Street children are a population highly at risk of HIV/AIDS/STIs, which is becoming an overriding concern. Due to the critical importance of the problem under investigation, this study focuses on the causes and consequences of risks involved in the dynamics of HIV/STIs transmission and the occurrence of AIDS. The study utilised a qualitative paradigm, with two methods of data collection from children and young people in the street; these were observation and in-depth interviews, which emerged as the most appropriate methods for investigating the HIV/AIDS risks and vulnerability of street children. The study was guided throughout by a public health theoretical framework. The study revealed that children leave home due to parental mistreatment; they engage in risky sexual behaviour living in the street, they have little or no understanding of HIV, AIDS and STIs or of the respective relationship between these, and they have negative attitudes towards HIV/ STIs treatment and people affected by HIV/AIDS. Four domains of HIV/STIs and AIDS risks and vulnerability of street children were identified: parental mistreatment (causing vulnerability to exposure and thus the likelihood of acquiring HIV and STIs); high risk-taking sexual behaviour (creating vulnerability to infection); lack of knowledge regarding HIV, AIDS and STIs (vulnerability to re-infection); negative attitudes towards HIV/STIs treatment and people affected by HIV/AIDS (resulting in denial, failure to seek treatment and contributing to the perpetuation of the problem); and the effects of living in the street (increasing vulnerability to progression from HIV to AIDS). By exploring the prime and subsequent root risk factors, these complex interlinking risks have been analytically conceptualised, providing a model which explicates the complete phenomenon of risks and vulnerability to HIV/STIs and AIDS for street children, as well as for broader society, in a cyclical manner. Hence, HIV/STIs and AIDS is not a health problem among street children only, it is a public health problem in the broader society in Nepal. Having identified these problems for street children, this study offers an intervention plan, the CAP model. This model extends previous public health approaches and argues for targeted action to prevent risk and vulnerability for children in the street, and suggestions for policy and legislation which would enable the implementation of the model are offered.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Fadi M. Aramouni / Since the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) was signed into law in 2011, the government has taken huge strides toward making the food safety system preventive rather than reactive. Specifically, the Preventive Controls for Human Food (PCHF) final rule has required collaboration from government officials, educational institutions, industry professionals, and stakeholders to assist in the rulemaking, education, and implementation of the new rule. The rulemaking process for the PCHF final rule took 4 years to finalize. The Food and Drug Administration funded a grant to the Illinois Institute of Technology’s Institute for Food Safety and Health (IIT IFSH) to help create an educational program about food safety risk-based preventive controls. Since then, the Food Safety Preventive Controls Alliance (FSPCA) has been coordinating training programs to certify food professionals as Preventive Controls Qualified Individuals (PCQI). After gathering minor statistical evidence through course evaluations for 10 FSPCA facilitated education programs, extension personnel of the Food Science Institute at Kansas State University found that the educational materials are a big help to those in industry and in regulatory agencies.

Preventive dental programs designed to reduce the incidence of gingivitis and periodontal disease have met with only limited success. The advent of behavioural technology offered a possible application to this problem. The present study examined the effects of two behavioural techniques, the Premack Principle and self-monitoring, on the maintenance of preventive dental health behaviour. Experiment 1 attempted to determine the validity of the Premack Principle using both toothbrushing and flossing as instrumental and contingent responses. Twelve female students of a dental assisting instructional program were exposed to various baseline and contingency conditions of brushing and flossing, daily for 11 weeks, according to a single-subject reversal design. When access to the contingent response was prevented, six of the twelve subjects showed a reliable increase in instrumental responding. Compared to baseline performance, six of seven subjects and four of twelve subjects evidenced reinforcement effects due to a contingency which allowed unlimited and. limited access, respectively, to the contingent response. However, increases in instrumental responding observed during these conditions failed to surpass those observed when access to contingent responding was prevented, in all but three subjects. These results would suggest that many observed increases in instrumental responding which are often cited as evidence supporting the Premack Principle may be due in fact simply to the unavailability of the contingent response. Additional theoretical implications of these findings were discussed. Experiment 2 factorially compared two levels of the Premack Principle (contingency vs. no contingency between flossing and brushing) with three levels of self-monitoring (no SM, SM-frequency, and SM-frequency plus evaluation). Ninety first and second year university student volunteers were assigned to one of six treatment groups. Instruction in brushing and flossing technique as well as application of the appropriate experimental manipulation was provided in two instructional sessions. Subjects' oral hygiene was assessed according to a gingival index and a plaque index before, one month following, and seven months following instruction.. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed only a significant Assessment effect. All treatment groups showed an equivalent large degree of improvement in oral hygiene from pre- to one month postinstruction. Improved plaque scores were maintained over the six-month follow-up period; gingival scores, however, were not. A no-treatment control group differed from the six treatment groups only at the one-month postinstructional assessment. These results show.that instructions to implement a contingency between flossing and brushing, and different levels of self-monitoring, failed to augment the short-term gains in oral hygiene produced by instruction in brushing and flossing technique per se. None of the experimental components differentially contributed to maintenance. A third and final experiment examined the effect of the Premack Principle on the maintenance of.effective brushing and flossing within a private dental clinic. Thirty dental patients were alternately assigned to an experimental Premack Principle group or a control group. Subjects of both groups received two sessions of individualized instruction in oral hygiene techniques. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed only a significant Assessment effect, from pre-to three months postinstruction, only for plaque, but not gingival, scores. Instructions to impose a contingency between flossing and brushing failed to produce an effect. The results of this study demonstrated that neither self-monitoring nor instructions to impose a contingency between flossing and brushing contributed to the maintenance of effective oral hygiene behaviour. Self-management programs must become more concerned with the issue of maintenance, particularly following cessation of experimental or therapeutic contact. Implications for maintenance strategies were discussed. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

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Hydraulic steel structures (HSS) are key components of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers infrastructure and are subject to corrosive environments, unpredictable loadings, and extreme conditions. Corrosion can take many forms and can cause costly damage to HSS due to inadequate design of protective measures. There are numerous forms of corrosion that have a negative effect on HSS, as well as material properties that need consideration when design HSS preventive measures. Understanding corrosion and providing proper preventive measures is crucial for HSS. Proper maintenance and repair of these protection systems also play a significant part in corrosion control of HSS.

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For the past several decades, the United States led the world in incarceration rates. With nearly 2.3 million people being held in state or federal prisons or local jails in 2019, incarceration rates in the United States are over four times higher than in other developed countries. Disparities exist by gender, race, ethnicity, and other special populations. Males are 13 times more likely to be incarcerated than females. Additionally, black males are 5.7 times and Hispanic males are 2.8 times more likely to be incarcerated than white males. Individuals who experience incarceration have poorer mental and physical health outcomes. People with criminal records or history of incarceration encounter significant barriers to employment as well. Children of incarcerated parents are more likely to experience poor health outcomes and behavioral issues that increase the risk of future incarceration. One intervention that contributes to higher success of reintegration and can prevent rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration is reentry programs, particularly those with a holistic approach combining employment during and after release, work skills training, mental health and substance use counseling, and support post-release to assist with housing and continued counseling services. Correctional Career Pathways (CCP) is one such program developed and expanded in five Tennessee counties. The first aim of this project was to explore the facilitators, barriers, and impact of the CCP program by analyzing the data collected by the CCP program and highlighting lessons learned in the process. The second aim was to identify opportunities for improvement and sustainability of the CCP by conducting interviews with key partners in CCP implementation across all counties. Information gathered through this project was helpful in creating a roadmap to expand this program to other communities, providing ways to improve the program, and making it more sustainable.

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No / A Web of Prevention provides a timely contribution to the current debate about life science research and its implications for security. It is an informative guide for both experts and the public¿ It is a forward-looking contribution covering both ends of the equation and creates momentum for the current discussion on effective preventive measures and effective control measures¿ While there are no guarantees for preventing misuse, there are nonetheless crucial steps the world community can take towards the overarching goal of a global network for the life sciences. This book sheds light on concrete steps toward the achievement of this worthy goal.¿ This book with its collection of essays provides an in-depth analysis of the various mutually reinforcing elements that together create and strengthen a web of prevention - or of assurance - that is vital to ensure that the advances in the life sciences are not misused to cause harm. All those engaged in the life sciences and in policy making in governments around the world should read this book so they can take steps to strengthen the web preventing biological weapons.¿ Since September 11, 2001 in many countries renewed attention has been given to how research in the life sciences might inadvertently or intentionally facilitate the development of biological or chemical weapons. This state-of-the-art volume examines the full extent of the issues and debates. Coverage includes an overview of recent scientific achievements in virology, microbiology, immunology and genetic engineering with a view to asking how they might facilitate the production of weapons of mass destruction by state, sub-state or terrorist organizations. Consideration is given to what we have and haven¿t learned from the past. Employing both academic analysis and reflections by practitioners, the book examines the security-inspired governance regimes for the life sciences that are under development. Ultimately the authors examine what is required to form a comprehensive and workable `web of prevention¿ and highlight the importance of encouraging discussions between scientists, policy makers and others regarding the governance of vital but potentially dangerous research.