The feasibility of a radiance assimilation using a multi-layered snow physical model to estimate snow physical parameters is studied.The work is divided in five parts.The first two chapters are dedicated to the literature review. In the third chapter, experimental work was conducted in the alpine snow to estimate snow correlation (for microwave emission modelling) using near-infrared digital photography. We made microwave radiometric and near-infrared reflectance measurements of snow slabs under different experimental conditions. We used an empirical relation to link near-infrared reflectance of snow to the specific surface area (SSA), and converted the SSA into the correlation length. From the measurements of snow radiances at 21 and 35 GHz, we derived the microwave scattering coefficient by inverting two coupled radiative transfer models (RTM) (the sandwich and six-flux model).The correlation lengths found are in the same range as those determined in the literature using cold laboratory work.The technique shows great potential in the determination of the snow correlation length under field conditions. In the fourth chapter, the performance of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for snow water equivalent (SWE) estimation is assessed by assimilating synthetic microwave observations at Ground Based Microwave Radiometer (GBMR-7) frequencies (18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89 vertical and horizontal polarization) into a snow physics model, CROCUS. CROCUS has a realistic stratigraphic and ice layer modelling scheme. This work builds on previous methods that used snow physics model with limited number of layers. Data assimilation methods require accurate predictions of the brightness temperature (Tb) emitted by the snowpack. It has been shown that the accuracy of RTMs is sensitive to the stratigraphic representation of the snowpack. However, as the stratigraphic fidelity increases, the number of layers increases, as does the number of state variables estimated in the assimilation. One goal of the present study is to investigate whether passive microwave measurements can be used in a radiance assimilation (RA) scheme to characterize a more realistic stratigraphy.The EnKF run was performed with an ensemble size of 20 using artificially biased meteorological forcing data.The snow model was given biased precipitation to represent systematic errors introduced in modelling, yet the EnKF was still able to recover the"true" value of SWE with a seasonally-integrated RMSE of only 1.2 cm (8.1%).The RA was also able to extract the grain size profile at much higher dimensionality which shows that the many-to-one problem of SWE-Tb relationship can be overcome by assimilation, even when the grain size profile varies constantly with depth.The last chapter was on the validation of the data assimilation system using a point-scale radiance observations from the CLPX-1 GBMR-7. We first predicted snow radiance by coupling the snow model CROCUS to the snow emission model (MEMLS). Significant improvement of Tb simulation was achieved for the late February window for all three frequencies.The range of the underestimation of the polarization difference is between 25% and 75%. We then assimilated all six channels measurements of the GBMR-7.The filter was able to accurately retrieve the SWE for periods of time when the Tb measurements were available.The results show that RA using EnKF with a multi-layered snow model can be used to determine snow physical parameters even with a biased precipitation forcing.

Plusieurs études récentes démontrent que la prolifération de la végétation dans le Nord a augmenté sous un climat en réchauffement lors des quatres dernières décennies, surtout dans la zone de transition entre toundra et taïga. L’accroissement des arbustes a un effet sur les propriétés de la neige et du bilan d’énergie de surface. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’améliorer la caractérisation de l’impact des arbustes sur l’évolution de la neige (accumulation et fonte) en utilisant des données terrains et la télédétection. La recherche a été réalisée sur le site d’Umiujaq, au Nunavik, représentatif de la zone de transition entre l’Arctique de basse latitude et les zones subarctiques. La profondeur de neige, mesurée le long de nombreux transects qui couvrent plusieurs types de végétation (toundra arbustive, toundra de lichen, forêt ouverte et forêt fermée d’épinettes) démontre l’effet d’emprisonnement de la neige dans la zone de transition entre une zone de toundra arbustive vers une zone de forêt d’épinettes. Cet effet est lié à la hauteur de la végétation et à la perte de densité (la profondeur de neige augmente par des facteurs de 2,5 à 3). De plus, des mesures de profondeur de neige en continue ont été prises par deux stations météorologiques situées l'une en zone de toundra arbustive et l'autre en zone de forêt. Les résultats montrent que la neige réagit de façons très différentes selon la couverture du sol, mais reste très dépendante des sites considérés. Des analyses spatiales à très haute résolution (Pléiades) et à moyenne résolution (Landsat et MODIS) suggèrent un délai dans la fonte entre les zones de forêts et les zones de toundra de lichen et arbustives. Une technique de mesure de profondeur de neige par télédétection à haute résolution est aussi discutée. / Abstract : Recent studies have shown that northern vegetation has been growing in relation to a warming climate over the last four decades, especially across the transition zone between tundra and taiga. Shrub growth affects snow properties and the surface energy budget, which must be better studied to quantify shrub-snow-climate feedbacks. The objective of this research is to improve the characterization of the impact of shrubs on snow evolution, from its accumulation to its melt, using in-situ and satellite measurements. The research is presented for the Umiujaq site, Nunavik, representative of the low Arctic – Subarctic transition zone. Snow depth, measured along numerous transects spanning different land cover types is found to increase by a factor 2.5 to 3 between tundra and forest, while snow density decreases. This illustrates the trapping effect of vegetation well. Complementary continuous snow depth measurements using weather stations from two sites (tundra with low shrubs and a small clearing with shrubs within the forest) show different site-dependent behaviors. Spatial analysis from high-resolution Pleiades images combined with Landsat (Normalized Difference Snow Index) and MODIS (Fractional Snow Cover) images suggest a slight delay in melt over open and dense forest areas compared to tundra and dense high shrubs. A technic to measure snow depth using high resolution is also discussed.