Magister Legum - LLM / The fragmented approach of provinces in the use of legislation and policies, coupled with the uncertainty of key terms in the context of section 139(1) of the Constitution, have resulted in provincial executives not being consistent or not always complying with the use of the steps necessary for interventions in terms of section 139(1) of the Constitution. In order to assess the impact of the fragmented approach and uncertainties on how provincial executives apply the above mentioned steps, this study answers eight questions designed to test the way in which provincial executives applied the aforementioned steps and the effectiveness of the use of aforementioned interventions. The assessment is based on the tallies from the answers to the eight questions, and the grouping of these answers in accordance with the tallies. Each of the three main groups characterises how the relevant provincial executives applied the steps necessary for the use of interventions in terms of section 139(1) of the Constitution for the last five years. The fourth group assesses the effectiveness of such interventions. The answers are derived from the data relating to the notices to the Minister and NCOP, and complemented by the progress reports from the Minister and NCOP. The findings of the four groupings are as follows: the first group presented the steps which present no difficulty in terms of compliance; the second group presented the steps which provincial executives mostly complied with but which at times present some difficulty; and the third group presented those steps which are problematic. The fourth group determined that the effectiveness of the role of provinces in the use of interventions in terms of section 139(1) of the Constitution is questionable due to the repetition and duration of a number of interventions. In order to address the issue of non-compliance by provincial executives with the steps necessary for the use of interventions, the study recommends the drafting of legislation and formulation of clear policy guidelines which will ensure a consistent, coherent and uniform approach when invoking interventions.

1 ABSTRACT Procedural requirements of civil proceedings My thesis deals with the issues of procedural requirements of civil proceedings, that are sometimes termed also as requirements of proceedings. This term refers to the legal institute, that creates the legal framework for realization of the right to the judicial protection, because the fulfillment of these statutory requirements is one of the fundamental assumptions for hearing of the case and for the issuance of decision in the civil proceedings. Systematically my work is divided into two parts, namely into the general part and the special part. These two parts in total consists of seven chapters. Particular chapters are subsequently divided into the subchapters and each of them into the sections. While the general part consisting of the first three chapters concerns with the general view on the issues of procedural requirements, remaining four chapters of the special part deal with the particular procedural requirements in more detail. The first chapter aims to define as precisely as possible the term of procedural requirements and also potential discrepancies in its interpretation. It involves also the fundamental classification of procedural requirements. Chapter no. 2 analyses the research of procedural requirements, that occurs at any time during...

The home of a debtor has never enjoyed specific statutory protection against forced sale in the individual debt enforcement and insolvency procedures in South Africa. In Jaftha v Schoeman and Others; Van Rooyen v Stoltz and Others (2005 (2) SA 140 (CC)) and Gundwana v Steko Development CC and Others (2011 (3) SA 608 (CC)), the Constitutional Court recognised that in the individual debt enforcement process execution against a debtor's home, even where it has been mortgaged in favour of a creditor, may constitute an unjustifiable infringement of the right to have access to adequate housing, provided by section 26 of the Constitution. The effect of these decisions is that, in every case in which a creditor seeks to execute against a person's home, a court must consider "all the relevant circumstances" to determine whether execution is justifiable, in terms of section 36 of the Constitution. The absence of a properly constructed framework, incorporating clear substantive and procedural requirements, within which these recently established principles must be applied, has led to divergent approaches in the courts and a lack of clarity regarding circumstances in which execution against a debtor's home will be permitted. Further, courts have not considered the impact of section 26 and other rights on the position where a debtor's home is realised by the trustee of an insolvent estate in terms of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. This has given rise to a number of unanswered questions as well as to a lack of predictability that potentially hold adverse consequences for bond finance, commerce, and the economy generally. The need to balance the competing interests emphasises the necessity for a coherent contextual framework within which forced sale of a debtor's home may occur. This thesis examines issues surrounding forced sale of a debtor's home in South Africa. It compares the position in other legal systems and suggests mechanisms and an appropriate method, or process, for inclusion in statutory provisions to regulate the forced sale of a debtor's home in both the individual debt enforcement and insolvency procedures in South Africa. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar a regulamentação da exclusão extrajudicial de sócio na sociedade empresária limitada no direito brasileiro, tendo como núcleo da pesquisa a incidência e aplicação das disposições do artigo 1.085 do Código Civil sobre o tema, a partir do qual são abordados os requisitos de ordem material e procedimental necessários para que se possa lançar mão de tal ferramenta jurídica, que tem por principal objetivo a proteção da empresa e de sua continuidade diante dos atos de inegável gravidade praticados pelos sócios minoritários. Busca-se analisar os elementos que permitam uma compreensão do instituto a fim de facilitar e disseminar sua utilização. Para tanto, aborda-se no primeiro capítulo os pressupostos deontológicos do contrato de sociedade limitada no direito brasileiro, com a análise dos deveres dos sócios e da utilização do fim social como parâmetro interpretativo da conduta dos sócios frente tais deveres. No segundo capitulo é abordada a justa causa da exclusão extrajudicial de sócio no Código Civil brasileiro, sendo realizada a apresentação das justas causas da exclusão judicial e extrajudicial de sócio, para que, posteriormente, seja abordado o conceito de atos de inegável gravidade que coloquem em risco a continuidade da empresa. No terceiro parágrafo são analisados os requisitos prévios ao conclave no qual será tomada a deliberação de exclusão de sócio. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo são abordados os requisitos formais relativos ao conclave no qual a deliberação do sócio será tomada. / This master thesis proposes to examine the regulation of the non-judicial expel of a partner from the limited liability companies in the Brazilian Law. The research has as its core the provisions of the article 1085 of the Brazilian Civil Code, from which it examines the material and the procedural requirements for the company to use the legal tool represented by the non-judicial expel of a partner. The main purpose of such non-judicial expel is to protect the company and the continuity of its enterprise, regarding the undeniable gravity of acts committed by the minority of shareholders. This essay aims to analyse the elements that allow an understanding of the institute to facilitate and disseminate their use. For that, it is discussed in the first chapter the ethical assumptions of the limited liability companies in the Brazilian Law, with the analysis of the partners duties and the use of the company purposes as an interpretative parameter of the members conduct considering those duties. In the second chapter it is addressed the cause of the non-judicial expel of a partner in the Brazilian Civil Code. In this part of the essay, the causes of judicial and non-judicial expel of a partner will be compared to gather the elements to analyse the concept used by the article 1085 of the Brazilian Civil Code: the acts of undeniable gravity to bring the enterprise continuity into risk. In the third chapter, the requirements prior to the conclave, in which the determination of expel of a partner will be taken, are analysed. Finally, the fourth chapter examines the formal requirements concerning the conclave in which the expel of the partner will be decided.

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar a regulamentação da exclusão extrajudicial de sócio na sociedade empresária limitada no direito brasileiro, tendo como núcleo da pesquisa a incidência e aplicação das disposições do artigo 1.085 do Código Civil sobre o tema, a partir do qual são abordados os requisitos de ordem material e procedimental necessários para que se possa lançar mão de tal ferramenta jurídica, que tem por principal objetivo a proteção da empresa e de sua continuidade diante dos atos de inegável gravidade praticados pelos sócios minoritários. Busca-se analisar os elementos que permitam uma compreensão do instituto a fim de facilitar e disseminar sua utilização. Para tanto, aborda-se no primeiro capítulo os pressupostos deontológicos do contrato de sociedade limitada no direito brasileiro, com a análise dos deveres dos sócios e da utilização do fim social como parâmetro interpretativo da conduta dos sócios frente tais deveres. No segundo capitulo é abordada a justa causa da exclusão extrajudicial de sócio no Código Civil brasileiro, sendo realizada a apresentação das justas causas da exclusão judicial e extrajudicial de sócio, para que, posteriormente, seja abordado o conceito de atos de inegável gravidade que coloquem em risco a continuidade da empresa. No terceiro parágrafo são analisados os requisitos prévios ao conclave no qual será tomada a deliberação de exclusão de sócio. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo são abordados os requisitos formais relativos ao conclave no qual a deliberação do sócio será tomada. / This master thesis proposes to examine the regulation of the non-judicial expel of a partner from the limited liability companies in the Brazilian Law. The research has as its core the provisions of the article 1085 of the Brazilian Civil Code, from which it examines the material and the procedural requirements for the company to use the legal tool represented by the non-judicial expel of a partner. The main purpose of such non-judicial expel is to protect the company and the continuity of its enterprise, regarding the undeniable gravity of acts committed by the minority of shareholders. This essay aims to analyse the elements that allow an understanding of the institute to facilitate and disseminate their use. For that, it is discussed in the first chapter the ethical assumptions of the limited liability companies in the Brazilian Law, with the analysis of the partners duties and the use of the company purposes as an interpretative parameter of the members conduct considering those duties. In the second chapter it is addressed the cause of the non-judicial expel of a partner in the Brazilian Civil Code. In this part of the essay, the causes of judicial and non-judicial expel of a partner will be compared to gather the elements to analyse the concept used by the article 1085 of the Brazilian Civil Code: the acts of undeniable gravity to bring the enterprise continuity into risk. In the third chapter, the requirements prior to the conclave, in which the determination of expel of a partner will be taken, are analysed. Finally, the fourth chapter examines the formal requirements concerning the conclave in which the expel of the partner will be decided.

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar a regulamentação da exclusão extrajudicial de sócio na sociedade empresária limitada no direito brasileiro, tendo como núcleo da pesquisa a incidência e aplicação das disposições do artigo 1.085 do Código Civil sobre o tema, a partir do qual são abordados os requisitos de ordem material e procedimental necessários para que se possa lançar mão de tal ferramenta jurídica, que tem por principal objetivo a proteção da empresa e de sua continuidade diante dos atos de inegável gravidade praticados pelos sócios minoritários. Busca-se analisar os elementos que permitam uma compreensão do instituto a fim de facilitar e disseminar sua utilização. Para tanto, aborda-se no primeiro capítulo os pressupostos deontológicos do contrato de sociedade limitada no direito brasileiro, com a análise dos deveres dos sócios e da utilização do fim social como parâmetro interpretativo da conduta dos sócios frente tais deveres. No segundo capitulo é abordada a justa causa da exclusão extrajudicial de sócio no Código Civil brasileiro, sendo realizada a apresentação das justas causas da exclusão judicial e extrajudicial de sócio, para que, posteriormente, seja abordado o conceito de atos de inegável gravidade que coloquem em risco a continuidade da empresa. No terceiro parágrafo são analisados os requisitos prévios ao conclave no qual será tomada a deliberação de exclusão de sócio. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo são abordados os requisitos formais relativos ao conclave no qual a deliberação do sócio será tomada. / This master thesis proposes to examine the regulation of the non-judicial expel of a partner from the limited liability companies in the Brazilian Law. The research has as its core the provisions of the article 1085 of the Brazilian Civil Code, from which it examines the material and the procedural requirements for the company to use the legal tool represented by the non-judicial expel of a partner. The main purpose of such non-judicial expel is to protect the company and the continuity of its enterprise, regarding the undeniable gravity of acts committed by the minority of shareholders. This essay aims to analyse the elements that allow an understanding of the institute to facilitate and disseminate their use. For that, it is discussed in the first chapter the ethical assumptions of the limited liability companies in the Brazilian Law, with the analysis of the partners duties and the use of the company purposes as an interpretative parameter of the members conduct considering those duties. In the second chapter it is addressed the cause of the non-judicial expel of a partner in the Brazilian Civil Code. In this part of the essay, the causes of judicial and non-judicial expel of a partner will be compared to gather the elements to analyse the concept used by the article 1085 of the Brazilian Civil Code: the acts of undeniable gravity to bring the enterprise continuity into risk. In the third chapter, the requirements prior to the conclave, in which the determination of expel of a partner will be taken, are analysed. Finally, the fourth chapter examines the formal requirements concerning the conclave in which the expel of the partner will be decided.