published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Lee Wai-yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [235-238]). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Literature Review / Methodology / Fieldsite Specification / Chapter 2 --- The Working Career/Moral Career of Ten Street Sex Workers --- p.40 / How Much Sadness/Humiliation have You Prepared for? / Careers / Implications / Chapter 3 --- Street Attraction: A General Portrait of the Work --- p.67 / Chapter 4 --- """Their Pleasure is Your Business"" On Work, Body, Sexuality and Clients" --- p.82 / Clients / Clients: in the Eyes of the Sex Workers / Their Pleasure is Your Business? / Chapter 5 --- """Their Pleasure is Your Felicity"" On Louh-Gung and Boyfriends" --- p.106 / Some Important Themes / Their Pleasure is Your Felicity? / Chapter 6 --- Street Order: Legal and Illegal Forces --- p.129 / Legal Force / Illegal Force / Co-management of Street Business by Legal and Illegal Forces / Their Pleasure is Your Safety? / Chapter 7 --- The Indecent Need: Taking Drugs --- p.161 / Non-users' Description / Users' Description / Themes Underlying these Descriptions / Chapter 8 --- "Other Social Networks On Parents, Siblings, Children, Friends and Colleagues" --- p.177 / "Parents, Siblings and Children" / Friends and Colleagues / Implications / Chapter 9 --- Happiness: Who is Qualified? A Reflexive Discussion of Our Standardized Felicity --- p.201 / "On the Margin, In the Mainstream" / The Process of Marginalization in the / Street / Standardized Happiness / "Towards a Broader Meaning of ""Happiness""" / Bibliography --- p.235

嚴潔心. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (leaves 135-140). / 附中英文摘要. / Yan Jiexin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi) -- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 135-140). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 感謝辭 / Abstract / 論文提要 / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1-8 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏究動機 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 硏究問題 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- 硏究方法 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- 硏究局限 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- 論文結構 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.9-28 / Chapter 2.1 --- 越軌工作作爲工作 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- 性工作被定義爲越軌行爲 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 法律層面的定義過程 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 社會層面的定義過程 --- p.15 / Chapter -- --- 本港少數關於性工作的調查/硏究 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- 關於性工作之女性主義論述 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 自由主義女性主義：性工作作爲女性自主的選擇 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 基進女性主義：性工作作爲父權系統對女性的(性）剝削 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- 小結 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三章 --- 街頭性工作的工作生態 --- p.29-54 / Chapter 3.1 --- 關於香港性工作 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- 關於街頭性工作 --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 社區環境 --- p.32 / Chapter -- --- 本地街頭性工作者的兩個社群 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 街頭性工作者的工作狀況 --- p.36 / Chapter -- --- 組織結構 --- p.36 / Chapter -- --- 與賓館的合作形式 --- p.37 / Chapter -- --- 工作地點/時間的穩定性 --- p.38 / Chapter -- --- 服務收費的穩定性 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 職業性的規範和禁忌 --- p.42 / Chapter -- --- 工作地點、服務種類及收費 --- p.42 / Chapter -- --- 懲罰機制 --- p.43 / Chapter -- --- 安全性行爲 --- p.45 / Chapter -- --- 「開鐘」 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- 影響業務的因素 --- p.50 / Chapter -- --- 賽馬 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 節日 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 天氣 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 經濟市道 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- 小結 --- p.53 / Chapter 第四章 --- 街頭性工作中的社會關係與工作文化 --- p.55-98 / Chapter 4.1 --- 賓館主持人 --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 經營及管理 --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 提供保護及有關資訊 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 社教化 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 排解街頭性工作者之間的糾紛 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- 其它街頭性工作者 --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 合作 --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 競爭 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 外來的街頭性工作者 --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 抽離自己、劃分它者月 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- 難得的友誼 --- p.72 / Chapter -- --- 幗紅與結蘭 --- p.72 / Chapter -- --- 慧中和依韻 --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- 顧客 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 「抽離」的工作文化下之工作策略 --- p.77 / Chapter -- --- 保持與顧客的距離 --- p.78 / Chapter -- --- 性行爲中的防禦機制 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 反抗與還擊 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 傳授顧客有關技巧與知識 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- 職業安全 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- 高利貸 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- 警方 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- 被捕的危險：查牌與「放蛇」 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- 面對警員：給面子的遊戲 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- 掃黃行動：有行動無政策 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.6 --- 公眾 --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- 小結 --- p.98 / Chapter 第五章 --- 街頭工作者的職業生涯 --- p.99-108 / Chapter 5.1 --- 進入街頭性工作 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2 --- 工作中的學習及適應過程 --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3 --- 對街頭性工作的評價 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 能見度(visibility)與角色含混 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 警方騷擾 --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 收入 --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 省卻情感勞動 --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- 工作上的自主性 --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4 --- 小結 --- p.108 / Chapter 第六章 --- 性別身份與職業角色 --- p.109-127 / Chapter 6.1 --- 劃分兩個世界 --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2 --- 區分兩種性行爲 --- p.116 / Chapter 6.3 --- 強調「一對一伴侶關係」 --- p.118 / Chapter 6.4 --- 以伴侶/子女作爲生活計劃的基礎 --- p.121 / Chapter 6.5 --- 小結 --- p.126 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.127-130 / 後記 --- p.131-134 / 參考書目 --- p.135-140 / 英文部份 --- p.135 / 中文部份 --- p.140

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

In this thesis, I use case study methodology to document the experiences of Latinas in sex work in Hong Kong and Macau. By investigating the identities of sex workers in these locations, I analyze risk behaviors related to each identity. I employ two theoretical frameworks; the first to examine the reasons for engaging in sex work, identities and risk behaviors; and the second to examine the women’s perception of the nature of sex work. The first framework consists of four explanatory models for analyzing sex work: a pathological model, a social dislocation and criminal subculture model, an economic position and poverty model, as well as a gender and male violence model. Of these, the economic position and poverty model seems to be a better fit with the background stories of most of the women in the study, who came from a poor socio-economic background. They took up sex work and migrated to other countries for economic reasons. However, I suggest that the agency of the women was not sufficiently taken into account by either of the models, including the economic position and poverty model. Using the second theoretical framework, I studied the women’s perception of the nature of sex work through the lenses of various feminist theories, including radical feminism, socialist feminism, Marxist feminism, liberal feminism and existentialist feminism. In looking at a systemic societal interpretation, radical, socialist and Marxist feminism views of oppression seemed justified because in most of the cases, sex work could be interpreted as a result of a patriarchal system and class conflict. At the individual level, the liberal and existentialist feminism views fit with the interviews because the women regarded sex work as empowering in view of their former poverty situations. Each of the women in the study maintained different work and private identities; and each of these identities could be associated with risk behaviors for themselves, for the clients, and for their families (especially spouses and/or boyfriends). The risks both sex workers and the local population faced as a result of the combination of criminalization of sex work and the lack of proper social services (medical, educational, and security), included violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. In addition, sex workers were at high risks of suffering psychological trauma. The findings indicated that to avoid a culture of violence and insecurity, sex work is in need of a deeper understanding and policies that would enable better protection for sex workers, clients and the general population. / published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Conclusions. The "bridging effect" for HIV transmission is evident. Variables predicting condom use during commercial sex are multidimensional. Integrative programs are hence required. Methadone clinics may offer a platform for offering such services to IDU-FSWs. The performance of the TPB could be enhanced by addition of external variables; its applicability varies according to the wellbeing status of the IDU-FSWs. Future randomized control studies are warranted to design effective evidence-based programs targeting IDU-FSWs. / Introduction. Injecting drug users (IDUs) drive the HIV epidemic in China. Female injecting drug users who are sex workers (IDU-FSWs) is a strategic "bridge population" for HIV transmission from the IDU to non-IDU populations. Background characteristics, health behavioral theories (e.g. the Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB), drug dependence, economic pressure, psychological problems, social support and gender power are potential predictors of condom use during commercial sex among IDU-FSWs. Most of these associations have not been investigated in China or elsewhere, and the TPB has not been applied to HIV-vulnerable populations in China. A knowledge gap exists. / Objectives. This study validated two instruments measuring severity of drug dependence. The prevalence of inconsistent condom use among IDU-FSWs and its associations with the aforementioned variables were investigated. The hypotheses that different blocks of variables would have independent effects on condom use during commercial sex, and the effects of TPB-related variables on condom use would be moderated by some external variables (e.g. severity of drug dependence) were tested. / Results. The Opiate Addiction Severity Inventory-Revised (OASI-R) was fully validated in the Study I. Around 6.8% of IDU-FSWs were HIV positive and respectively 48% and 64% of them practiced needle sharing and unprotected commercial sex (last six months). After adjusting for significant background variables, the five TPB-related variables (AOR=0.43 to 1.92, p<0.001), severity of drug dependence (AOR=1.05, p<0.01), economic pressure (AOR=1.07, p<0.05) and all studied psychosocial variables (e.g. depression, social support and gender power; AOR=0.70 to 1.67, p<0.05) were significantly associated with condom use during commercial sex. / Subjects and methods. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted. In Study I, 178 non-institutionalized drug users were interviewed in Dazhou, Sichuan. In Study II, 281 non-institutionalized IDU-FSWs were interviewed in Dazhou, Sichuan and Hengyang, Hunan, using snowballing method and face-to-face interviews. Statistical methods such as hierarchical and interaction modeling, stratification analysis, ROC method were used in this study. / The final hierarchical model predicting condom use during commercial sex included variables coming from four blocks of independent variables, with ROC area = 94% and sensitivity/specificity = 0.84/0.91. A "Wellbeing Status Index" moderated the associations between some of the TPB-related variables and condom use during commercial sex. / Gu, Jing. / Adviser: Joseph T. F. Lau. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3462. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-246). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.