Privacy is becoming increasingly important due to the advent of e-commerce, but is equally important in other application domains. Domain applications frequently require customers to divulge many personal details about themselves that must be protected carefully in accordance with privacy principles and regulations. Here, we define a privacy ontology to support the provision of privacy and help derive the level of privacy associated with transactions and applications. The privacy ontology provides a framework for developers and service providers to guide and benchmark their applications and systems with regards to the concepts of privacy and the levels and dimensions experienced. Furthermore, it supports users or data subjects with the ability to describe their own privacy requirements and measure them when dealing with other parties that process personal information. The ontology developed captures the knowledge of the domain of privacy and its quality aspects, dimensions and assessment criteria. It is composed of a core ontology, which we call generic privacy ontology and application domain specific extensions, which commit to some of application domain concepts, properties and relationships as well as all of the generic privacy ontology ones. This allows for an evaluation of privacy dimensions in different application domains and we present case studies for two different application domains, namely a restricted B2C e-commerce scenario as well as a restricted hospital scenario from the medical domain.

China has implemented social control mechanisms that operates through various technologies, such as surveillance, a social credit system and online censorship.  The aim is to gain insight in how these mechanisms might infringe on the human rights of their citizens, and especially the minority group Uyghur. The thesis uses a content analysis method that draws on theories and concepts of biopower, panopticism and governance. The analysis shows that various mechanisms and regulations implemented by the State is to promote  compliance and a harmonious society and that trust breaking can lead to implications .The conclusion holds that all citizens are being affected by the CCP’s mechanisms and ideology, but the group that is mainly deprived of their rights are the Uyghurs living in Xinjiang.