keep up the corrent levei of supervision.

No final da década dos 70 e início da década dos 80, em diferentes regiões do Brasil, os serviços públicos - tanto aqueles existentes quanto aqueles começando a se estruturar - passam a utilizar pessoal de nível elementar e médio para auxiliar nas ações de atenção à saúde bucal. No Estado de São Paulo, embora inúmeros sistemas locais de saúde (SILOS) venham empregando pessoal auxiliar odontológico (PAO), existe pouca informação disponível sobre a contribuição dada por estes trabalhadores à essas ações. O objetivo desta investigação foi de analisar a participação do PAO em dez SILOS de cinco municípios do Estado de São Paulo, em 1994. Um questionário foi respondido por 248 (76,3 por cento) dos 325 auxiliares e técnicos em higiene dental empregados nos municípios de ltú, Embú, Penápolis, São José dos Campos e Campinas. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria do PAO é jovem, do sexo feminino, possui 2° grau completo, curso de qualificação profissional, tem vínculo municipal e trabalha 40 horas/semana, sendo que, recebem entre US$ 119,00 e US$ 330,00 no exercício da função de ACD e entre US$ 162,00 e US$ 232,00 como THD. Sua participação em atividades de promoção da saúde bucal é relativa e varia conforme o SILOS em estudo: nos SILOS do Embú e das regiões norte e leste de S. José do Campos, o PAO vem dedicando sua jornada de trabalho mais para ações coletivas que para ações de assistência individual, contribuindo para a transformação das práticas da odontologia em saúde coletiva e para a mudança do modelo assistencial conforme as diretrizes de saúde bucal e os princípios do SUS. A participação do PAO é mais frequente em atividades de evidenciação de placa bacteriana seguida de escovação supervisionada (ES), bochechos fluorados e atividades educativas. A participação em ações coletivas é maior quando se trata da realização dessas atividades em escolas ou outros espaços sociais. Entretanto, em ltú, Embú e Penápolis, o pessoal auxiliar desenvolve de forma significativa atividades de ES em unidades básicas de saúde, atingindo com atividades de promoção da saúde bucal grupos populacionais que as frequentam. Excetuando-se os três SILOS de Campinas e o de ltú, é baixa a proporção do PAO que trabalha à quatro-mãos rotineiramente. Os SILOS de ltú, Embú e Penápolis apresentam maior grau de delegação de funções ao PAO na assistência individual que os SILOS dos municípios de São José dos Campos e Campinas. Segundo o pessoal auxiliar, a população-usuária reage positivamente e aceita bem os seus serviços. Além disso, os cirurgiões-dentistas têm um relacionamento profissional bom ou muito bom com eles, prestam-lhes orientações sempre que necessário e, na opinião deles, devem manter o grau de orientação corrente. / At the end of the seventies and begining of the eighties, dental public services from different areas of Brazil started to introduce basically and intermediately trainned personnel to assist dental care activities. This happened both in services in operation at the time and in those which were begining to be structured. In São Paulo State, although several health local systems are employing dental auxiliary personnel, we know there is a small number of studies in this field and also little information about this personnel. The purpose of this survey was to document the role and extent of dental auxiliary personnel in some state public health programmes in São Paulo State, 1994. A questionnaire requested information from 248 (76,3 per cent) auxiliarias of 325 dental assistants and dental hygienists employed in the health municipal systems of ltú, Embú, Penápolis, São José dos Campos and Campinas (towns in São Paulo State). The results indicated that most of them are young, female sex, went through high school and professional qualification course, work forty hours a week and receive between US$ 119,00 and US$ 330,00 in dental assistant function and between US$ 162,00 and US$ 232,00 in dental hygienist function. Their participation in oral healh promotion activities is relative and varies according to each town reality: in Embú and in the north and east health local systems of São José dos Campos, the working time of auxiliary personnel is spent more in oral health promotion activities than in dental clinic activities, contributing to the transformation of public health dentistry practice according to the principies of health systems in Brazil. This \' participation occurs more often in fluoride mouthrinse, dental plaque staining followed by supervised brushing and oral health education activities. The participation in oral health promotion activities happens more often in schools than in health centers. However, in ltú, Embú and Penápolis, the auxiliarias provide expressively dental plaque staining followed by supervised brushing in health centers, reaching population groups who use them. Excluding the health local systems of Campinas and ltú, the proportion of them who practice four-handed dentistry daily is low. ltú, Embú and Penápolis present high grade of expanded functions to auxiliary personnel in dental clinic activities. According to the auxiliary personnel, the aided population answer positively and accept their services well. Besides, dentists have a good or very good professional relationship with them, give them orientation everytime it is necessary; also, in their opinion, dentists ought to keep up the corrent levei of supervision.

The purpose of this study was to identify and explore factors affecting medicine availability within the district health services. A qualitative descriptive, exploratory and contextual research design was followed. The data collection was conducted through two focus group discussions comprising of pharmaceutical managers and district health services managers respectively. The study found that medicine was not consistently available in the various districts, especially in community health centres and primary health clinics. The factors contributing to the non-availability of medicines include challenges with deliveries from Medical Depots, poor medicine stock management, shortage of pharmacists and pharmacist’s assistants in the facilities, lack of the electronic medicine management systems and the separate existence of Pharmaceutical Services and Medical Depot within the province. The study made recommendations on how to improve medicine availability within the district health services. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The purpose of this study was to identify and explore factors affecting medicine availability within the district health services. A qualitative descriptive, exploratory and contextual research design was followed. The data collection was conducted through two focus group discussions comprising of pharmaceutical managers and district health services managers respectively. The study found that medicine was not consistently available in the various districts, especially in community health centres and primary health clinics. The factors contributing to the non-availability of medicines include challenges with deliveries from Medical Depots, poor medicine stock management, shortage of pharmacists and pharmacist’s assistants in the facilities, lack of the electronic medicine management systems and the separate existence of Pharmaceutical Services and Medical Depot within the province. The study made recommendations on how to improve medicine availability within the district health services. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)