Hydraulic steel structures (HSS) are key components of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers infrastructure and are subject to corrosive environments, unpredictable loadings, and extreme conditions. Corrosion can take many forms and can cause costly damage to HSS due to inadequate design of protective measures. There are numerous forms of corrosion that have a negative effect on HSS, as well as material properties that need consideration when design HSS preventive measures. Understanding corrosion and providing proper preventive measures is crucial for HSS. Proper maintenance and repair of these protection systems also play a significant part in corrosion control of HSS.

No / A Web of Prevention provides a timely contribution to the current debate about life science research and its implications for security. It is an informative guide for both experts and the public¿ It is a forward-looking contribution covering both ends of the equation and creates momentum for the current discussion on effective preventive measures and effective control measures¿ While there are no guarantees for preventing misuse, there are nonetheless crucial steps the world community can take towards the overarching goal of a global network for the life sciences. This book sheds light on concrete steps toward the achievement of this worthy goal.¿ This book with its collection of essays provides an in-depth analysis of the various mutually reinforcing elements that together create and strengthen a web of prevention - or of assurance - that is vital to ensure that the advances in the life sciences are not misused to cause harm. All those engaged in the life sciences and in policy making in governments around the world should read this book so they can take steps to strengthen the web preventing biological weapons.¿ Since September 11, 2001 in many countries renewed attention has been given to how research in the life sciences might inadvertently or intentionally facilitate the development of biological or chemical weapons. This state-of-the-art volume examines the full extent of the issues and debates. Coverage includes an overview of recent scientific achievements in virology, microbiology, immunology and genetic engineering with a view to asking how they might facilitate the production of weapons of mass destruction by state, sub-state or terrorist organizations. Consideration is given to what we have and haven¿t learned from the past. Employing both academic analysis and reflections by practitioners, the book examines the security-inspired governance regimes for the life sciences that are under development. Ultimately the authors examine what is required to form a comprehensive and workable `web of prevention¿ and highlight the importance of encouraging discussions between scientists, policy makers and others regarding the governance of vital but potentially dangerous research.

This thesis is based on noise recordings and health evaluations carried out at preschools in the northern part of Sweden. Sound level recordings were made on individuals and by use of stationary devices in dining rooms and play halls. Health evaluations were based on ratings by use of questionnaires and by analyses of cortisol. The average equivalent individual noise exposure was 71 dB(A). The average equivalent noise levels in the dining room and playing halls were 64 dB(A). The hearing loss of the employees was significantly higher for the frequencies tested than in an unexposed control group. Symptoms of tinnitus were reported among 31% of the employees. Noise annoyance was rated as somewhat to very annoying, and the voices of the children were the most annoying noise source. The dB(A) level and fluctuations of the noise exposure were significantly correlated with the number of children per department. Stress and energy output were pronounced among the employees. About 30% of the staff experienced strong burnout syndromes. Mental recovery was low as indicated by noise fatigue and high levels of stress after work. Increased cortisol levels during work were associated with higher number of children present at the department. An essential finding of the thesis was that noise and noise sources may impair the pedagogic work, thereby increasing the work load of employees. It is concluded that noise exposure in the preschool, isolated or in combination with other stressors, plays a fundamental role in the building up of acute as well as long term stress. An intervention study implementing six acoustical and seven organizational measures was tested, aimed to improve the noise situation in the departments. Acoustical measures improved the noise situation as well as the rated noise experiences better than the organizational measures. / Avhandlingen baseras på ett samarbete med förskoleverksamheten inom Umeå kommun och har innefattat medverkan från 101 pedagoger i delstudie 1 och 24 pedagoger i en delstudie 2. Studie 1 som redovisas i tre delarbeten, I, II och III, har innefattat personburna och stationära bullermätningar i lekhallar och i matsalar. Påverkan på upplevelser samt hälsoeffekter av ljudmiljön har analyserats via frågeformulär och analyser av kortisol. Kontroll av hörselstatus har genomförts via audiometrisk screening. Studie 1 innefattar analys av bullrets effekter på såväl hörselrelaterad (Delarbete I) som stressrelaterad ohälsa (Delarbete II). Olika typer av åtgärder för att förbättra ljudmiljön och minska den bullerrelaterade ohälsan redovisas i delarbete III. Delarbete IV fokuserar på hur samverkan mellan buller och arbetsorganisation kan påverka den stressrelaterade ohälsan. Genomförda analyser av buller visar på förhållandevis likvärdiga bullerexponeringsnivåer förskolor och avdelningar emellan. Skillnaderna i exponeringsnivåer veckodagar emellan var små, skillnader mellan individer var däremot stora. Påtagliga skillnader i exponeringsnivåer förelåg som väntat under arbetsdagen. I synnerhet den personburna bulleranalysen pekade på en bullerexponering med påtagliga inslag av variation och transienter i exponeringen. Ljudmiljön karaktäriserades av medverkande pedagoger som den enskilt mest besvärande arbetsmiljöfaktorn. Barnens röster och ljud från deras aktiviteter klassificerades som de mest besvärande bullerkällorna. Personalen uppvisade sämre hörtrösklar för samtliga testade frekvenser jämfört med svensk ej bullerexponerad referenspopulation. De försämrade hörtrösklarna var relativt låga och föranledde inte i något fall remittering till hörselklinik. Prevalensen för tinnitus var 31 %, vilket motsvarar en överfrekvens på 15-20 %, jämfört med svenskt normalvärde. Ljudtrötthet efter arbetsdagens slut utgjorde ett uttalat symptom bland pedagogerna liksom försämrad sömnkvalitet och förhöjd sömnighet vid uppvaknande. Analyser av arbetsbelastning baserat på skattning och kortisolmätningar, indikerade höga energiuttag under arbete och inslag av utpräglad stress, och i flera fall utbrändhet. Signifikanta samband mellan upplevd dålig ljudmiljö, maskering av tal, försämrade förutsättningar för det pedagogiska arbetet och därmed ökad ohälsa kunde påvisas. Ljudmiljön, såväl nivåer som fluktuationer påverkades på ett uttalat sätt av antalet barn på avdelningen. Detta utgjorde också den enskilt viktigaste faktorn för att förbättra såväl ljudmiljön som den till ljudmiljön relaterade hälsan. Akustiska åtgärder visade sig genomgående mer framgångsrika för att förbättra ljudklimatet än organisatoriska åtgärder.

96 Sanctioning of serious criminal act offenders Abstract The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with general questions concerning the topic of the thesis: how a serious offence can be defined and how offenders who committed such an offence can be punished. The aim of the chapter is to present general ideas and to set the problematic the thesis deals with in detail in a broader context. The second and the third chapter presents the statute law concerning two topics withing the broader topic of the thesis. The second chapter deals with the rules of punishment of sexual offenders according to the Belgian law. The rules are discussed in detail and presented in the context of the criminal law as whole. Several inconsistencies that are caused by a non respect to the consequences of a change in one field of criminal law to another one. The third chapter presents the Belgian complementary punishment of mise à la disposition du tribunal de l'application des peines and the German preventive measure of Sicherungsverwahrung and their brief comparison. Both measures incorporate the same idea - a group of offenders cannot be liberated, even though they have already served their punisment as whole - but they differ in details. The fourth chapter deals with the participation of experts to the...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NEIVA FERNANDA CHINVELSKI DUARTE.pdf: 1293098 bytes, checksum: fe8f5e634b324ea4afbd0b272fae1187 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-04 / This is a sample study (296 respondents) conducted at Castelândia-GO, on the proliferation of Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue. The objective was to understand the behavior of the popular adoption of preventive measures to control dengue. For this objective to be accomplished was established a field research with a quantitative approach, observational, cross-sectional and analytical. The questionnaire was administered by community health agents (CHA) and directed to a family member who was over 18 years. The study identified a neglect with respect to combat the Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue. Most know what it is, how it is transmitted and how it reproduces its vectors, furthermore, are aware of what preventive measures should be taken and know that there are serious forms of the disease, however, do not follow standard recommendations. Therefore strategies that can leave people motivated to fight the vector must be taken by the municipalities. / Trata-se de um estudo amostral (296 entrevistados) realizado no município de Castelândia-GO, sobre a proliferação do Aedes Aegypti, vetor do dengue. O objetivo foi conhecer o comportamento popular sobre a adoção de medidas preventivas para o controle do dengue. Para que este objetivo fosse alcançado estabeleceu-se uma pesquisa de campo com abordagem quantitativa, observacional, transversal e analítica. O questionário foi aplicado pelos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) e dirigido a um membro da família que tivesse acima de 18 anos. O estudo identificou um descaso com relação ao combate do Aedes Aegypti, vetor do dengue. A maioria sabe o que é, como se transmite e como se reproduz o vetor, além disso, tem consciência de quais medidas preventivas devem ser adotadas e sabem que existem formas graves da doença, no entanto, não seguem as recomendações padronizadas. Com isso, estratégias que consigam deixar a população motivada para o combate ao vetor devem ser adotadas pelos municípios.

<p>Utvecklingen inom järnvägssektorn går mot snabbare och mer effektiva transporter, dock begränsas utvecklingen av att det krävs nya och mer utvecklade spår och tåg för att uppnå det. Med dagens infrastruktur och tågmodeller är hastigheter på 200 km/h det maximala. Behovet att öka kapaciteten och införa höghastighetstrafik i Sverige utreds i nuläget. Med höghastighetstrafik avses hastigheter på minst 250 km/h. Banverket har som förvaltare av järnvägen ett sektorsansvar för miljön och således även buller. I och med ökade hastigheter ökar även bullret från tågen. Dessutom uppkommer nya former av buller vid hastigheter över 300 km/h. Det buller som uppstår vid dessa höga hastigheter är så kallat aerodynamiskt buller som kommer av turbulenta luftflöden runt tåget.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att samla in kunskap som finns internationellt angående bulleremissioner och åtgärder mot dessa. Information har samlats in genom en litteraturstudie samt genom personlig kontakt med personer inom den internationella järnvägssektorn. Utifrån kunskapsläget internationellt har en modell skapats med de åtgärder som bedömts viktigast. Tanken med modellen är att ge en bild av de åtgärder mot och källor till bullret som främst kommer av höghastighetstrafik. Men även för att ge Banverket en kompetensgrund att stå på inför en framtida implementering av höghastighetstrafik.</p><p>Bullerskyddsåtgärder som prioriteras internationellt är planeringen om var banan ska dras. Denna åtgärd utreds under planerandefasen vid nybyggnation av bana. I denna fas kan problem likväl skapas som elimineras och det är här som grunden läggs för framtiden. Utvecklingen av tågen och tekniska lösningar som räldämpare, bullerskärmar och optimal design av banunderbyggnaden är även det prioriterade områden inom höghastighetstrafiken internationellt. Då är det främst utveckling av tekniska lösningar för att minimera det aerodynamiska buller som uppkommer samt buller från kontakten mellan hjul och räl.</p><p>Den generella arbetsgången är att fokus ligger på åtgärder mot källbullret. Därefter prioriteras åtgärder som ligger längs ljudutbredningsvägen och sist kommer de åtgärder som tillämpas vid mottagaren av bullret.</p> / <p>The development within the railway sector is heading towards faster and more effective transports. The limitations are that new developments must be applied on the trains as well as the tracks. With the infrastructure and train models that we have today, speeds up to 200 km/h is the maximum speed. The needs to raise the capacity and implement high-speed trains in Sweden are under investigation. The speed of the trains must exceed 250 km/h to be labeled as high-speed trains. Banverket as the infrastructure manager has a responsibility for the environment and the noise pollution created by train traffic. As the speed increases so does the noise as well, but it is also new forms of noise that appear with speeds over 300 km/h. The noise that appears around these velocities is called aerodynamic noise and it is coming from the turbulence in the air around the train.</p><p>The aim of the thesis has been to gather knowledge internationally on the issues concerning noise emissions and measures to prevent them. The information has been gathered thorough a literature survey and by interviews with people within the international railway sector. By the inventory of the knowledge a model has been developed with the issues that are judged to be the most important. The idea with the model is to give a picture of the measures to prevent the noise and sources of the noise that are coming from high-speed traffic. It is also made for Banverket to get the competence to deal with a future implementation of high-speed traffic.</p><p>A noise preventive measures that is prioritized internationally is planning the localization of the track. This measure is treated during the land use planning when a new line should be built. In this phase problems can either be created or eliminated and it is here the foundation is built for the future. The development of the trains and technical solutions such as rail dampers, noise screens and optimal track design are also measures that have high priority internationally. It is mainly the development and the technical solutions to minimize the aerodynamic noise that occurs and also the noise that are emitted from the contact between the wheels and the rail.</p><p>The general working process is that the focus is on reducing the noise from the source. After that the priority is to minimize the noise along the propagation path and at last measures at the recipient.</p>

Utvecklingen inom järnvägssektorn går mot snabbare och mer effektiva transporter, dock begränsas utvecklingen av att det krävs nya och mer utvecklade spår och tåg för att uppnå det. Med dagens infrastruktur och tågmodeller är hastigheter på 200 km/h det maximala. Behovet att öka kapaciteten och införa höghastighetstrafik i Sverige utreds i nuläget. Med höghastighetstrafik avses hastigheter på minst 250 km/h. Banverket har som förvaltare av järnvägen ett sektorsansvar för miljön och således även buller. I och med ökade hastigheter ökar även bullret från tågen. Dessutom uppkommer nya former av buller vid hastigheter över 300 km/h. Det buller som uppstår vid dessa höga hastigheter är så kallat aerodynamiskt buller som kommer av turbulenta luftflöden runt tåget. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att samla in kunskap som finns internationellt angående bulleremissioner och åtgärder mot dessa. Information har samlats in genom en litteraturstudie samt genom personlig kontakt med personer inom den internationella järnvägssektorn. Utifrån kunskapsläget internationellt har en modell skapats med de åtgärder som bedömts viktigast. Tanken med modellen är att ge en bild av de åtgärder mot och källor till bullret som främst kommer av höghastighetstrafik. Men även för att ge Banverket en kompetensgrund att stå på inför en framtida implementering av höghastighetstrafik. Bullerskyddsåtgärder som prioriteras internationellt är planeringen om var banan ska dras. Denna åtgärd utreds under planerandefasen vid nybyggnation av bana. I denna fas kan problem likväl skapas som elimineras och det är här som grunden läggs för framtiden. Utvecklingen av tågen och tekniska lösningar som räldämpare, bullerskärmar och optimal design av banunderbyggnaden är även det prioriterade områden inom höghastighetstrafiken internationellt. Då är det främst utveckling av tekniska lösningar för att minimera det aerodynamiska buller som uppkommer samt buller från kontakten mellan hjul och räl. Den generella arbetsgången är att fokus ligger på åtgärder mot källbullret. Därefter prioriteras åtgärder som ligger längs ljudutbredningsvägen och sist kommer de åtgärder som tillämpas vid mottagaren av bullret. / The development within the railway sector is heading towards faster and more effective transports. The limitations are that new developments must be applied on the trains as well as the tracks. With the infrastructure and train models that we have today, speeds up to 200 km/h is the maximum speed. The needs to raise the capacity and implement high-speed trains in Sweden are under investigation. The speed of the trains must exceed 250 km/h to be labeled as high-speed trains. Banverket as the infrastructure manager has a responsibility for the environment and the noise pollution created by train traffic. As the speed increases so does the noise as well, but it is also new forms of noise that appear with speeds over 300 km/h. The noise that appears around these velocities is called aerodynamic noise and it is coming from the turbulence in the air around the train. The aim of the thesis has been to gather knowledge internationally on the issues concerning noise emissions and measures to prevent them. The information has been gathered thorough a literature survey and by interviews with people within the international railway sector. By the inventory of the knowledge a model has been developed with the issues that are judged to be the most important. The idea with the model is to give a picture of the measures to prevent the noise and sources of the noise that are coming from high-speed traffic. It is also made for Banverket to get the competence to deal with a future implementation of high-speed traffic. A noise preventive measures that is prioritized internationally is planning the localization of the track. This measure is treated during the land use planning when a new line should be built. In this phase problems can either be created or eliminated and it is here the foundation is built for the future. The development of the trains and technical solutions such as rail dampers, noise screens and optimal track design are also measures that have high priority internationally. It is mainly the development and the technical solutions to minimize the aerodynamic noise that occurs and also the noise that are emitted from the contact between the wheels and the rail. The general working process is that the focus is on reducing the noise from the source. After that the priority is to minimize the noise along the propagation path and at last measures at the recipient.

Disertacijoje aprašomas Candida mielių paplitimas įvairiuose substratuose bei žmogų supančioje aplinkoje, aiškinami jų biologiniai savitumai, tiriamos prevencinės priemonės užterštumui šiomis mielėmis sumažinti. Tyrimų metu iš gamtinių substratų (dirvožemio, vandens ir filosferos) maisto produktų, gyvenamosios ir darbo aplinkos oro, žmogaus patologinės medžiagos buvo išskirti ir identifikuoti 498 mielių izoliatai. Candida genčiai priklausančios mielės sudarė 31% visų mielių rūšių. Išskirtos 26 Candida rūšys, iš jų 4 naujos Lietuvos mikobiotai – C. magnoliae, C. saitoana, C. oleophila ir C. sorboxylosa. Ištirti iš įvairių substratų išskirtų Candida mielių morfologiniai, fiziologiniai ir biocheminiai savitumai. Įvertintas C. albicans (C.A.4) ir C. parapsilosis (C.P.1), išskirtų iš maisto produktų, vienkartinių dozių ūmus toksiškumas/patogeniškumas per os ir intraperitonealiai šiltakraujams gyvūnams. Atliktas 11 dezinfekcinių priemonių ir 8 antigrybinių preparatų poveikio patogeninėms Candida mielėms įvertinimas. Nustatytas 12 augalų eterinių aliejų, bakterijų Pantoea citrea (T1x, T2x, T3x) ir Streptomyces sp. (Ux, Ux308) poveikis Candida mielėms. / Aim of the work was to determine the distribution of Candida yeasts in various substrates and the surrounding environment, to define their biological characteristics and preventive measures to reduce the pollution. During the study 498 yeast isolates from soil, water, phyllosphere, food products, human body and the surrounding residential and occupational environment were isolated and identified. It was revealed that they belong to 21 genera and 63 species. Candida yeasts comprised 31% of all isolated yeasts; new to Lithuanian mycobiota species were recorded: C. magnoliae, C. saitoana, C. oleophila and C. sorboxylosa. Assess the Candida yeast morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Acute toxicity/pathogenicity of single doses of C. albicans (C.A.4) and C. parapsilosis (C.P.1) administered per os or intraperitoneally to warm-blooded animals was ascertained. Assessment of the impact of 11 disinfectants and 8 antifungal preparations on pathogenic Candida yeasts was conducted. The effects of 12 essential oils, Pantoea citrea (T1x, T2x, T3x), Streptomyces sp. (Ux, Ux308) on Candida yeasts were determined.

Aim of the work was to determine the distribution of Candida yeasts in various substrates and the surrounding environment, to define their biological characteristics and preventive measures to reduce the pollution. During the study 498 yeast isolates from soil, water, phyllosphere, food products, human body and the surrounding residential and occupational environment were isolated and identified. It was revealed that they belong to 21 genera and 63 species. Candida yeasts comprised 31% of all isolated yeasts; new to Lithuanian mycobiota species were recorded: C. magnoliae, C. saitoana, C. oleophila and C. sorboxylosa. Assess the Candida yeast morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Acute toxicity/pathogenicity of single doses of C. albicans (C.A.4) and C. parapsilosis (C.P.1) administered per os or intraperitoneally to warm-blooded animals was ascertained. Assessment of the impact of 11 disinfectants and 8 antifungal preparations on pathogenic Candida yeasts was conducted. The effects of 12 essential oils, Pantoea citrea (T1x, T2x, T3x), Streptomyces sp. (Ux, Ux308) on Candida yeasts were determined. / Disertacijoje aprašomas Candida mielių paplitimas įvairiuose substratuose bei žmogų supančioje aplinkoje, aiškinami jų biologiniai savitumai, tiriamos prevencinės priemonės užterštumui šiomis mielėmis sumažinti. Tyrimų metu iš gamtinių substratų (dirvožemio, vandens ir filosferos) maisto produktų, gyvenamosios ir darbo aplinkos oro, žmogaus patologinės medžiagos buvo išskirti ir identifikuoti 498 mielių izoliatai. Candida genčiai priklausančios mielės sudarė 31% visų mielių rūšių. Išskirtos 26 Candida rūšys, iš jų 4 naujos Lietuvos mikobiotai – C. magnoliae, C. saitoana, C. oleophila ir C. sorboxylosa. Ištirti iš įvairių substratų išskirtų Candida mielių morfologiniai, fiziologiniai ir biocheminiai savitumai. Įvertintas C. albicans (C.A.4) ir C. parapsilosis (C.P.1), išskirtų iš maisto produktų, vienkartinių dozių ūmus toksiškumas/patogeniškumas per os ir intraperitonealiai šiltakraujams gyvūnams. Atliktas 11 dezinfekcinių priemonių ir 8 antigrybinių preparatų poveikio patogeninėms Candida mielėms įvertinimas. Nustatytas 12 augalų eterinių aliejų, bakterijų Pantoea citrea (T1x, T2x, T3x) ir Streptomyces sp. (Ux, Ux308) poveikis Candida mielėms.

Informacijos apie narkotines medžiagas ir jų keliamą pavojų yra labai daug, tačiau iškyla klausimas, ar minėta informacija išaiškinama mokiniams, ar mokykloje atliekamos prevencijos priemonės prieš narkomanijos plitimą yra efektyvios. Taip pat labai svarbu žinoti, kaip tas pačias prevencijos priemones mokykloje vertina mokiniai, jų tėvai ir mokytojai, nes siekiant veiksmingai vykdyti narkotikų vartojimo prevenciją būtina derinti visų atsakingųjų pusių nuomonę. Atlikta daug įvairių tyrimų, tačiau mažai dėmesio skiriama tyrimams, kokios yra mokykloje taikomos prevencijos priemonės ir kaip jas vertina mokiniai, jų tėvai ir mokytojai. / While conducting preventive activities, it is worth to find out not only the schoolchildren, their parents and school teachers attitudes towards the preventive measures of a preventive job opportunities and organizing activities to be taken into account. As well as the preventive work is important to involve young people themselves in this way, students will feel useful, contributing to the overall performance, which will only achieve even better results.