BACKGROUND: Human mesenchymal progenitor cells are multipotent cells that can be harvested from various adult and fetal tissues. They exhibit the potential to differentiate into several cell lineages, most notably osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Conditions such as osteoporosis, metabolic disease, and arthritis are examples of dysfunction of tissues formed by the mesenchyme. The inability of these conditions to be healed by the body’s own mechanisms has raised considerable interest in the potential of using mesenchymal progenitor cells as a therapeutic intervention. This concept opens the possibility of harvesting mesenchymal progenitor cells from an individual, growing them into the desired tissue, and implanting them back into the individual. Treatment of this nature is much less invasive than current methods, overcomes rejection by the immune system, and could potentially demonstrate better outcomes in individuals suffering from degenerative disease of the mesenchyme. AIMS/OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine and to characterize the differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. The differentiation capacity of the mesenchymal progenitor cells was evaluated through cell staining, immunofluorescence, and RNA sequencing. METHODS: Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from patients undergoing elective panniculectomies. The abdominal panniculus was liposuctioned, and small explants of fat were embedded in Matrigel. Mesenchymal progenitor cells were extracted from the explants and plated for differentiation into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Control cells were grown in parallel in basal media to confirm differentiation. Dye staining for differentiation was performed with Alizarin Red S, Alcian Blue, and Oil Red O, and immunofluorescence staining was performed to indicate lineage-specific markers for differentiation. RNA sequencing was also completed on the different cell lineages. RESULTS: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells displayed the capacity to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages as evidenced by dye staining. Osteogenic differentiation was confirmed with Alizarin Red S staining of calcium deposits in the differentiated cells, whereas staining in the control resulted in no calcium deposits. Alcian Blue staining confirmed chondrogenic differentiation as glycoproteins secreted by the differentiated cells were evident and different in morphology compared with the control cells. Oil Red O staining indicated adipogenic differentiation by showing lipid droplets in the differentiated cells and no lipid droplets in the control. RNA sequencing provided support that lineage differentiation was successful. Immunofluorescence staining further proved that differentiated cells expressed lineage-specific proteins and demonstrated morphological differences. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that mesenchymal progenitor cells harvested from human adipose tissue have the potential to differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic cell lineages when induced with differentiation media. The differentiation of these cells can be assessed with dye staining, RNA sequencing, and immunofluorescence staining methods. Further studies should be done to investigate the potential of mesenchymal progenitor cells for therapeutic interventions in the treatment of various illnesses related to the mesenchyme.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Fracture repair is costly and difficult to treat. One of the main causations of nonunion is a lack of essential blood supply. The needed blood is supplied by the growth of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis, that invade the damaged tissue early in the healing process. We proposed using bone tissue engineering as an effective therapy. This therapy uses stem cells to aid in tissue regeneration. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were selected due to their ability to form tube-like networks in vitro. EPCs were isolated from murine bone marrow and lung tissue. We tested EPC’s tube forming, proliferative, and wound migration ability in vitro. To test their ability in vivo we created a femoral fracture in young and old mice. EPCs were seeded to the fracture site upon a collagen scaffold. The in vitro studies displayed that the bone marrow and lung-derived endothelial cells presented EPC traits. In the mouse fracture model bone marrow, endothelial cells did not significantly improve the healing process. In the future, we want to improve our cell extraction and purification method, as well as test a new stem cell delivery biomaterial. We also want to select and use a growth factor (GF) that can help to promote bone regeneration in tandem with the EPCs.

Obesity is a major global health concern due to its steadily increasing rates and significant contribution to numerous diseases, including cancer. Ovarian cancer specifically, is associated with a 30% increased risk with obesity, although the mechanisms for this are unknown. Waist-to-hip ratio has been especially associated with ovarian cancer, suggesting that visceral fat may be the greatest contributor. Here, we investigated individual visceral fat depots as independent contributors to cancer progression, specifically focusing on adipose tissue-derived stem and progenitor cells, which have previously been shown to be recruited by cancer cells and participate in cancer progression. We confirmed that ovarian cancer tumor burden was indeed significantly increased in mice on a high fat as compared to low fat diet. To further investigate mechanisms, we examined changes in progenitor populations that occurred in intra-abdominal parametrial (pmWAT), retroperitoneal (rpWAT), and omental (omWAT) white adipose tissue (WAT) depots with cancer presence. The greatest tumor burden was evident in omWAT, which also displayed an increase in CD45- cells but a decrease in adipose progenitor cells (APC) and endothelial progenitor cells, suggesting that there was an increase in stromal cells, but that the stem cells were pushed towards differentiation. PmWAT and rpWAT showed remarkably stable progenitor populations. However, a tumor from pmWAT had a significant presence of CD45- cells, actually matching that of its surrounding tissue and differing from the omWAT tumors, indicating that microenvironment has a major influence on tumor stromal cells. We also found that with high fat diet, many cancer-associated changes were exacerbated, such as an increased inflammatory response in all tissues and further decreases in APCs in omWAT. In vitro studies further confirmed that ovarian cancer cells and SVF cells were able to directly interact. Additionally, SVF cells were able to increase the proliferation, mobility, and invasiveness of cancer cells. Conversely, co-culturing also enhanced the proliferation and mobility of SVF cells, providing further evidence that SVF cells may be recruited by cancer cells and that their relationship may be bilateral. Thus, this study provides a good foundation for examining the cellular contributions of adipose tissue to cancer. By further characterizing the mechanism for the association between obesity and cancer development, we could find novel targets to decrease the progress of cancer development in at-risk obese individuals. / Ph. D.

There is increasing evidence to suggest that fetal events can predetermine reproductive health and general wellbeing in adulthood, a process termed 'fetal programming'. This refers to the association between altered fetal growth/development and health disorders in adulthood e.g. the metabolic syndrome, which is linked to low male testosterone levels. Studies from both Europe and the USA have shown that adult male testosterone levels have been declining, independent of age. As low testosterone levels in aging men are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, this highlights the importance of investigating how testosterone levels are determined or potentially ‘programmed’ during fetal development. Evidence from human and rodent studies have shown that reduced fetal androgen exposure results in lower adult testosterone levels, although the mechanism(s) is unknown, to date. One way to explain how a fetal insult (e.g. androgen deficiency) could affect (testosterone producing) adult Leydig cells in adulthood, is if their progenitor cells were present during fetal life and were thus affected by such an insult. This hypothesis has been unexplored to date, due to the lack of a unifying/defining marker for adult Leydig progenitor cells. An earlier study promoted the hypothesis for the studies in this thesis, namely that chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor-II (COUP-TFII) might constitute such a marker, as inducible knockout of COUP-TFII in pre-pubertal male mice results in failure of adult Leydig cells to develop. Therefore, the hypothesis which was explored in this thesis was that 'fetal programming' of COUP-TFII+ adult Leydig progenitor cells prior to their differentiation into adult Leydig cells, would explain how fetal events could predetermine adult testosterone levels. To investigate whether adult Leydig cells (ALC) develop from COUP-TFII+ interstitial cells, firstly an adult Leydig cell ablation/regeneration model was used, which involved a single injection of ethane dimethane sulphonate (EDS). This identified that in rats, ALC derive from COUP-TFII+ interstitial cells which do not express any other phenotypical adult Leydig or interstitial cell markers prior to differentiation. Secondly, COUP-TFII+ adult Leydig progenitor cells are abundant in the fetal testis and conserved across species, including man. Thirdly, fetal interstitial cells which differentiated into ALC, as evident from an ALC lineage tracer model, also expressed COUP-TFII. Overall, these findings suggest that the COUP-TFII+ interstitial cells which differentiate into ALC are 'adult Leydig progenitor cells'. The findings from this thesis also show that the identified adult Leydig progenitor cells express the androgen receptor (AR) in fetal life. Furthermore, experimental reduction of androgen action in fetal life in transgenic mice (AR knockout) or chemical manipulations to reduce fetal testosterone levels (di(n-butyl) phthalate; DBP exposure) resulted in a similar reduction (~40%) in progenitor cell numbers from birth through to adulthood. A parallel reduction of adult Leydig cell numbers across postnatal development was found in mice, but not rats, but as a result of altered fetal androgen action, both models showed evidence for compensated adult Leydig cell failure. This is defined as normal/low testosterone and elevated luteinising hormone (LH) levels. Cell-selective knockout of AR in peritubular myoid (PTM) cells (PTM-ARKO) or Sertoli cells (SC-ARKO) did not affect the numerical development of adult Leydig progenitor cells. To manipulate testicular testosterone action in postnatal life, rats were exposed to a potent AR antagonist, flutamide, which reduced the number of adult Leydig progenitor cells but did not affect ALC number/function. However, the combination of fetal DBP+postnatal flutamide exposure reduced adult Leydig progenitor cells and resulted in compensated ALC failure. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of fetal androgens for the normal development of adult Leydig progenitor cells and for the subsequent development of normally functioning adult Leydig cells. As fetal deficits in androgen exposure resulted in adult Leydig cell dysfunction, this thesis also investigated three separate models to determine whether increased fetal androgen exposure could increase/enhance adult Leydig progenitor cell development, resulting in a 'gain of adult Leydig cell function'. In the first model to increase fetal androgen exposure, pregnant dams injected with testosterone propionate (TP; 20mg/kg/day e14-21.5) were discarded, due to confounding factors including fetal growth restriction and aromatisation of TP. The second model utilised dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 10mg/kg/day), administered to pregnant dams, but there were no effects found in adulthood to male offspring. It was concluded that the administered dose was not sufficient to increase intratesticular testosterone levels in the fetus. The third model utilised an inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (iNOS-/-) mouse model, for which previous evidence showed increased testis weight, Leydig and Sertoli cell number (~50%), and normal testosterone but low LH levels in adulthood. Stereological quantification showed an increase in the number of adult Leydig progenitor cells in postnatal, but not fetal life, which resulted in the conclusion that the observed changes were a consequence of postnatal effects. Finally, a potential mechanism to explain how DBP-induced androgen deficiency in fetal life, could result in adult Leydig cell dysfunction in adulthood was investigated. Analysis of testicular genes in adulthood, involved in the steroidogenic pathway, showed a reduction in 3b-hsd and StAR. The reduced StAR expression was associated with increased repressive histone methylation (H3K27me3) in its proximal promoter region, as demonstrated by a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, qPCR, and densitometrical analysis. Accordingly, adult Leydig cells were shown to express increased H3K27me3 by immunohistochemistry, a change also evident in adult Leydig progenitor cells in the fetal testis. This would provide a potential mechanism to explain how fetal events can 'programme' adult Leydig cell testosterone production, namely via an epigenetic change to adult Leydig progenitor cells. In summary, the results in this thesis show how fetal events, including androgen action on progenitor cells, can potentially programme adult Leydig cell function and thus determine testosterone levels. As testosterone is crucial to man, the findings reported in this thesis may have important implications for the general health and longevity of man.

Whole document restricted, see Access Instructions file below for details of how to access the print copy. / Huntington’s disease [HD] is a debilitating adult onset inherited neurodegenerative disorder with primary degeneration in the striatum and widespread secondary degeneration throughout the brain. There are currently no clinical treatments to prevent onset, delay progression or replace lost neurons. Striatal cell transplantation strategies under clinical evaluation appear viable and effective for the treatment of HD. However, the future of regenerative medicine lies in developing renewable, expandable multipotent neural cell sources for transplantation. This Thesis has investigated a range of novel developments for enhancing the therapeutic potential of neural progenitor cell transplantation in a quinolinic acid [QA] lesion rat model of HD using two cell sources, adult neural progenitor cells and human embryonic stem cell [hESC] derived neural progenitor cells. Chapter Three identified a novel method for in vitro lithium priming of adult neural progenitor cells which enhances their neurogenic potential at the expense of glial formation. Chapter Four demonstrated that lithium priming of adult neural progenitor cells altered their phenotypic fate in vivo after transplantation, enhancing regional specific differentiation and efferent projection formation. The therapeutic potential of this strategy was demonstrated by accelerated acquisition of motor function benefits in the QA model. Chapter Five then demonstrated the ability for post transplantation environmental enrichment to modify therapeutic functional outcomes in the QA lesion model, and through lithium priming and enrichment demonstrated that adult neural progenitors are amenable to combinatorial interventions which can alter their phenotypic fate and enhance anatomical integration. Chapter Six investigated the in vivo effects of in vitro noggin priming of hESC derived neural progenitor cells and identified enhanced safety and neuronal differentiation in the QA lesioned striatum after noggin priming. Furthermore Chapter Seven provided evidence for functional reconstruction and therapeutic functional benefits from transplantation of noggin primed hESC derived neural progenitor cells and also highlighted the need for systematic evaluations of hESC derived transplants to optimise their safety in vivo. These results are beneficial in demonstrating the realistic therapeutic potential held by these two cell sources. They demonstrate how transient interventions can enhance therapeutic outcomes of neural progenitor cell transplantation for HD and have developed the understanding of neural progenitor cell transplantation as a therapeutic tool, bringing transplantation from different cell sources closer to eventual translation for HD sufferers.

CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) possess the capacity to modulate both adaptive and innate immunity. Due to their suppressive nature, Treg cells have been studied and tested in a variety of scenarios in an attempt to ameliorate undesired immune responses. While graft versus host disease (GVHD) has in fact emerged as the first clinical application for human Treg cells (Riley et al. 2009), equally important are issues concerning hematopoietic engraftment and immune reconstitution. Currently, little is known about the effect(s) that regulatory T cells may exert outside the immune system in this context. Based on cytokine effector molecules they can produce we hypothesized that Treg cells could regulate hematopoietic phenomena. The studies portrayed in this dissertation demonstrate that Treg cells can differentially affect the colony forming activity of myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells. In-vitro as well as in-vivo findings demonstrate the ability of Tregs to inhibit and augment the differentiation of primitive and intermediate myeloid (interleukin (IL)-3 driven) and late erythroid (erythropoietin driven) hematopoietic progenitor cells, respectively. The inhibitory and enhancing affects appeared to be mediated by independent pathways, the former requiring cell-cell contact, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on marrow cells and involving transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), whereas the latter required interleukin (IL)-9 and was not contact dependent. Strikingly, we observed that in addition to regulating hematopoietic activity in normal primary BM cells, Tregs were also capable of suppressing colony forming activity by the myelogenous leukemia cell line NFS-60. Furthermore, studies involving endogenous Treg manipulations in-situ (i.e. depletion of these cells) resulted in elevated overall myeloid colony activity (CFU-IL3) and diminished colony numbers of erythroid precursors (CFU-E) in recipients following BMT. Consistent with these results, it was found that upon co-transplant with limiting numbers of bone marrow cells, exogenously added Treg cells exert in-vivo regulation of myeloid and erythroid CFU activity during the initial weeks post-transplantation. This regulation of hematopoietic activity by freshly generated Tregs upon transplantation led to the elaboration of a second hypothesis; following lethal total body irradiation (TBI) the host microenvironment facilitates regulatory T cell activation/effector function. Substantial evidence has accumulated in support of this hypothesis, for example we demonstrate up-regulation of surface molecules such as GARP and CD150/SLAM, which have been previously reported as indicators of Treg activation following TCR signaling and co-stimulation, occurs in donor (reporter) Treg populations. Acquisition of an activated phenotype and hence of effector/modulatory function is consistent with the previous in-vivo observations, indicating that both recipient and donor Treg cells can influence hematopoietic progenitor cell activity post-transplant. Finally, the present studies may be of great relevance in the emerging field of Treg cell based immunotherapy for prevention and/or treatment of HSCT complications.

Le traitement de pathologies cardiaques ischémiques est limité par labsence de capacité régénérative du myocarde. Plusieurs études ont suggéré le potentiel de régénération du myocarde des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH), mésenchymateuses (CSM) et des cellules progénitrices endothéliales (CPE). Une des stratégies envisageables en thérapie cellulaire est la mobilisation des cellules souches adultes de moelle osseuse (MO) dans le sang périphérique (SP) afin quelles puissent participer aux phénomènes de réparation tissulaire cardiaque. Le G-CSF est une cytokine puissante dont il a été démontré quelle pouvait améliorer la fonction et la perfusion cardiaque après un infarctus du myocarde, non seulement en mobilisant les cellules souches de la MO, mais également, en exerçant des effets cardioprotecteurs directs. Toutefois, des études complémentaires sont requises afin de clarifier lintérêt dun traitement complémentaire par du G-CSF chez les patients souffrant dinfarctus aigu du myocarde. Lobjectif du travail est dévaluer plus précisément la capacité du G-CSF à mobiliser les CSH, les CSM et les CPE et dexaminer la contribution de ces cellules aux phénomènes de réparation tissulaire cardiaque après infarctus du myocarde. Evaluation de la taille de linfarctus chez la souris par µSpect Les modèles murins sont fréquemment utilisés pour étudier les mécanismes physiopathologiques cardiaques et tester les nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ; toutefois, lévaluation de la fonction cardiaque reste plus difficile daccès que chez les gros animaux. Cest la raison pour laquelle nous avons mis au point un modèle dinfarctus du myocarde (IM) par occlusion de lartère coronaire chez la souris, mais également les techniques nécessaires à lexploration de la perfusion et de la fonction cardiaque. Afin de suivre lévolution des paramètres hémodynamiques cardiaques fins dans notre modèle dIM, nous avons adapté les techniques déchocardiographie et de sonde à conductance pour leur usage chez la souris. Nous avons ensuite démontré que la technique du µSpect est réalisable chez la souris et permet une détermination précise de la taille de linfarctus. En effet, vu les très petites dimensions du cur de souris, nous avions besoin dune résolution spatiale élevée que nous offre le nouveau système de Spect (Linoview Spect) : celui-ci peut en effet différencier deux points éloignés de 0,35mm. Nous obtenons effectivement des images de qualité équivalente à celles obtenues dans les études cliniques humaines. Nous avons validé cette technique en démontrant une excellente corrélation entre la taille de la zone ischémiée mesurée par µSpect et celle obtenue par les techniques histologiques de coloration au TTC ou trichrome. Nous avons également observé un faible taux de variation des valeurs inter-observation ou inter-observateur. Mobilisation des cellules progénitrices par du G-CSF chez des animaux sains Avant dévaluer la contribution du G-CSF aux phénomènes de réparation du tissu cardiaque lésé suite à une diminution de la perfusion, nous avons tout dabord étudié la capacité du G-CSF à mobiliser les cellules progénitrices hématopoïétiques (CPH), mésenchymateuses (CPM) et endothéliales (CPE). Nous voulions également vérifier limpact dun traitement par du G-CSF sur la perfusion ainsi que sur les performances du muscle cardiaque normal. Nous avons démontré que l'administration de G-CSF chez les souris induit la mobilisation en périphérie de CPH, CPM et CPE, selon une cinétique spécifique à chaque type de cellules progénitrices. Cest après trois jours de traitement par du G-CSF que nous observons un nombre maximum des trois types de progéniteurs dans la SP ; ce serait donc le jour le plus approprié pour collecter par aphérèse une population enrichie en CPH, CPM et CPE. Toutefois, ce jour de collecte est à adapter spécifiquement à chaque type de cellules progénitrices. Lanalyse échocardiographique et les mesures de pression-volume ont démontré que l'administration de G-CSF a un impact sur la fonction hémodynamique cardiaque. Ces données hémodynamiques ont révélé une relaxation anormale du cur, une compliance plus faible du ventricule gauche (VG) et une plus faible déformation du myocarde. Ces résultats pourraient suggérer que le G-CSF exerce un effet rigidifiant sur les parois ventriculaires. De plus, limagerie µSpect montre que la perfusion myocardique chez des souris saines est augmentée de façon importante, peu de temps après l'administration de G-CSF. Mobilisation des cellules progénitrices après la survenue dun IM Nous avons examiné si la survenue dun IM pouvait affecter le nombre de progéniteurs dans la moelle osseuse et le sang périphérique. Nous avons observé que le nombre de CPH et de CFU-GM diminue aussi bien dans la moelle quen circulation, probablement en conséquence de l'inhibition post-inflammatoire de l'hématopoïèse. Les nombres de CPM et la CPE de la moelle ne varient pas, tandis que les CFU-F formées à partir des cellules médullaires diminuent. Ces trois paramètres augmentent considérablement dans le SP, indiquant une mobilisation importante de ces cellules progénitrices, en réponse à l'inflammation myocardique. Il apparaît clairement que les cellules progénitrices sont spécifiquement mobilisées suite à lIM et non pas chez les « sham-operated animals », alors que ces derniers subissent lentièreté de la chirurgie, à lexception de la ligature de lartère coronaire. Mobilisation des cellules progénitrices par du G-CSF chez des animaux souffrant dIM Nous avons étudié la contribution du G-CSF à la réparation du tissu cardiaque dans notre modèle murin de ligature de lartère coronaire. Limpact sur la survie, la fonction hémodynamique cardiaque et la perfusion, de 2 timings de traitement par du G-CSF a été étudiée par lusage complémentaire de léchographie, lévaluation hémodynamique à partir de boucle pression-volume et limagerie µSpect. Pour ce faire, les animaux ligaturés sont traités par du G-CSF, soit pendant 5 jours après linfarctus, soit pendant 5J avant et 5J après la chirurgie. Une semaine après linduction de lIM, les modifications fonctionnelles et structurelles induites par linfarctus et le traitement au G-CSF sont évaluées. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus montrent que les CPM et les CPE sont davantage mobilisées dans le sang périphérique chez les souris souffrant dIM et traitées par du G-CSF que chez les animaux non traités. De plus, ladministration du G-CSF est nécessaire à la mobilisation des CPH après un IM aigu. Ladministration de G-CSF améliore la survie des animaux. En effet, la mortalité évolue de 30% chez les animaux non traités à 18% chez les animaux traités par du G-CSF dans les 5J qui suivent la ligature, et 0% de survie si les animaux sont traités 5J avant la ligature et 5J après. Le remodelage du VG est également amélioré par le G-CSF, comme le montre la diminution du poids du coeur et de la taille du VG. Nous avons alors évalué l'impact de l'administration de G-CSF sur le déficit de la perfusion et avons observé que ce paramètre, ainsi que la taille de linfarctus, sont sensiblement diminués après 10 jours de G-CSF. Nous obtenons également une évolution favorable de la perfusion entre les jours 1 et 7 chez les animaux recevant du G-CSF. Le nombre d'artérioles CD31 positives dans le coeur est également augmenté après un traitement par du G-CSF. Afin dévaluer plus précisément l'impact du traitement par du G-CSF sur la physiopathologie cardiaque chez des souris souffrant dIM, une évaluation hémodynamique de fonction cardiaque a été réalisée. Nous pouvons observer une amélioration de certains paramètres de la fonction cardiaque mais non de tous. En effet, 7 jours après la survenue de lIM, le débit cardiaque est presque totalement corrigé mais la fraction déjection du VG reste inchangée. Les paramètres de déformation du VG ne sont pas normalisés une semaine après linfarctus. Dun point de vue hémodynamique, la constante de relaxation augmente au-delà des valeurs normales après ladministration de G-CSF. De même, en fin de diastole, la pression augmente fortement, alors que le volume reste inchangé. Ces données indiquent à nouveau une altération de la relaxation du muscle cardiaque et une diminution de la compliance du VG chez les animaux traités par du G-CSF. Ces résultats confirment le potentiel du G-CSF à mobiliser les cellules progénitrices dans le sang périphérique et leur possible contribution aux phénomènes de réparation cardiaque. Le développement dun traitement par du G-CSF dans les pathologies ischémiques cardiaques est un thérapeutique non invasive qui suscite un vif intérêt, mais qui nécessite des évaluations approfondies au travers détudes fondamentales et cliniques en double aveugle et randomisées. Il faut maintenant déterminer les mécanismes par lesquels le G-CSF exer

Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) are thought to participate in the healing of injured vascular endothelium by incorporating into the defect sites to mediate endothelial recovery. Recently, osteopontin (OPN) was shown to be fundamental in accelerating estrogen-dependent healing of injured blood vessels. Here, we are investigating the effect OPN has on EPC behavior. Late outgrowth human EPCs (LEPCs) were derived from circulating monocytes isolated by leukophoresis, and grown in culture until passage six. L-EPCs were then assayed for adhesion, spreading, chemotaxis, and haptotaxis, as well as resistance to detachment by flow electric cellsubstrate impedance sensing (ECIS). The results of standard and ECIS methods showed both dose and time dependent responses in cell adhesion and spreading. In addition, OPN promoted haptotactic migration of EPCs in Boyden chamber assays. LEPCs seeded onto 10μM OPN substrates and exposed to laminar flow had grater survival and higher resistance to detachment than OPN/static and flow only conditions. CD44 and !1 integrins were only responsible for approximately 50% of LEPCs adhesion to OPN compared to the unblocked condition. Western blots showed that Rho GTPases were activated in L-EPCs seeded on OPN. However, this activation could not be completely blocked by either CD44 or !1 integrin antagonists. These data confirm the direct effects of OPN on EPCs adhesion, and suggest that OPN works by mediating cell adhesion during vascular injury.

Mitofusin 1 and 2 are outer-mitochondrial membrane proteins that have been shown to be involved in fusion. Mitofusin 2 has also been associated with apoptosis and development. When Mfn1 and Mfn2 were each conditionally knocked out from the cerebellum, Purkinje cells in Mfn2 deficient cerebellum during development had undergone neurodegeneration. Mutations in Mfn2 have also been associated with the Charcot Marie Tooth Type 2A (CMT2A). We want to asses the effect Mfn2 and Mfn1 might have on the development of other regions of the brain such as the telencephalon. We generated Mfn1 and Mfn2 conditional knockouts in the telencephalon by crossing them with Foxg1 Cre - a cre expressed in the telencephalon. We found that Mfn1 deficient mice have lost their corpus callosum at the midline, but survive over 6 months with a decrease in progenitor cells postnatally. Mfn2 deficient mice die between P9 and P12 with a decrease in progenitor cells postnatally and a decrease in number of neurons in the cortex. Therefore, our results suggest that Mfn1 and Mfn2 play a significant role in the development of the telencephalon.

The objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of local endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) therapy on bone regeneration in a segmental defect in the rat femur. Animals from the EPC-treated (N=28) and control (N=28) groups were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, and 10 weeks post-operatively. Bone healing was evaluated with radiographic, histological, and micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. Radiographically; mean scores of the EPC group at 1, 2, and 3 weeks were significantly higher compared to control group. At 10 weeks, all the animals in the EPC group had complete union (7/7), but in the control group none achieved union (0/7). Histologically, specimens from EPC-treated animals had abundant new bone formation compared to controls. Micro-CT assessment showed significantly improved parameters of bone healing for the EPC group compared to control group. In conclusion, local EPC therapy significantly enhanced bone regeneration in a segmental bone defect in rat femur.