Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-12T13:25:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1212419 bytes, checksum: 6d3ca7625ab07b583f3f68045187a552 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T13:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1212419 bytes, checksum: 6d3ca7625ab07b583f3f68045187a552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In 1918 the German Hermann Weyl developed a unified theory of gravitation and electro­magnetism becoming geometrical both interactions, that is, he associated the potential elec­tromagnetic a 1-form a, after considering that the length of a vector is not preserved under parallel transport as well as with the direction, this also meant that the covariant derivatives of the metric tensor ceased to be null becoming Vag" = a, The gravitational and electromagnetic field equations are obtained from the action I = f (R2 ± v Ft" ) —gd4x in a gauge any and "natural gauge"R = A = constant taking into account that they, as well as the action, should be both invariant under coordinate transformations as invariant under the gauge transformations introduced, namely, gliv = of gin, and di, = cp.+ hi, actually, the first person to speak in scale invariance in physics was the Weyl himself in his article. It is also found that the solutions to the emptiness of Einstein's field equations are also solutions of the corresponding Weyl's field equations. Finally it is shown that the Weyl affine geo­desic may not come from a variational principle by analysing the Helmholtz conditions for the inverse problem of the calculus of variations and discusses about Einstein's criticism of the theory, on which it is concluded that the even seized an inadequate definition of proper time to give his opinion on the work of Weyl, thus, a problem to be solved was to find a good definition of proper time, which leaves open a final version of the Weyl theory. / Em 1918 o alem-do Hermann Weyl desenvolveu sua teoria de unificndo entre gravitacao e eletromagnetismo geometrizando ambas as internOes, isto é, ele associou o potencial eletromagnetico a uma 1-forma a, depois de ter considerado que o comprimento de um vetor nao preserva-se sob transporte paralelo assim como acontece com a direcao, isso tambem fez com que a derivada covariante do tensor metrico deixasse de ser nula tornando­se V agii, = glivaa. As equagOes de campo gravitacionais e eletromagneticas sdo obti­das da nao I = f (R2 ±AF,,,,Filv)\/—gd4x em um calibre qualquer e no "calibre natural" R = A = const ante levando em conta que elas, assim como a nao, devem ser tanto invari­antes por transformnOes de coordenadas como invariantes sob as transformnOes de calibre introduzidas, a saber, gliv = of gin, e di, = al, + hi, na verdade, a primeira pessoa a falar em invarifincia de escala na fisica foi o prOprio Weyl em seu artigo. Tambem é verificado que as solucOes para o vazio das equagOes de campo de Einstein tambem sac) solucOes das equnOes de campo de Weyl correspondentes. Por fim mostra-se que as geodesicas afins de Weyl nao podem advir de um princfpio variacional atraves da analise das condicOes de Helmholtz para o problema inverso do calculo de varinOes e discute-se sobre a critica de Einstein a teoria, onde conclui-se que o mesmo se apoderou de uma definicao inadequada de tempo proprio para dar seu parecer sobre o trabalho de Weyl, assim, um problema a ser resolvido seria encontrar uma boa definicao de tempo pr6prio, o que deixa em aberto uma versdo final da teoria de Weyl.

Cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude des désintégrations B0 s → φγ au LHCb afin de mesurer la polarisation du photon . Au niveau des quarks, ces désintégrations procèdent via une transition pingouin b→ sγ et sont sensibles aux éventuelles contributions virtuelles de Nouvelle Physique. La mesure de la polarisation du photon permet de tester la structure V – A du couplage du Modèle Standard dans les processus des diagrammes de boucles de pingouin. Cette mesure peut être réalisée en étudiant le taux de désintégration dépendant du temps des mésons B. Une analyse délicate a été faite pour comprendre la distribution du temps propre et l’acceptance de sélection qui affecte cette distribution. Afin de contrôler l’acceptance de temps propre, des méthodes basées sur les données ont été développées. Plusieurs stratégies utilisées dans la mesure de la polarisation des photons sont introduites et des résultats préliminaires sont présentés. De plus, une étude de certains effets systématiques est discutée. Dans le cadre de l’étude des désintégrations radiatives, une nouvelle procédure d’identification de photons a été développée et nous avons fourni un outil pour calibrer la performance de la variable de séparation photon/pion neutre sur la simulation. Ces outils sont d’intérêt général pour la collaboration LHCb et sont largement utilisés. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of the photon polarization in B0 s → φγ decays at LHCb. At the quark level, such decays proceed via a b→ sγ penguin transition and are sensitive to possible virtual contributions from New Physics. The measurement of the photon polarization stands also as a test of the V – A structure of the Standard Model coupling in the processes mediated by loop penguin diagrams. The measurement of the photon polarization can be done through a study of the time-dependent decay rate of the B meson. A delicate treatment has been done to understand the proper time distribution and the selection acceptance affecting it. To control the proper time acceptance, data driven control methods have been developed. Several possible strategies to measure the photon polarization are introduced and preliminary blinded results are presented. A study of some of the systematic effects is discussed. In the context of studying radiative decays, the author has developed a new photon identification procedure and has provided a tool to calibrate the performance of the photon/neutral pion separation variable on simulation. Those tools are of general interest for the LHCb collaboration and are widely used.