Human accelerated climate change presents a worldwide threat. It is a problem that requires international as well as local solutions. Human accelerated climate change is induced by the release of so called greenhouse gasses (GHG's) as a result of human activity, most notably by converting fossil fuels into energy. GHG's include Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Methane (CH₄), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆). The most notable of these gasses is Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), this gas is released into the atmosphere in vast amounts and is primarily responsible for the human contribution to climate change. In recent years, Governments all over the world have begun implementing strategies in order to decrease the amount of GHG's released into the atmosphere. The South African Government set out a range of options in the National Climate Change Response White Paper that could be used to reduce GHG emissions. The specific option which forms the subject matter of this dissertation is referred to as the Carbon Tax. Stripped down to its bare essentials a Carbon Tax entails that producers of GHG emitting products would pay a tax that corresponds to the amount of CO₂ emitted in the production of that product, or the CO₂ equivalent of the product if it emits one of the other GHG's. This amount of money is then incorporated into the price of the product making those emission intensive products more expensive. Theoretically, this should result in a decline in the consumption of the product and/or cleaner methods to produce the product. The underlying idea is to change consumers' behaviour to promote environmental goals by reducing GHG emissions. Carbon Taxing falls under a category of regulation which is referred to as the 'incentive based approach to environmental regulation' with the incentive being financial or market based. Incentive based measures are used in environmental regulation where traditional command and control measures would be insufficient or where they could be supplemented. This paper will examine the proposed Carbon Taxing regime for South Africa. It will assess the proposed regime in terms of its effectiveness as an instrument to reduce GHG emissions. It will also assess the equitability of the regime by assessing how the tax will affect citizens in different income classes.

This thesis explores selected principles of environmental protection. First, a general introduction to the topic of legal principles is given. It is followed by a description of the approach taken in international environmental law and the environmental law of the European Union. Subsequently, this paper focuses on a theoretical analysis of these selected principles: (i) principle of sustainable development, (ii) preventative principle, (iii) precautionary principle, (iv) polluter pays principle, (v) principle of the highest value, (vi) principle of a high level of protection and finally, (vii) principle of access to information and of public participation. The main attention is paid to the situation in the Czech Republic. The aim was to provide an analysis of the principles of environmental protection in statutory provisions, and of their application by the Czech courts (the Supreme Administrative Court in particular). However, also a brief comparative description of the Austrian approach to the discussed topic is given. Finally, the research results are discussed and conclusions concerning the effectiveness of the environmental principles application are drawn. In order to improve the current situation, several recommendations de lege ferenda are listed. The principles of environmental protection...

The thesis presents an investigation of the direct and indirect impact of environmental legal principles on international nuclear law and the regulation of nuclear activities, seeking to offer an up-to-date material for decision-making institutions and society on the main challenges that are necessary to overcome in order to reach the situation where nuclear energy could in the most effective way contribute to the implementation of environmental aims and where the environment could be adequately protected against any risks of the possible transboundary damage caused by nuclear activities developed for peaceful purposes (the analysis carried out in the thesis adopts an ecocentric rather than anthropocentric approach). The environmental legal principles chosen as an object for the analysis are those that provide for the guidelines and directions for the development of the international norms of nuclear law as well as lay down the regime for protecting natural environment (environmental safeguards) and international liability for environmental damage caused as a result of nuclear activities (i.e., the principles of cooperation, sustainable development, prevention, precaution, polluter pays, and the principle of information). After defining the points of interaction between international environmental law and nuclear law, the analysis proceeds with the examination of problems related to the evolution of environmental legal principles and their perspectives in the area of the... [to full text] / Disertacijoje nagrinėjama tiesioginė ir netiesioginė aplinkos teisės principų įtaka tarptautinei branduolinei teisei ir branduolinės energetikos objektų reguliavimui, siekiant informuoti sprendimus priimančias institucijas ir visuomenę apie pagrindinius iššūkius, kuriuos reikia įveikti siekiant, kad branduolinė energetika kiek įmanoma veiksmingiau prisidėtų įgyvendinant aplinkosauginius tikslus, o aplinka būtų tinkamai apsaugota nuo taikiais tikslais vystomos branduolinės veiklos keliamos tarpvalstybinės žalos rizikos (analizės metu vyrauja ekocentrinis, o ne antropocentrinis požiūris). Analizės objektu pasirinkti tie aplinkos teisės principai, kurie numato gaires tarptautinėms branduolinės teisės normoms plėtotis, nustato gamtos apsaugos režimą (saugiklius) bei tarptautinę atsakomybę, atsirandančią dėl branduolinės energetikos objektų sukelto žalingo poveikio aplinkai (t.y. bendradarbiavimo, darnaus vystymosi, prevencijos, atsargumo, teršėjas moka ir informavimo principai). Nurodžius tarptautinės aplinkos teisės ir branduolinės teisės sąlyčio taškus, toliau nagrinėjamos problemos dėl aplinkos teisės principų raidos ir perspektyvų branduolinės energetikos objektų reglamentavimo srityje, pateikiama susijusi nacionalinių ir tarptautinių ginčų sprendimo institucijų dėl branduolinės energetikos objektų praktika, atsakoma į klausimą, kuris iš minėtų aplinkos teisės principų veikimo modelių – tiesioginis ar netiesioginis – yra veiksmingesnis siekiant įgyvendinti užsibrėžtus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-05T14:46:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO NUNES DA SILVA.pdf: 814867 bytes, checksum: eaeace88d325760adf2688c0cd58d28b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T14:46:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO NUNES DA SILVA.pdf: 814867 bytes, checksum: eaeace88d325760adf2688c0cd58d28b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / The purpose of this essay is to analyze the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, in the field of international debates about the climate as a guidance principle of debates. The differentiated responsibility, which came out in the establishment of goals to equalize the levels of emission of greenhouse gases only to developed countries (Parties in the Annex I), is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities adopted by the Framework Convention, and it usually commands the relations between developed and developing countries and even the global hope to create a new agreement post-Kyoto. Beyond this principle, we will also study others that help in understanding the environmental protection in the international field. The essay also has the purpose to analyze the practices and perspectives for the common but differentiated responsibilities in a global scope, especially the developments of the principle in the new series of climate negotiations; / Esta dissertação tem por escopo a análise do princípio das responsabilidades comuns, porém diferenciadas, no âmbito das negociações internacionais do clima, como princípio balizador das discussões. A responsabilização diferenciada, que resultou no estabelecimento de metas de estabilização dos níveis de emissão de gases do efeito estufa apenas para os países desenvolvidos (Partes do Anexo I), é baseada no princípio da responsabilidade comum, porém diferenciada, adotado pela Convenção-Quadro, e que rege usualmente as relações entre os países desenvolvidos e os países em desenvolvimento e ainda a expectativa global na construção de um novo acordo pós Kyoto. Além deste princípio estudaremos também outros que ajudam na compreensão à proteção ao meio ambiente no cenário internacional. A dissertação visa também analisar as práticas e perspectivas para as responsabilidades comuns, mas diferenciadas em âmbito global especialmente os desdobramentos do princípio nas novas rodadas de negociação do clima;