Cette thèse étudie la posture subjective et professionnelle spécifique de l’enseignant spécialisé. La particularité de ce métier est d’accompagner des élèves en difficulté ou en situation de handicap à l’intérieur d’une grande variété de dispositifs d’inclusion, dans les institutions scolaires et/ou de soin. A partir d’une approche clinique d’orientation psychanalytique, cette recherche interroge le rapport au savoir mobilisé par cette pratique, sa place psychique et institutionnelle et la culture propre à l’enseignant spécialisé. Elle décrit les dynamiques qui forment sa « personnalité professionnelle », les affects, les représentations et les liens qui animent son expérience. Celle-ci concerne aussi bien les motivations à passer de l’enseignement ordinaire à l’enseignement spécialisé que les tensions éprouvées dans la complexité de cette expérience ou encore le défi de maintenir les élèves différents dans l’institution scolaire par l’aide, le soutien et la négociation. Il apparait que ce métier doit être assumé dans des enjeux multiples, à la fois éducatifs, personnels, didactiques et institutionnels.L’analyse s’élabore à partir de cinq entretiens non directifs réalisés auprès d’enseignants spécialisés. Elle se propose de rendre compte des processus conscients et inconscients, actifs dans cette expérience et d’ouvrir des perspectives qui permettraient de repenser sa complexité. / This thesis studies the specific psychic and professional posture of the specialized teacher. The peculiarity of this job is to accompany underachieving students or in situation of handicap inside a big variety of plans of inclusion in the institutions of education and/or care. From a clinical approach of psychoanalytical orientation, this research puts in the work the questions of the relation in the mobilized knowledge, the psychic and institutional place and the culture of the specialized teacher. She questions the dynamics which form his /its "professional personality ", affects, representations and links which lead his/its experience. This one concerns as well the motivations to cross from the ordinary teaching to the special education that the tensions felt in the complexity of this experiment or still the challenge to maintain the different pupils in the school institution by the help, the support and the negotiation. It seems that his/its practice must be supported in at the same time educational, personal and institutional psychic stakes.The analysis develops from conversations with no leading questions realized with specialized teachers. She suggests reporting active dynamics in this professional position and to open perspectives which would allow to rethink his/its complexity.

The aim of this study is to compare Sweden and Finland with regards to the education systems in each country. The comparison is made based on three factors that can explain the different outcomes in the Swedish and Finnish schools. The three factors are: the education system, the curricula in upper secondary school, and the teacher's professional status. Inherent from these factors, the following three questions will be answered: 1. What are the similarities and differences between the Swedish and Finnish education systems? 2. What are the similarities and differences between the Swedish and Finnish school curricula in upper secondary school? 3. Is there any difference between the teacher's professional status in Swedish and Finnish schools? In the analysis, applies the theories: Freidson's three logicians and the pedagogical reform movement Global Education Reform Movement, GERM. Research and analysis are based on articles from Swedish and Finnish researchers, debate articles and teacher magazines. By applying a comparative analysis approach, the factors were used to compare the similarities and differences between both countries. The main difference between Sweden and Finland is that they have two different educational systems. The Finnish education system has achieved a success because of their own structured system. They do not follow the Global Education Reform Movement that the Swedish education system does. Another difference between Sweden and Finland is about the teacher's professional status. The professional position for the Swedish teachers has failed. The explanation why is that the bureaucracy but more importantly the market has taken over the role of teacher and affected their professional status. Finland, instead, has a high professionalism when it comes to the teacher’s professional status. An example of similarity between Sweden and Finland is that the school curricula in upper secondary school have the same values and the purpose of the education. In conclusion, Finland has a better approach in their educational system that differentiates itself from GERM.

Le système de santé est traversé aujourd’hui par une tension forte entre deux logiques : l’une privilégie, dans la tradition humaniste, le soin inconditionnel à la personne, l’autre privilégie, au nom d’impératifs de gestion, le management au service de l’efficacité productive hospitalière. Placé au cœur d’une organisation complexe, le cadre de santé semble ainsi condamné à un mouvement de balancier entre une « culture-santé » et une « culture-entreprise », ce qui lui confère un positionnement professionnel délicat au sein de l’institution. Comment se positionne-t-il et vers quoi évolue-t-il ? Nous montrerons que ces acteurs sont en tension et fortement clivés entre une idéologie humaniste et une idéologie gestionnaire, à la recherche de leur identité qui semble désormais problématique. Héritier d’une histoire et positionné dans un entre-deux, il se cherche. Comment concilie-t-il concrètement ces deux logiques dans son quotidien ? En quête d’un modèle lui permettant de résister aux pressions gestionnaires, il adopte une « posture d’accompagnement », se reconstruit ainsi à partir de compétences pédagogiques dans un espace informel, pour créer un antidote au management technicien et réintroduire ainsi un équilibre identitaire. Leurs capacités réflexives renforcent leur posture d’accompagnement et constituent alors un moyen efficace pour dépasser les tensions institutionnelles entre soin et management. Une formation en Sciences Humaines et Sociales, au service de leur développement personnel et professionnel, stabilise leur système de valeurs et leur permet de reconquérir une possible identité. / The French health-care system is currently faced with tensions arising from two different visions of health-care: the first one focuses on the unconditional care given to the patient in accordance with the humanistic tradition. The second one focuses on management priorities aiming for an efficient and productive management of hospitals. At the heart of a complex organizational structure lie the health managers, whose roles inevitably shift back and forth between a ‘company culture’ vision and that of ‘health-care culture’, thereby jeopardizing their professional position. Where do health managers stand and what is their future role? The aim of this study is to show the difficulties of juggling the humanistic tradition with the management-based approach and defining their identity. Health managers often find themselves in overlapping positions and strive to combine and apply the two visions in their work on a daily basis. In need of a model to resist management pressures, they act as a ‘support function’. This support stance helps them redefine their position and balances out the negative effects of technical management in health-care. The ability to look back on their own experience reinforces this support function and allows them to overcome the tensions arising from the cleavage between health-care and management. Providing health managers with a specific training in social and human sciences for their personal and professional development would strengthen their ethical values and allow them to regain control of their identity.