Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisor: Jacqueline Henkel. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available from UMI.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Elementary teachers' spontaneous (unaided) and cued identifications of key concepts in narrative prose were examined. Measures of the influences of exposure to research and attitudes toward the importance of prior knowledge on their cued identifications were investigated. Data were analyzed to determine the degree to which elementary teachers identified cued key concepts and primary teachers' identifications were compared to those of intermediate teachers. Separate and combined measures of teachers' exposure to reading research and attitudes were compared to their cued key concept identifications. A post hoc exploratory content analysis of the spontaneous key concept identifications was undertaken to discover possible patterns or phenomena in the data. Results of the analyses of cued concept identifications indicated: a) teachers were unable to successfully identify key concepts in narrative prose; b) there were no significant differences between primary and intermediate teachers' identifications; and c) exposure to reading research and attitudes towards the importance and use of prior knowledge and concept development influenced teachers' ability to identify key concepts. An examination of spontaneous key concept identifications showed that: a) there was a lack of teacher consensus as to definition of a key concept; and b) teachers were unable to identify passage-relevant key concepts when left to their own resources. / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate

明末清初的散文發展，前人或以載道觀念論之，或以抒情觀念論之，又或以流派分梳論之，各有其理，亦各有其弊。本人認為，明末清初散文發展自有其一以貫之的內在邏輯，因而本文力圖探尋其內在邏輯，重建其發展軌跡。本文指出，文道關係正是影響明末清初散文發展的關鍵因素，時人對於文道關係的不同詮釋與理解，決定了當時散文發展的方向。 / 「古文傳統」與「小品傳統」，是理解明清之際散文發展的重要概念。特別是周作人等以抒情為宗旨建構的「小品傳統」，對理解這一段散文史，產生了深遠的影響。然而本文通過考察「小品傳統」的建構過程，以及其所反抗的「古文傳統」之內涵，並辨析二者關係，相比起「古文傳統」內部「載道、唐宋、法度」的體系，「小品傳統」自身存在局限，並不足以貫穿明清散文的發展。相反，考察晚明小品文家的古文觀，清初古文家的小品創作，本文以為小品儘管一度興盛，然而「古文傳統」才是其時古文發展的主軸。 / 「古文傳統」既是關鍵所在，則如何詮釋文道關係是其時文壇的重要問題。本文指出明清之際的文道論接續了唐宋以來古文家與理學家的討論，並面臨如何承繼二者而有所發展的問題。本文通過辨析各家對文道合一的詮釋，考索其時文道論與唐宋古文家、理學家的論述之關係，指出明清之際的文人一方面推崇理學家道的修養，一方面提倡古文家的文章造詣，來達到文道合一。並通過加強文與經之間的關係，強調文必本於經典，來彌合古文家與理學家的分歧。 / 本文同時以錢謙益、黃宗羲、侯方域、汪琬為中心，具體討論明清之際文道關係的發展過程。指出錢謙益通過批評復古派，推崇反經，提出性情、學問與世運的主張，以道決定文的思路，拉開重建古文傳統的序幕。黃宗羲則在錢謙益的基礎上，通過擴大性情的內涵，以及道在審美上的包容性，重新詮釋文道關係。然而明清之際對侯方域的評價之轉變，從肯定其古文主張，到批評其小說筆法，恰正體現道決定文的思路在重建古文傳統過程中遇到的困境。汪琬則從道的層面維護程朱理學，從文的層面肯定復古派，批評錢謙益，排斥小說筆法，試圖通過文道並重的方法來解決困境。可以說明清之際古文的發展，正是從道決定文走向文道並重的過程。 / Prose development in late Ming and early Qing periods is accounted for by scholars in terms of the theories of Confucianism, the concepts of lyricism or the summaries of different schools of classical prose. This study holds the belief that the prose development within this period of time has its consistent internal logic, and its aim is to establish a new theory to explain and restore the track of such development based on the existing theories by previous scholars. This study points out that the relationship between dao 道 and wen 文 is the major element influencing the prose development in late Ming and early Qing; the interpretation and comprehension of it dictates the direction of prose development. / The two different traditions of classical prose and familiar essay are key concepts in understanding the prose development in late Ming and early Qing, especially the latter, which was constructed by Zhou Zuo-ren under the principle of lyricism. Based on the examination of its establishment, the nature of classical prose tradition it defies, and the relationship between the two, this study reveals that the familiar essay tradition was bound by its limitations which rendered it insufficient in accounting for the entire prose development of the whole period, in contrast to the internal system of classical prose tradition. The review of the view on classical prose by familiar essay writers in late Ming and the familiar essay output of classical prose writers in early Qing indicate that the classical prose tradition was then the main pillar of prose development and familiar essay was its subsidiary, despite its once high popularity. / With classical prose tradition being the key to prose development in late Ming and early Qing, the interpretation of the relationship between dao and wen was a significant issue in the ancient literary society. This study points out that when the scholars in late Ming and early Qing discussed dao and wen, such discussion was a continuation of that contributed by the masters of prose writing and philosophers of Neo-Confucianism since Tang and Song Dynasties, which relates to the problem of finding ways to advance through inheriting the two notions. Literary society in the past upheld the idea of fusing dao and wen. By analyzing the different interpretations of such fusion by various parties, this study investigates the relationship between the discussion of dao and wen in late Ming and early Qing dynasties and also that in Tang and Song dynasties, pointing out that by strengthening the relationship between prose and classics and emphasizing the classical basis of prose, it bridges the gap between Neo-Confucian philosophers’ morality and classical prose writers’ literariness. / Lastly, this study discusses the specific development of the theory of dao and wen during late Ming and early Qing through four case studies, namely, Qian Qian-yi’s criticism on Revival Theory, Huang Zong-xi’s theory of qing 情, the changing reviews on Hou Fang-yu, and Wang Wan’s criticism on Qian Qian-yi and fictional prose. Qian’s criticism marked the beginning of the revival of classical prose tradition during late Ming and early Qing, where he promoted the returning to classic, proposing the concept of qing and knowledge being complementary and the idea of dao determining wen. Huang, based on Qian’s thoughts, reinterpreted the relationship between dao and wen by further expanding the pool of connotations of qing and the aesthetic comprehensiveness of dao. / However, the phenomenon of scholars agreeing on Hou Fang-yu’s stand on classical prose while excoriating his ‘fictional style of prose writing techniques’小說筆法 reflects the predicament faced by the idea of dao determining wen in the process of reconstructing the classical prose tradition. Wang tried to resolve such predicament through putting emphasis on both dao and wen, defending neo-confucianism from the aspect of dao and affirming Ming Classicalists from that of wen, while criticizing Qian and rejecting fictional style. All these illustrate that classical prose development during Late Ming and Early Qing is a process of the transition from dao determining wen to emphasizing both dao and wen. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李向昇. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-229). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Xiangsheng.

Orientador: Juliana Santini / Banca: Rejane Cristina Rocha / Banca: Sylvia Helena Telarolli de Almeida Leite / Resumo: A presente dissertação tem como objetivo a análise da relação entre o romance Cidade de Deus (1997) com a realidade que ele representa, de modo a apreender de que maneira se dá a representação do real, especialmente no que diz respeito à violência, pela narrativa. O romance de Paulo Lins, um dos mais importantes da prosa brasileira do final do século XX, pode ser tomado a partir de uma vertente ficcional que inaugura uma nova forma de pensar o realismo na narrativa contemporânea. Cidade de Deus traz à tona a realidade brasileira aliando técnicas de pesquisa antropológica a uma história narrada em ritmo veloz, que trata do desenvolvimento do tráfico de drogas e da criminalidade no conjunto habitacional que dá título ao livro, firmando o contrato realista com o leitor. Para dar um tratamento formal às cenas violentas, Paulo Lins vale-se da poesia, a começar pelo poema-epígrafe de Paulo Leminski que o autor utiliza na abertura do livro, proporcionando uma representação literária da violência, por mais brutal que ela seja. Essa mediação formal que o escritor utiliza para moldar o objeto retratado proporciona uma leitura do Brasil dos excluídos e sua realização no romance, é possível afirmar, configura-se como um capítulo à parte na produção literária e nos estudos que viriam a surgir sobre a relação entre literatura e pobreza no Brasil. A insistência nas cenas violentas confere unidade à narrativa, causa um efeito de realidade e leva o leitor a pensar de forma abrangente na sua significação, dinamizando a representação da violência como elemento constituinte da sociedade brasileira. Problematizando a noção mesma de representação, o que se busca é discutir o romance à luz de uma perspectiva diacrônica que considera a maneira como o realismo - pensado na esteira do que propõe Tânia Pellegrini, como método e como postura - realiza-se no romance em questão, diferenciando-o - ou não - do... / Abstract: This Master's thesis aims to analyze the relationship of the novel City of God (1997) with the reality it represents, to grasp how it gives a construction of the representation of reality, especially with respect to violence, through the narrative. The novel by Paulo Lins, one of the most important in Brazilian prose of the late twentieth century, can be taken as a fictional aspect that ushers realism in contemporary narrative. City of God brings out the Brazilian reality combining techniques of anthropological story in a fast pace, which deals with the development of drug trafficking and criminality in public housing that gives the book its title, signing the realistic contract with the reader. To give a formal treatment to the violent scenes, Paulo Lins makes use of poetry, beginning with the title-poem of Paul Leminski that the author uses in the opening of the book, providing a literary depiction of violence, however brutal it may be. This formal mediation that the writer uses to shape the depicted object provides a reading of the excluded Brazil and its realization in the novel, we can say, it appears as a separate chapter in the Brazilian literature and studies that would arise about the relationship between literature and poverty in Brazil. The insistence on violent scenes gives unity to the narrative, causes an effect of reality and leads the reader to think comprehensively in its significance, boosting the representation of violence as a constituent element of Brazilian society. Questioning the very notion of representation, what is sought is to discuss the novel in light of a diachronic perspective that considers how the realism - thought in the wake of proposing Tânia Pellegrini, such as posture and method - takes place in the novel in issue, distinguishing it - or not - than we might think as a realistic trend in Brazilian literature / Mestre

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Comparative Literature, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

Errata pasted in front end-papers. / Bibliography: leaves 410-432. / ix, 432 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Linguistics, 1997?