<p>In this modern period, societal and religious groups are strongly divided regarding the acceptability of abortion. Despite so many attempts by various groups to find a middle ground, the debate on abortion still remains largely polarized, at its most dramatic point with the extreme conservatives claiming abortion to be the moral equivalent of murder and the extreme liberals see it as devoid of moral import. And this polarization is due to the legal battle that continues to shadow moral discussions. An acceptance of an ethical nuance will here play as a concession on the deeply contested question of whether abortion should be a legally protected option for a woman, and to an extent blame for the continued crudeness which can be laid at the doorstep of a moral theory itself. Apparently, the ethical literature on abortion has focused almost exclusively on the tiniest moral assessment on whether and when abortion is morally permissible. This question is a crucial one indeed and its answer is desperately sought in this thesis by exposing the position of the Catholic Church.</p>

In this modern period, societal and religious groups are strongly divided regarding the acceptability of abortion. Despite so many attempts by various groups to find a middle ground, the debate on abortion still remains largely polarized, at its most dramatic point with the extreme conservatives claiming abortion to be the moral equivalent of murder and the extreme liberals see it as devoid of moral import. And this polarization is due to the legal battle that continues to shadow moral discussions. An acceptance of an ethical nuance will here play as a concession on the deeply contested question of whether abortion should be a legally protected option for a woman, and to an extent blame for the continued crudeness which can be laid at the doorstep of a moral theory itself. Apparently, the ethical literature on abortion has focused almost exclusively on the tiniest moral assessment on whether and when abortion is morally permissible. This question is a crucial one indeed and its answer is desperately sought in this thesis by exposing the position of the Catholic Church.

The doctoral thesis tries to reflect the collaboration of Catholic priest with the State Security Service (ŠtB). This is done in two steps. The first part illustrates the historical background based on research of archive materials and testimony of living priests - agents. Results of historical research tell us that it is not possible to assess the collaboration across the board just on the registration of agents in secret police register. Core of historical part is a typology of collaboration. It serves as a base for input to the second ethical part of doctoral thesis. The main goal of ethical part is to find objective criterions for answerable and ethical way out from moral dilemmas. Core of this part is theory about ethical compromise with two normative principles - principle of small evil and principle of double effect. The analysis of small evil didn't get a satisfy way out from the situation of blackmail: in the concrete situation it didn't tell us, which evil is smaller and which is bigger. The principle of double effect showed us, that the collaboration in blackmail situation is without proportionate cause, in other words, is counterproductive to their value in universal perspective. The priests hadn't any guaranty, that after consent with collaboration in blackmail, the damage on their side but...

ABSTRACT BENEFITS OR HARMS OF NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND by Judy Block The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 reauthorizes and extensively amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and establishes control over the majority of federal programs and spending that affect public education. Embedded in the Act are various requirements that states and schools must adhere to as a condition of receiving federal education funds as well as harsh sanctions for failing to meet the requirements. No Child Left Behind notably shifts federal education policy by expanding its role into the areas of standards and assessment, accountability, curricula, discipline and administration, and providership. The Act also exacerbates tensions and blurs the line between competing ideologies of the role and nature of public education. NCLB's dominant reliance on proven research methods and statistical data, and its provisions regarding student assessment, failing schools, and parental choice open the schoolhouse door to commercial marketteers, further transforming public education into a consumer good, classrooms into marketplaces, and students and teachers into immaterial byproducts. No Child Left Behind's requirements often have more than one result, with some results doing more harm than the Act's stated good. The principle of double effect (PDE) provides a lens to evaluate instances where there are two effects of a single act; that is,PDE can explain the permissibility of an action that causes an undesired or harmful effect secondary to promoting some good end. By using philosophical analysis generally, and the principle of double effect specifically, this dissertation examines No Child Left Behind’s implementation requirements, specific programs, and their effects to determine the Act's benefits or harms. The dissertation proceeds with a review of NCLB's historical context and key features, an introduction to the principle of double effect, and a discussion of democratic and market ideologies and their relationship with education. This dissertation recognizes the various populations affected by the Act, but focuses specifically on students with disabilities and the relationship of the principle of double effect to the implications of NCLB. Chapter Four extends the principle of double effect to NCLB's implementation requirements and specific programs to identify their consequences or effects. The dissertation concludes with a synthesis of the questions and problems presented by NCLB and the implications for students, teachers, public education, and our communities.

This thesis deals with the question of just and unjust violence and also compares approach to the just violence today and in the past. It presents comparison of systems of if-conception self-defense and MS-1 self-defense which comes from sindefendology. From this comparison is clear, why it is necessary to refuse all so called if-conceptions self-defense (jujitsu, aikijitsu, karate, kenjitsu or other similar systems). The two main sources of this thesis are sindefendology (science of self-defense) and Christian ethics. The criteria for ethical justification are following: St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa theologiae, Catechism of theCatholic Church and real possibilities of attacked person to defense (with regard to dangers, which come from the situation). It is necessary to distinguish between self-defensive and self-protective situations. This distinction helps to comprehend the nature of combat situation, and therefore also to choose the ethical acceptable actions on time. There are described some cases which shows importance of the knowledge of sindefendology about real possibilities of attacked person. Course of justice without the knowledge of sindefendology and ethics can be unjust for attacked man.