No description available.

Due to legal uncertainty surrounding the application of key provisions of European and UK data protection law, the public interest in protecting individuals’ informational privacy is routinely neglected, as are the public interests in certain uses of data. Consent or anonymisation are often treated as the paradigmatic example of compliance with data protection law, even though both are unable to attend to the full range of rights and interests at stake in data processing. Currently, where data processing may serve a realisable public interest, and consent or anonymisation are impracticable (if not impossible to obtain) the public interest conditions to processing are the rational alternative justifications for processing. However, the public interest conditions are poorly defined in the legislation, and misunderstood and neglected in practice. This thesis offers a much-needed alternative to the predominant consent-or-anonymise paradigm by providing a new understanding of the public interest concept in data protection law and to suggest a new approach to deploying the concept in a way that is consistent with the protective and facilitative aims of the legislation. Through undertaking legislative analysis new insight is provided on the purpose of the public interest conditions in data protection law, revealing critical gaps in understanding. By engaging with public interest theory and discovering the conceptual contours of the public interest, these gaps are addressed. Combined with the insight obtained from the legislative history, we can determine the reasonable range of circumstances and types of processing where it may be justifiable to use personal data based on the public interest. On this basis, and to develop a new approach for deploying the concept, other legal uses of the public interest are examined. The lessons learned suggest legislative and procedural elements that are critical to successful deployment of the public interest concept in data protection. The thesis concludes with the identification of key components to allow a clearer understanding of the public interest in this field. Further, these insights enable recommendations to be made, to reform the law, procedure and guidance. In doing so, the concept of the public interest can be confidently deployed in line with the aims of data protection law, to both protect and facilitate the use of personal data.

Improvement in information communication technology (ICT) is one of the factors behind growth in economic productivity. A major dimension of this is the use of the Internet in e-commerce, allowing companies to collect, store, and exchange personal information obtained from visitors to their websites. Electronic commerce has many different variants, and is believed by many governments throughout the world to be the engine of economic stability in the future. While electronic commerce has many benefits, there is evidence to suggest privacy concerns are an inhibitor to its adoption in Jordan and the UK. According to Campbell (1997, p.45), privacy in this context can be defined as “the ability of individuals to determine the nature and extent of information about them which is being communicated to others”. The importance of information in e-commerce has increased, because the main success factor for the completion of transactions between businesses and consumers is the companies’ ability to access consumers’ personal details. This conflicts with the consumers’ fear of providing personal information to un-trusted parties, which makes them disinterested in entering contracts via the internet. This research discusses privacy concerns as an inhibitor for electronic commerce by providing a comparison between UK and Jordanian regulations, to establish the impact that these regulations have ameliorating privacy concerns regarding the development of electronic commerce in Jordan and the UK. The interpretive grounded theory approach has allowed the researcher to gain a deep understanding about privacy perceptions of electronic commerce held by the main stakeholders: government, businesses and consumers. Furthermore, through implementing the Straussian grounded theory approach as a data collection and analysis method, two grounded theories have emerged as giving deeper understanding of the situation in Jordan and the UK regarding privacy concerns and how this affects electronic commerce development in both countries.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 22-25).

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2008. / Typescript. Supplemental CD-ROM contains the thesis as a Microsoft Word document. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 24-25).

Personal data is increasingly conceived as a tradable asset. Markets for personal information are emerging and new ways of valuating individuals' data are being proposed. At the same time, legal obligations over protection of personal data and individuals' concerns over its privacy persist. This article outlines some of the economic, technical, social, and ethical issues associated with personal data markets, focusing on the privacy challenges they raise.

This thesis investigates the potentially complex power effects generated in Online Social Networking Sites (‘OSNS’), such as YouTube and Facebook, when legal values, such as copyright and personal data, are protected and/or violated. In order to develop this analysis, in Chapter Two, I critically analyse key academic writings on internet regulation and argue that I need to move away from the dominant ‘regulatory’ lens to my Actor-Network Theory-Foucauldian Power Lens (‘ANT-Foucauldian Power Lens’) in order to be able to capture the potentially complex web of power effects generated in YouTube and Facebook when copyright and personal data are protected and/or violated. In Chapter Three, I develop my ANT-Foucauldian Power Lens and explore how key ANT ideas such as translation can be used in conjunction with Foucauldian ideas such as governmentality. I utilise my ANT-Foucauldian Power Lens in Chapters Four to Seven to analyse how YouTube and Facebook are constructed as heterogeneous, contingent and precarious ‘actor-networks’ and I map in detail the complex power effects generated from specific local connections. I argue five key points. Firstly, I suggest that complex, multiple, and contingent power effects are generated when key social, legal, and technological actants are locally, contingently, and precariously ‘fitted together’ in YouTube and Facebook when copyright and personal data are protected and/or violated. Secondly, I argue that ‘materialities’ play key roles in maintaining the power effects generated by specific local connections. Thirdly, I argue that there are close links between power and ‘spatialities’ through my analysis of the Privacy Settings and Tagging in Facebook. Fourthly, I argue that my relational understandings of YouTube and Facebook generate a more comprehensive view of the power effects of specific legal elements such as how specific territorial laws in YouTube gain their authority by virtue of their durable and heterogeneous connections. Finally, I argue that we can extrapolate from my empirical findings to build a small-scale theory about the power effects generated in OSNS when legal values are protected and/or violated. Here I also consider the contributions made by my research to three distinct fields, namely, internet regulation, socio-legal studies, and actor-network theory.

Augmented Reality (AR) Anwendungen finden zunehmend den Weg auf Smartphones und Tablets und etablieren sich stetig weiter in unseren Alltag. Bislang waren spezielle Drittanbieter-Entwicklungsumgebungen (SDKs) wie Vuforia für die Entwicklung von AR Anwendungen notwendig, um die teils komplexe Erkennung von Objekten und Umgebungen für eine positionsgetreue Darstellung von Texten und virtuellen 3D-Modellen zu ermöglichen. Heutet bieten die Hersteller der mobilen Betriebssysteme eigene SDKs, wie z.B. Google mit ARCore für eine Reihe von Smartphones und Tablets auf Android-Basis, an. Apple kaufte 2015 die Firma metaio, welche bis dato eines der leistungsstärksten AR-SDKs angeboten hat. Seit 2017 ist das SDK vollständig in das Betriebssystem integriert und lässt sich von jedem Entwickler wie jede andere Standardfunktionalität des Betriebssystems nutzen [...] Ermöglicht wird die virtuelle Positionierung über die visuell-inertiale Odometrie (VIO), bei den markanten Punkten in jedem einzelnen Kamerabild des Videostreams der Smartphone Kamera verglichen und zusätzlich mit den detektierten Bewegungen über die integrierte Bewegungs-und Beschleunigungssensoren des Smartphones abgleichen werden. Durch dieses Verfahren lassen sich digitale, dreidimensionale Abbilder der Umgebung erzeugen, ohne spezielle Kameras mit Tiefensensoren oder Stereokameras nutzen zu müssen. Die Nutzung von AR erfreut sich unter den Anwendern immer größerer Beliebtheit. Dabei ist den Anwendern häufig nicht klar, dass die anfallenden Daten, welche durch die VIO generiert werde, auch Auswertungen ermöglichen, die einen erheblichen Eingriff in die Privatsphäre bedeuten. [... aus der Einleitung]