The water footprint is a multidimensional indicator which was created to quantify the total volume of freshwater used for various purposes. With the water footprint it is possible to determine the volume and type of water used directly and indirectly during the production in a given place and time. The data related to the water footprints of products are utilized in the evaluation of the international trade with goods, too (a concept of virtual water used for the analysis of water stress export out of the country which imports water-intensive products). The greatest amount of water is used globally in the agriculture, so the agricultural products are the ones with the highest water footprints. The focus of concern is the water footprint of an agriculture production and the aim of this work is to bring the first results regarding the water footprint of the cow milk in the Czech Republic and also to evaluate a methodology of its calculation. Two dairy farms dealing with a market production of milk from the Liberec region were chosen for the research. The farm Rváčov is oriented to an intensive milk production and on the other hand the farm Bzí is a system with mixed elements of extensive and intensive characters of the dairy production. For the comparison of the milk production effectiveness we have...

O rural está deixando de ser percebido apenas como espaço de produção agrícola para ser encarado como detentor de múltiplas funções de interesse geral da sociedade. O reconhecimento de funções sociais, ambientais e culturais da agricultura faz com que a população rural esteja no foco de novas políticas públicas de desenvolvimento. O enfoque da multifuncionalidade da agricultura busca construir um aparato teórico-metodológico para compreender essas funções e dar subsídio à formulação e avaliação dessas políticas. Dentre estas políticas, a de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais para a Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos (PSA-Água) se destaca por reconhecer a proteção dos recursos hídricos como inerente ao rural. Neste sentido, o trabalho analisou como os projetos de pagamento por serviços ambientais destinados à conservação dos recursos hídricos estão influenciando dimensões da reprodução, manutenção e valorização das condições sociais, econômicas e ambientais da agricultura familiar nos diferentes contextos onde estão implementados na porção Mata Atlântica dos estados da região sudeste brasileira. Além de entender casos específicos, buscou-se estabelecer uma compreensão mais ampla do mecanismo de PSA como política pública para a agricultura familiar no Brasil. Usou-se o método de estudo de caso, pesquisando os projetos: Conservador das Águas em Extrema-MG, ProdutorES de Água em Alfredo Chaves-ES e o Projeto Piloto no PCJ em Joanópolis e Nazaré Paulista-SP. Desenvolveu-se quatro níveis de análise: 1) teórico, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica; 2) institucional-legal, por meio de uma análise de conteúdo dos documentos legais que criam os projetos; 3) dos atores institucionais, por meio de entrevistas gravadas com os formuladores, gestores e executores dos projetos; e, 4) dos proprietários rurais, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas junto aos participantes e não participantes dos projetos. Identificou-se que, no campo teórico, as noções de multifuncionalidade da agricultura e de serviços ambientais se inter-relacionam, mas emergem sob referências distintas, o que torna instigante a mobilização da primeira para o exame dos projetos de PSA-Água no que se refere à sua capacidade de reconhecer e valorizar as múltiplas funções da agricultura familiar. As dimensões privilegiadas destes PSA-Água são: o direito de propriedade, a racionalidade econômica, o conhecimento técnico-científico e a conservação ambiental. Estas dimensões constituem eixos em torno dos quais os atores institucionais trabalharam para a existência dos projetos, o que relegou para segundo plano a perspectiva de construir uma política agroambiental com base na agricultura familiar. Estes atores atuaram menos para aumentar ou melhorar as condições dos serviços ambientais e mais para reforçar as instituições nas quais estão engajados. A implementação dos projetos ocorreu em contextos onde há perfis socioeconômicos heterogêneos de proprietários rurais. As tomadas de decisões ocorreram no entanto pouco levando em conta as dinâmicas sociais, econômicas e culturais em torno dos agricultores familiares. Assim, poucos impactos significativamente positivos sobre estas dimensões podem ser observados. Seja como for, foram os agricultores familiares os que mais contribuíram com o cumprimento das metas ambientais dos projetos. Concluiu-se que os projetos de PSA-Água analisados enquanto dispositivo de políticas públicas pouco valorizam o conjunto de funções da agricultura familiar no Brasil. / The country is ceasing to be perceived only as a space for agricultural production to be seen as multiple functions in the general interest of society holder. The recognition of social, environmental and cultural functions of agriculture makes the rural population is the focus of new public development policies. The focus of the multifunctionality of agriculture seeks to build a theoretical - methodological apparatus to understand these functions and give allowance to the formulation and evaluation of policies. Among these policies, Payment by (PSA - Water) Environmental Conservation Services Water Resources stands for recognizing the protection of water resources as a function of the countryside. In this sense, the work analyzed as payment for environmental services projects for the conservation of water resources are influencing dimensions of reproduction, maintenance and enhancement of social, economic and environmental conditions of family farming in the different contexts in which they are implemented in the Atlantic Forest portion of states of southeastern Brazil. Thus, in addition to understanding specific cases, we sought to establish a broader understanding of the PSA mechanism as public policy for family farming in Brazil. We used the method of study of case, surveying projects: Conservative Waters in Extrema, Minas Gerais water producers in Alfredo Chaves - ES and the Pilot Project the PCJ in Joanópolis and Nazaré Paulista - SP. Developed four levels of analysis: 1) theory, through a literature search; 2) institutional-legal, through a content analysis of legal documents that create the projects; 3) the institutional actors, through recorded interviews with the makers, managers and implementers of projects; and, 4) the landowners, through semi-structured interviews with participants and non-participants of the projects. It was found that, in theory, the notions of multifunctionality of agriculture and environmental services are interrelated, but emerge under different references, which makes it exciting mobilization from the first to the examination of PSA - Water projects as refers to its ability to recognize and value the multiple functions of family farming. The privileged dimensions of these PSA-Water are: the right to property, economic rationality, technical and scientific knowledge and environmental conservation. These dimensions are axes around which the institutional actors worked for the existence of the projects, which relegated to the background the prospect of building a agrienvironmental policy based on family farming. These actors acted less to increase or improve the conditions of environmental services and more to strengthen the institutions in which they are engaged. The implementation of the projects took place in contexts where there are heterogeneous socioeconomic profiles of landowners. Decision making occurred however little taking into account the social, economic and cultural dynamics around the family farmers. Thus, few significantly positive impacts on these dimensions can be observed. In any case, it was the farmers who most contributed to the achievement of the targets of the projects. It was concluded that PSA - Water projects analyzed as little public policies device value the wide range of functions of family farming in Brazil.

Ozonation has been utilized for water treatment for over 100 years. During that time, the range of applications has grown considerably, and includes the remediation of nursery and greenhouse irrigation water. Ozone is dissolved into irrigation water to kill pathogens and degrade chemical contaminants. By convention, growers remove ozone from solutions, prior to distribution to the crop, to avoid phytotoxic effects. The available literature regarding aqueous ozone (O3(aq)) phytotoxicity is limited, making this a sagacious practice, although the removal does preclude any ancillary benefits beyond the point of treatment. The effects of applying O3(aq) under two irrigation systems are examined. Initial studies suggested O3(aq) concentrations as high as 20 mg⋅L-1 could be applied directly to mineral wool substrate in a limited (one time) fashion without a negative response. To be effective as a remediation tool, however, ozone would need to be applied more frequently (e.g. daily). The effects of daily O3(aq) application, via drip irrigation in mineral wool hydroponic tomato culture, was examined. In the first of two studies, daily applications of 3.0 mg⋅L-1 O3(aq) elicited an overall positive growth response. In a follow-up study, 6.0 mg L-1 elicited a negative response. Nursery operators often utilize overhead irrigation. A study was conducted to determine if overhead irrigation utilizing O3(aq) was compatible with select woody perennial nursery species. The amount of ozone lost from solution during application was examined, as well as crop response to the ozone environment generated. It was shown that 60 to 70% of the ozone was unaccounted for at canopy level, while phytotoxic effects were elicited at emitter concentrations above 1.5 mg L-1. Marchantia polymorpha is a significant weed species in greenhouse and nursery production; a species with few control options. Anatomical features of M. polymorpha suggested sensitivity to O3(aq). Studies were performed to examine contact time (CT) and exposure frequencies required for M. polymorpha suppression. A CT of 0.84 mg⋅L-1⋅min at an application frequency of 3-times/week achieved measurable suppression. / Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSEARC); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA); Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE); Purification Research Technologies INC (PRTI); Flowers Canada (Ontario).

O rural está deixando de ser percebido apenas como espaço de produção agrícola para ser encarado como detentor de múltiplas funções de interesse geral da sociedade. O reconhecimento de funções sociais, ambientais e culturais da agricultura faz com que a população rural esteja no foco de novas políticas públicas de desenvolvimento. O enfoque da multifuncionalidade da agricultura busca construir um aparato teórico-metodológico para compreender essas funções e dar subsídio à formulação e avaliação dessas políticas. Dentre estas políticas, a de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais para a Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos (PSA-Água) se destaca por reconhecer a proteção dos recursos hídricos como inerente ao rural. Neste sentido, o trabalho analisou como os projetos de pagamento por serviços ambientais destinados à conservação dos recursos hídricos estão influenciando dimensões da reprodução, manutenção e valorização das condições sociais, econômicas e ambientais da agricultura familiar nos diferentes contextos onde estão implementados na porção Mata Atlântica dos estados da região sudeste brasileira. Além de entender casos específicos, buscou-se estabelecer uma compreensão mais ampla do mecanismo de PSA como política pública para a agricultura familiar no Brasil. Usou-se o método de estudo de caso, pesquisando os projetos: Conservador das Águas em Extrema-MG, ProdutorES de Água em Alfredo Chaves-ES e o Projeto Piloto no PCJ em Joanópolis e Nazaré Paulista-SP. Desenvolveu-se quatro níveis de análise: 1) teórico, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica; 2) institucional-legal, por meio de uma análise de conteúdo dos documentos legais que criam os projetos; 3) dos atores institucionais, por meio de entrevistas gravadas com os formuladores, gestores e executores dos projetos; e, 4) dos proprietários rurais, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas junto aos participantes e não participantes dos projetos. Identificou-se que, no campo teórico, as noções de multifuncionalidade da agricultura e de serviços ambientais se inter-relacionam, mas emergem sob referências distintas, o que torna instigante a mobilização da primeira para o exame dos projetos de PSA-Água no que se refere à sua capacidade de reconhecer e valorizar as múltiplas funções da agricultura familiar. As dimensões privilegiadas destes PSA-Água são: o direito de propriedade, a racionalidade econômica, o conhecimento técnico-científico e a conservação ambiental. Estas dimensões constituem eixos em torno dos quais os atores institucionais trabalharam para a existência dos projetos, o que relegou para segundo plano a perspectiva de construir uma política agroambiental com base na agricultura familiar. Estes atores atuaram menos para aumentar ou melhorar as condições dos serviços ambientais e mais para reforçar as instituições nas quais estão engajados. A implementação dos projetos ocorreu em contextos onde há perfis socioeconômicos heterogêneos de proprietários rurais. As tomadas de decisões ocorreram no entanto pouco levando em conta as dinâmicas sociais, econômicas e culturais em torno dos agricultores familiares. Assim, poucos impactos significativamente positivos sobre estas dimensões podem ser observados. Seja como for, foram os agricultores familiares os que mais contribuíram com o cumprimento das metas ambientais dos projetos. Concluiu-se que os projetos de PSA-Água analisados enquanto dispositivo de políticas públicas pouco valorizam o conjunto de funções da agricultura familiar no Brasil. / The country is ceasing to be perceived only as a space for agricultural production to be seen as multiple functions in the general interest of society holder. The recognition of social, environmental and cultural functions of agriculture makes the rural population is the focus of new public development policies. The focus of the multifunctionality of agriculture seeks to build a theoretical - methodological apparatus to understand these functions and give allowance to the formulation and evaluation of policies. Among these policies, Payment by (PSA - Water) Environmental Conservation Services Water Resources stands for recognizing the protection of water resources as a function of the countryside. In this sense, the work analyzed as payment for environmental services projects for the conservation of water resources are influencing dimensions of reproduction, maintenance and enhancement of social, economic and environmental conditions of family farming in the different contexts in which they are implemented in the Atlantic Forest portion of states of southeastern Brazil. Thus, in addition to understanding specific cases, we sought to establish a broader understanding of the PSA mechanism as public policy for family farming in Brazil. We used the method of study of case, surveying projects: Conservative Waters in Extrema, Minas Gerais water producers in Alfredo Chaves - ES and the Pilot Project the PCJ in Joanópolis and Nazaré Paulista - SP. Developed four levels of analysis: 1) theory, through a literature search; 2) institutional-legal, through a content analysis of legal documents that create the projects; 3) the institutional actors, through recorded interviews with the makers, managers and implementers of projects; and, 4) the landowners, through semi-structured interviews with participants and non-participants of the projects. It was found that, in theory, the notions of multifunctionality of agriculture and environmental services are interrelated, but emerge under different references, which makes it exciting mobilization from the first to the examination of PSA - Water projects as refers to its ability to recognize and value the multiple functions of family farming. The privileged dimensions of these PSA-Water are: the right to property, economic rationality, technical and scientific knowledge and environmental conservation. These dimensions are axes around which the institutional actors worked for the existence of the projects, which relegated to the background the prospect of building a agrienvironmental policy based on family farming. These actors acted less to increase or improve the conditions of environmental services and more to strengthen the institutions in which they are engaged. The implementation of the projects took place in contexts where there are heterogeneous socioeconomic profiles of landowners. Decision making occurred however little taking into account the social, economic and cultural dynamics around the family farmers. Thus, few significantly positive impacts on these dimensions can be observed. In any case, it was the farmers who most contributed to the achievement of the targets of the projects. It was concluded that PSA - Water projects analyzed as little public policies device value the wide range of functions of family farming in Brazil.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, nanokristalline und laserpuls-strukturierte Elektroden für die alkalische Wasserelektrolyse zu untersuchten und hinsichtlich ihrer elektrokatalytischen Eigenschaft zu bewerten. Dabei besteht die Hauptaufgabe in der Aufklärung der Zusammenhänge zwischen der elektrokatalytischen Aktivität und der Struktur der Elektroden. Es soll der Effekt der nanokristallinen Kristallstruktur auf die Elektrodenaktivität aufgeklärt werden. Zudem stellt die elektrokatalytische Wirkung von Mo in Ni-Elektroden für die Wasserstoffentwicklungsreaktion eine zentrale Untersuchung in der vorliegenden Arbeit dar. Für die Sauerstoffentwicklungsreaktion soll der Einfluss von Fe in nanokristallinen Ni-Materialien näher analysiert und unter industriell relevanten Betriebsbedingungen bewertet werden. Zum anderen richtet sich der Fokus auf die Nutzung eines Ultrakurzpulslasers zur Strukturierung von Ni-Elektrodenoberflächen. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Korrelation zwischen den individuellen Strukturmerkmalen, der erzielten Oberflächenvergrößerung und der elektrokatalytischen Aktivität bezüglich der Wasserstoffentwicklung gelegt. Zudem werden Langzeituntersuchungen bei Stromdichten von bis 1 A/cm² durchgeführt, um die Stabilität zu bewerten und Degradationsmechanismen aufzuklären.