Alfalfa hay is one of the most important field crops in the United States, its regional price differences are driven by variations in quality, location, seasonality, and other features. This thesis investigates the impact of dairy cow inventories, lagged milk prices, corn prices, and alfalfa hay exports on alfalfa hay prices across regions and states utilizing a panel data. Furthermore, I analyze and depict a spatial economic distribution of alfalfa hay price variations with the support of SAS, ArcMap, and GeoDa. Results indicate that alfalfa hay exports are greatly contributing to higher alfalfa hay prices for the seven exporting states. Domestically, grain markets are highly linked to alfalfa hay markets and lagged milk prices as a derived demand have more influence than dairy cow inventories as a primary demand on alfalfa hay prices. Also, alfalfa hay prices are significantly and considerably different, and have positive spatial autocorrelation across states, following a consistent pattern with the lowest prices in the Midwest. Empirical evidence of this thesis may shed light on optimizing profit for dairy industries with an alternative ratio of fees crops and predicting when/where to sell/buy alfalfa hay for hay industries.

This study addressed two issues. First, it examined the ability of two models, developed by Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (CIR), to explain the differences between futures and implicit forward prices in the thirteen-week T-bill market. The models imply that if future interest rates are stochastic, futures and forward prices differ; the structural difference is due to the daily settlement process required in futures trading. Second, the study determined the efficiency of the thirteen-week T-bill futures market using volatility and regression tests. Volatility tests use variance bounds to examine whether futures prices are excessively volatile for the market to be efficient. Regression tests investigate whether futures prices are unbiased predictors of future spot prices. The study was limited to analysis of the first three futures contracts, using weekly price data as reported in the Wall Street Journal from March, 1976 to December, 1984. Testing of the first CIR model involved determination of whether changes in futures-forward price differences are related to changes in local covariances between T-bill futures and bond prices. The same procedure applied in testing the second model with respect to changes in futures-forward price differences, local covariances between T-bill spot and bond prices, and local variances of bond prices. Volatility tests of market efficiency involved comparison of mean variances on both sides of two inequality equations. Regression tests involved determination of whether slope coefficients are significantly different from zero.

<p>Today’s companies offer their products and services through multiple distribution channels in an increasing extent, in order to reach bigger markets and more customers. Multiple channels result in an increased risk for channel conflict.</p><p>This essay is an exploratory and descriptive study with the purpose to explore some companies’ channel conflicts on the basis of sales commission and price differences. A case study has been made at two different companies and the empirical material has been collected with qualitative interviews.</p><p>We found more channel conflicts in the company that uses sales commissions than in the company that doesn’t. The results show that sales commission affects channel conflicts. Also price differences tend to affect channel conflicts, but due to the absence of a case company, an empirical study has not been accomplished.</p> / <p>Dagens företag säljer i allt större omfattning sina varor och tjänster via flera distributionskanaler för att nå ut till en större marknad och fler kunder. Fler kanaler medför en ökad risk för kanalkonflikt.</p><p>Denna uppsats är en explorativ och beskrivande undersökning med syfte att undersöka ett antal företags kanalkonflikter utifrån parametrarna Provision och Prisskillnader. En fallstudie har genomförts på två olika företag och det empiriska underlaget har samlats in med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer.</p><p>Vi fann fler kanalkonflikter i de företag som använder sig av provisionsbaserad lön än det som inte gör det. Resultaten tyder på att provision påverkar kanalkonflikter. Även prisskillnader tenderar att påverka kanalkonflikter, detta har på grund av frånvaro av undersökningsföretag, dock inte kunnat undersökas empiriskt.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Today’s companies offer their products and services through multiple distribution channels in an increasing extent, in order to reach bigger markets and more customers. Multiple channels result in an increased risk for channel conflict. This essay is an exploratory and descriptive study with the purpose to explore some companies’ channel conflicts on the basis of sales commission and price differences. A case study has been made at two different companies and the empirical material has been collected with qualitative interviews. We found more channel conflicts in the company that uses sales commissions than in the company that doesn’t. The results show that sales commission affects channel conflicts. Also price differences tend to affect channel conflicts, but due to the absence of a case company, an empirical study has not been accomplished. / Dagens företag säljer i allt större omfattning sina varor och tjänster via flera distributionskanaler för att nå ut till en större marknad och fler kunder. Fler kanaler medför en ökad risk för kanalkonflikt. Denna uppsats är en explorativ och beskrivande undersökning med syfte att undersöka ett antal företags kanalkonflikter utifrån parametrarna Provision och Prisskillnader. En fallstudie har genomförts på två olika företag och det empiriska underlaget har samlats in med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer. Vi fann fler kanalkonflikter i de företag som använder sig av provisionsbaserad lön än det som inte gör det. Resultaten tyder på att provision påverkar kanalkonflikter. Även prisskillnader tenderar att påverka kanalkonflikter, detta har på grund av frånvaro av undersökningsföretag, dock inte kunnat undersökas empiriskt.

Diploma thesis is focused on analysis and evaluation of the relationship between gender of target group and prices of consumer goods in various retail chains in the Czech Republic within the categories of drugstore goods and clothing.

This thesis covers two subjects regarding the real estate market in Prague. In the first part, we look for factors that influence the differences between offer and realized prices of residential properties. From our dataset, we identify the area and the time spent on market as the variables with the largest impact on the price differences. Additionally, we find that price differences are spatially correlated and tend to influence each other. Finally, accessibility of the apart- ment to given POI's seems to have a small but significant effect as well. In the second part, we build a neural network to predict the transaction prices per meter squared. After thorough architecture adjustment and hyperparameter tuning, we propose a model which is able to improve the current best prediction on the dataset by more than 12 %.

I study retail prices of sport goods for a particular multinational producer across European countries and in the USA to examine behaviour of the law of one price. Although average prices across all goods in the sample differ only slightly across most of the countries, I find significant price differences for individual goods for almost each country pair, including a group of the states that are generally considered as relatively integrated. The conducted analysis has not confirmed that these differences are caused primarily by various distribution costs. The computed relative prices across products vary significantly once compared internationally even within a group of similar goods of which distribution costs should be the same. The price variation, which prevails even when costs are excluded, points to the existence of strategic pricing and lagging arbitrage.