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The improving of our understanding of cancer development still depends on cancer research at the molecular level. In his project, bigenic vectors for animal models of breast and prostate cancer are created. Bigenic constructs are useful because they create animals expressing two genes of interest at a time, with one injection step and no need for crossings. In order to produce these vectors, previous animal models have been analyzed, and the elements that worked successfully in previous models were gathered in a new arrangement for the creation of an improved model. In order to create a bigenic vector, the viral internal ribosomal entry site was utilized, as a means of obtaining two protein products from one transcript. One vector, the MMTV-Neu1842-IRES-Cre was successful in generating a line of transgenic mice. Female founders of this line already express the expected phenotype, tumors of the mammary tissue. Once this line is established, it can be crossed with the Rosa26 line, to determine the pattern of Cre expression. Other vectors were created for models of prostate cancer, using the probasin promoter and the MT oncogene. While transgenic mice were attempted, there were no phenotype differences between wild type and transgenic mice. All created vectors were tested for expression ofthe two genes carried in tissue culture experiments. All the experiments were successful, indicating a working oncogene (by means of a focus assay) and Cre activity (by excission assay). The new breast cancer animal model carrying the MMTV-Neu1842-IRESCre construct is promising and can be used in combination with existing models to answer some of the remaining questions regarding breast cancer signaling pathways. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Le cancer de la prostate (CaP) est le cancer le plus commun chez les hommes de plus de 50 ans, représentant20% de l’incidence de tous les cancers en 2021. Après l’approche initiale par chirurgie, environ 30% des patients ont une récurrence et suivent une thérapie de déprivation androgénique, qui mène éventuellement à l'atteinte d'un état de résistance à la castration pour lequel aucun traitement curatif n’existe. De récentes études ont montré un intérêt pour l’activation de la AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) comme traitement pour les CaP résistants à la castration. Cette stratégie repose sur la capacité de la AMPK à inactiver la mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), une protéine impliquée dans une voie de signalisation associée à la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses. Contrairement au dogme établi, nos résultats indiquent que la AMPK n’inhibe pas mTOR dans différents modèles cellulaires de CaP, suggérant que ses fonctions y seraient différentes. En effet, l'activation de la AMPK par le A-769662 a démontré que son activité est nécessaire pour le maintien des fonctions mitochondriales en réponse aux androgènes. Pour étudier plus en profondeur les fonctions de la AMPK, nous avons développé un modèle n’exprimant pas les sous-unités catalytiques de la AMPK, à partir de cellules de CaP 22Rv1. Ce modèle a confirmé que l’activité de la AMPK est essentielle pour maintenir la production d’ATP maximale via la respiration mitochondriale dans les cellules de CaP. En fait, des essais de flux extracellulaire sont montré que le knockout de l’activité de la AMPK nuit à la respiration mitochondriale, à l’intégrité des mitochondries, à la flexibilité métabolique ainsi qu’à la prolifération cellulaire. Ces découvertes mettent de l'avant des fonctions oncogéniques associées à la AMPK et indiquent que l’inhibition des fonctions de la AMPK serait requise, plutôt que son activation, pour le traitement du CaP.

The LNCaP cell line is a versatile and useful model that is suitable for the study of human prostate cancer in vitro. The elevation of LNCaP intracellular cAMP levels through the addition of membrane permeable cAMP analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, adenylate cyclase activators, or components of the cAMP signal transduction pathway can induce reversible neuroendocrine differentiation. Elucidation of those genes that are differentially expressed between undifferentiated prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer cells that have been induced to differentiate may present new insights for the molecular mechanisms governing neuroendocrine differentiation, early detection of prostate cancer, and/or potential targets for gene therapy. In this study, differential display PCR was used to identify 226 differentially expressed PCR products. Twelve of the differential display PCR products were confirmed by Northern blot analysis and cloned. DNA sequencing and database comparisons were performed. Among the differentially expressed genes, the human ribosomal S3a gene was identified as down regulated in response to LNCaP differentiation. In order to better ascertain the mechanism by which HRS3a gene expression is decreased during differentiation, the promoter region for this gene was analyzed. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, antibody supershift assays, site-directed mutagenesis, and luciferase reporter gene analysis were employed to authenticate the roles of several transcription factors in the regulation of the HRS3a gene. Two cyclic AMP response elements, a Sp1 element and a GA-binding protein element, were involved in the regulation of HRS3a gene expression. In order to ascertain the effect of HRS3a down regulation in LNCaP cells, antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were designed to inhibit HRS3a gene expression. Treatment of LNCaP cells with antisense HRS3a oligonucleotides did not influence cAMP induced neuroendocrine differentiation but antisense treatment did result in a decrease in LNCaP cell growth. In addition, it was determined that morphological changes associated with cAMP induced differentiation of LNCaP cells from the epithelial to the neuroendocrine state may not require alterations in gene expression nor the expression of novel proteins. / Ph. D.

Pancreatic and prostate cancer are both prevalent cancers in the United States with pancreatic being one of the most aggressive of all cancers and prostate cancer being one of the most common, ranking as the number one cancer in men. Treatment of both cancers can be quite challenging as the anatomy of the pancreas and prostate, as well as the development and diagnosis of the disease can greatly limit treatment options. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new cancer treatments to help manage and prevent these cancers. Irreversible electroporation is a new non-thermal focal ablation therapy utilizing short, pulsed electric fields to damage cell membranes leading to cell death. The therapy is minimally invasive, involving the insertion of needle electrodes into the region of interest and lasts less than two minutes. Heat sink effects that thermal therapies experience near large blood vessels do not affect irreversible electroporation. This allows the treatment to be used on tumors near vasculature as well as critical structures without harming these vital regions. While irreversible electroporation is a promising new cancer therapy, further developments are necessary to improve treatment planning models. This work aims to further understand the electric field thresholds necessary to kill different types of cancer cells with a focus on pancreatic and prostate cancer. The work is done using an in vitro tumor (hydrogel) model as this model is better than traditional cell suspension studies, with added benefits over the immediate use of tissue and animal models. / Master of Science

Le cancer de la prostate (CaP) est caractérisé par un microenvironnement tumoral immunosuppresseur qui inhibe l'immunité antitumorale. Le traitement avec des immunomodulateurs, comme les cytokines (e.g. IL-12), pourrait modifier la réponse immunitaire. Cependant, l'administration systémique d'immunomodulateurs peut provoquer des toxicités. Pour éviter cela, les immunomodulateurs pourraient être produits dans la tumeur par un adénovirus assurant l'expression du transgène spécifiquement au CaP. Notre laboratoire a construit un tel adénovirus codant pour l'IL-12 murin (mIL-12) sous le contrôle du promoteur PCA3 et d'un système d'amplification appelé TSTA. Il a été démontré que cet adénovirus, nommé Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12, réduisait la croissance des tumeurs de prostate TRAMP-C2 chez les souris C57BL/6. Ici, nous avons cherché à vérifier un possible effet synergique de l'activation d'OX40 pour améliorer la réponse observée avec l'Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12. OX40 murin (mOX40), ainsi que son ligand (mOX40L), sont des points de contrôle immunitaires qui appartiennent à la superfamille des Tumor Necrosis Factors. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons proposé deux approches. Dans la première, nous avons cherché à produire un Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mOX40L afin de l'utiliser en combinaison avec l'Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12. L'Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mOX40L a été construit, mais sa capacité à induire l'expression de mOX40L dans les cellules TRAMP-C2 n'a pas encore été confirmée. Dans la seconde, un anticorps monoclonal (AcMo) agoniste anti-mOX40 serait administré en combinaison avec l'Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12. Pour tester cette approche, des cellules TRAMP-C2 ont été implantées chez des souris et les tumeurs ont été traitées par injections d'Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12 seules ou en association avec des injections de AcMo anti-mOX40 ou anti-mPD-1, comme comparateur. Les résultats n'ont montré aucun effet synergique significatif des combinaisons. Les cellules immunitaires infiltrant les tumeurs ont montré peu de changements significatifs, à l'exception d'une diminution des cellules CD8⁺PD-1⁺ dans les tumeurs traitées avec les anti-mOX40 ou anti-mPD-1. La combinaison de la stimulation d'OX40 avec l'Adv-PCA3-TSTA-IL-12 ne semble pas avoir d'effet synergique. Des combinaisons plus efficaces devraient être recherchées. / Prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that inhibits antitumor immunity. Treatment with immunomodulators, such as cytokines (e.g., IL-12), could modify the immune response. However, systemic administration of immunomodulators can cause toxicities. To avoid these toxicities, the immunomodulators could be produced locally in the tumor using an adenoviral vector able to ensure PCa-specific expression of the transgene. Our laboratory previously constructed such an adenovirus encoding the murine IL-12 (mIL-12) under the control of the PCa-specific promoter PCA3 and an amplification system called TSTA. This adenovirus, named Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12, was shown to reduce the growth of TRAMP-C2 prostate tumor in C57BL/6 mice. Here, we aimed to test a possible synergistic effect of the activation of OX40 to improve the response observed with Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12. The murine OX40 (mOX40), along with its ligand (mOX40L), are immune checkpoints that belong to the Tumor Necrosis Factor superfamily. To achieve this goal, we proposed two approaches. In the first, we aimed to produce an Adv-PCA3-TSTA expressing mouse OX40L in order to use it in combination with Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12. The Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mOX40L was constructed, but its capacity to induce mOX40L expression in TRAMP-C2 cells has not been confirmed yet. In the second, agonistic anti-mOX40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) would be administered in combination with Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12. To test this approach, TRAMP-C2 cells were implanted in mice and tumors were treated by injections of Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12 alone or in combination with injections of anti-mOX40 or anti-mPD-1 (as comparator) mAbs. Results showed no statistically significant synergistic effects of the addition of treatment with anti-mOX40 to Adv-PCA3-TSTA-mIL-12. The immune cells infiltrating tumors showed few significant changes, except for a decrease in CD8⁺+D-1+ cells in tumors treated with anti-mOX40 or anti-mPD-1 mAbs. The combination of OX40 stimulation with Adv-PCA3-TSTA-IL-12 appears to have no synergistic effect. We conclude by suggesting that more effective combinations should be looked for.