Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-97).

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The promulgation of the TRIPS Agreement marks a new direction for international copyright: copyright protection has been put under the auspices of the world trading system. During the arduous negotiations, developing countries played a minor role due to the unilateral trade threats exerted by the United States. As a result, the final text of the TRIPs mainly mirrors the domestic copyright legislations of those developed countries. / The question of what impact the TRIPs will have on developing Member States has triggered hot debates. While acknowledging that a short-term negative impact is likely, the long-term effects of a strengthened copyright regime in those countries are hard to predict at this time. The author uses China as a case study to illustrate the difficulties that developing nations might have in implementing and enforcing such heightened copyright standards. Moreover, possible solutions to minimize any adverse effects of the TRIPs Agreement are discussed.

This study critically investigated the argument whether intellectual property rights over life forms and processes would ensure food security. It only considered the issue from the perspective of developing countries, as they are the ones who are hardest hit by recurrent drought and food insecurity. Protections within TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) and debates underpinning it formed the essence of the research.

This study critically investigated the argument whether intellectual property rights over life forms and processes would ensure food security. It only considered the issue from the perspective of developing countries, as they are the ones who are hardest hit by recurrent drought and food insecurity. Protections within TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) and debates underpinning it formed the essence of the research.

En vanlig strategi bland dagens fastighetsbolag är att samla sina bestånd i olika kluster. Demenar att det är fördelaktigt att äga många fastigheter på en plats, istället för att ha ettutspritt fastighetsbestånd. Detta fenomen sägs skapa synergieffekter som ger mervärde förbåde hyresgäst och fastighetsägare. Men för att dessa områden ska överprestera, gäller detför fastighetsägarna att skapa attraktion för områdena, som gör att människor vill spenderasin tid och pengar där.Orten Åre har lyckats med just detta, där man omvandlat en avfolkad plats till att bli enattraktiv året runt-destination. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka omfastighetsägarna i Stockholmregionen använder samma framgångsfaktorer, som skapadedestinationen Åre, till att skapa attraktiva fastighetsägarkluster. Om så är fallet, kan man seom detta ger mervärde till hyresgästerna och därmed högre hyresintäkter tillfastighetsägarna?Genom en teoretisk litteraturgenomlysning samt intervjuer med relevanta respondenterbland företag och fastighetsägare i Åre skapades en fallstudie kallad ”Fallstudie destinationÅre”. Denna fallstudie visade att det finns stora likheter mellan framgångsfaktorerna i Åre ochteorin om hur man skapar framgångriska kluster och destinationer. I fallet Åre sammanfattasdessa som: • Samarbete mellan näringsliv och kommun• Skapandet av effektiva mötesplatser• Ökade kommunikationer till orten• Evenemang som skapar attraktion för platsen• Ett lyckat arbete med att skapa en året runt-destination• Bilden av att man tar ansvar för miljön• Skapandet av en välkomnade miljö där man vill leva och verka Dessa framgångsfaktorer presenterades sedan för respondenter i Stockholm somrepresenterar företagen Kungsleden och Atrium Ljungberg, för att undersöka i vilken grad deanvänder dem i fastighetsutvecklingen av sina kluster i Danderyd, Värtahamnen, Sickla ochSlakthusområdet. Resultatet visade att destinationsteorin är förhållandevis ny bland dessafastighetsägare, men att den används. Framför allt används den av Atrium Ljungberg inomprojekten i Sickla och Slakthusområdet. Dessa stadsdelar planeras bli levande destinationer,som via kultur, bostäder, handel och kontor ska locka till sig människor alla timmar på dygnet.Strategin är dock så pass ny att man inte kan se än om den skapar mervärde för hyresgästernaoch därmed högre hyror för fastighetsägarna. / A common strategy used by today’s real estate companies is to group their properties indifferent clusters. They believe it is more beneficial to own a number of properties in the onearea, as opposed to having a real estate portfolio that is scattered. The strategy aims to createsynergy effects, which add value to both the tenants and the property owner. In order forthese areas to succeed, it is essential that the cluster is attractive and encourages people tospend their time and money in it.The town of Åre has successfully carried out this approach, transforming an unpopular areainto an attactive year-round destination. The objective of this thesis was to identify thesuccess factors in Åre and then to investigate whether these factors are present in thestrategies of Stockholm-based cluster projects. In such cases where they are used, tounderstand whether they provide added value to the tenants and, thus, higher rental incomefor the property owners.Through a theoretical review of literature and interviews with relevant companies andproperty owners in Åre, a case study was created called ”Case Study Destination Åre”. Thiscase study showed that there were many similarities between the success factors in Åre andthe success factors found in the theory of how to create prosperous clusters and destinations.In the Åre case, these success factors are summarised as follows: • A cooperation between the business sector and the municipality• The creation of effective meeting places• An increase in communications to the area• Events that create attraction to the area• The achievement of creating a year-round destination• An image of taking responsibility for the environment• The creation of a welcoming environment where people want to live and work These success factors were then presented to representatives of the companies Kungsledenand Atrium Ljungberg in Stockholm. They were asked to examine to what extent they usethese success factors in development of their own property clusters in Danderyd,Värtahamnen, Sickla and Slakthusområdet. The result demonstrated that, while thedestination theory is relatively new among property owners, it is used. In the case of AtriumLjungberg, the theory is very much used throughout their property cluster projects in Sicklaand Slakthusområdet. These particular districts endeavour to be living destinations that,through culture, housing, commerce and office-spaces, will attract people for all hours of theday. As the strategy is so new, however, it is impossible to understand if it creates added valuefor the tenants and, thus, higher rents for the property owners at this stage.