Mining has been the biggest contributor to GDP after government services since the earliest discoveries of minerals in Namibia. The mining industry has played a significant role in the social and economic development of Namibia since independence in 1990. After Namibia gained independence in 1990, the country undertook to develop enabling mining laws to govern its mining industry. Namibia’s mining industry developed relatively early, based mostly on diamonds that were discovered at the turn of the century. The country is well known for its rich biodiversity and plentiful mineral reserves. The country’s economic growth is largely dependent on the mining sector such as the exploration and processing of mineral resources for export purposes to sustain its economy. The need to establish mining laws was derived from the fact that the country’s economy relies heavily on mineral resources for national wealth. The mining industry is governed by among other laws, the Namibian Constitution, the Minerals Prospecting and Mining Act 33 of 1999, the Diamond Act 13 of 1999 and the Minerals Development Fund of Namibia, Act 19 of 1996. Additionally to the enabling legislation, in 2003, the Namibian government unveiled its minerals policy with the aim to supplement the available mining laws. The enactment of the minerals policy was aimed at boosting the potential of the mining industry of the country. The main Act which governs the mining sector in Namibia has failed to incorporate in itself laws to govern mining in protected areas. Premised on this omission, the National Policy on Prospecting and Mining in Protected Areas (NPPMPA) was born. The purpose of the NPPMPA is to regulate mining actives in protected areas. This study argues that a policy has no legal power to compel compliance with its provisions as opposed to the rule of law. The study recommends that a mature and modern legislative regime for the mining sector (in particular mining in protected areas) to provide a clear line of responsibility and accountability for both the government and mining companies is required. The government should therefore look at incorporating most of the guidelines under the NPPMPA into law to enable the government to achieve the desired environmental protection and maintenance of the ecosystem. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

This study evaluates the utility of stakeholder analysis for understanding the relationships among actors involved in creating a marine protected area (MPA) in the Southern Ocean. It relies on the Australian Centre of Excellence on Risk Analysis (ACERA) method of critical stakeholder analysis, a concise, step-by-step model to identify stakeholders, assess their perceptions and values, and reveal power relations. The study uses the first two steps of the ACERA method to analyze stakeholders—in this case individuals speaking on behalf of organizations—within the Australian delegation of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) concerning the establishment of an MPA in the Southern Ocean. The study reveals both benefits and weaknesses in the ACERA method. It also portrays conflicting views among these stakeholders, and that the process of identifying and analyzing stakeholder interests is highly complex and dynamic. / Master of Science

No

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Michael A. Boland / The purpose of this research was to analyze the impact of supply control variables such as market share; DO/PGI cheese hedonic quality attributes such as country of origin, type of milk, and age; and the price of a substitute artesian or farmstead cheese on the price of imported cheeses. The literature review found that the EU has been a leader in developing a process for verifying foods produced in a local geographic area. It also revealed that the ability to control supply of a differentiated product transferred consumer surplus to producer surplus. The economic theory suggests that PDO/PGI certification results in the ability of the group of producers and / or processor to control supply by effectively causing a vertical kink in the supply curve and sufficiently differentiated products have a relatively inelastic demand curve. Data was collected on 83 PDO cheeses manufactured in the EU and sold in the US. This data included market share defined as the total tons of that PDO cheese produced in that geographic region divided by the total hectares of land. Hedonic variables characterize the PDO cheeses based on aging time, type of input and country of production. The price of a competing artisan cheese similar to the PDO cheese was identified. All of these variables were used in an ordinary least squares regression model to explain the variation in the price of the imported cheese. The regression results founded that market share, country of origin (Italy and Spain), and the price of a substitute were significant in explaining the variability in imported PDO cheese prices. Market share had a greater magnitude of change suggesting that, at the margin, a small change in supply can cause a larger change in supply which was not surprising given an inelastic demand curve and a fixed supply curve. Substitutes were actually complements which at first glance appears surprising. Finally, as one might suspect, a cheese that is more mature, like wine, has a greater value.

Land-use change that took place in the second half of the 20th century affected population sizes and viabilities of many species adapted to extensive land use. Dusky and Scarce large blue butterflies are ones of these species. Both number of their populations and population sizes declined all over Europe. During the last decade, many protected areas of the Natura 2000 network have been established to preserve these butterfly species. Protected areas are managed specifically to support viability of the Maculinea populations. This thesis investigates a current status set of the Natura 2000 sites in southwest Bohemia protecting one or both Maculinea butterfly species. Implementation of the specific management was found to be a crucial factor for successful protection of the Dusky and Scarce large blue butterflies. We found that there are significant differences in managements applied in different locations. Almost half of protected areas are managed in inappropriate ways, their butterfly population sizes were very small or already extinct. Other sites are managed well and stable Maculinea populations live there. An assumption that a specific Maculinea management could also support another rare or endangered species has been tested in this thesis too. All available records (i.e. field inventories,...

InstituÃdas como uma reaÃÃo limitante ao crescimento desmedido do homem sobre o ambiente natural, as Ãreas protegidas apresentam-se presentemente como um relevante componente nas estratÃgias de conservaÃÃo ambiental mundial. MÃltiplos tipos de ecossistemas ameaÃados pela utilizaÃÃo predatÃria de suas extensÃes beneficiam-se diretamente da instituiÃÃo de regras de condutas impostas pela criaÃÃo de unidades de conservaÃÃo, dentre estes, encontram-se as Ãreas marÃtimas. No entanto, assim como espaÃos terrestres, a mera implantaÃÃo de uma Ãrea marinha protegida nÃo garante a preservaÃÃo do ambiente indicado. Deve-se primar pelo exercÃcio de atividades administrativas eficientes que permitam que os objetivos de conservaÃÃo do espaÃo sejam atingidos, de forma a beneficiar o maior nÃmero possÃvel de setores da sociedade local. Visando analisar o grau de efetividade do manejo do Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio, Ãnica unidade de conservaÃÃo marinha do Estado do CearÃ, construiu-se um instrumental metodolÃgico baseado na anÃlise de 24 variÃveis, distribuÃdas entre 7 Ãmbitos. Para cada Ãmbito, foram elaboradas matrizes de avaliaÃÃo que permitiram a classificaÃÃo da efetividade do manejo de cada um destes e, ao integrÃ-los, da unidade de conservaÃÃo em si. A contribuiÃÃo inovadora deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia que, embora apresente pontos em comum com metodologias anteriormente utilizadas, seja aplicada Ãs Ãreas marinhas protegidas, unidades de conservaÃÃo ainda carentes de estudos sobre eficiÃncia de manejo. Desta forma, a anÃlise do manejo do Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio resultou em 61,46% do seu nÃvel Ãtimo, classificando-o como possuidor de um manejo medianamente satisfatÃrio. Inferiu-se, portanto, que apesar de possuir requisitos bÃsicos de manejo de uma unidade de conservaÃÃo essa Ãrea ainda apresenta lacunas estruturais e administrativas que dificultam o estabelecimento de aÃÃes eficazes na conservaÃÃo dos recursos naturais locais. / Created as a reaction to unlimited growth of modern society over environment, protected areas are nowadays distinctive components in a world-wide conservation strategy. Many kinds of threatened ecosystems are directly benefited by them, avoiding predatory uses of its extensions due to restrictions of behaviors imposed by their establishment. Amongst these, there are maritime areas. However, as well as terrestrial spaces, the mere creation of a marine protected area does not guarantee the environment preservation. The development of efficient administrative activities is really necessary, allowing the reach of its conservation objectives, whilst benefiting the largest possible number of society sectors. Aiming to analyze the effectiveness degree of Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park handling, the only marine protected area of CearÃ, it was established a methodology that analysis 24 variables distributed between 7 ambits. For each ambit, it was elaborated an evaluation matrix that allows a qualification of its handling effectiveness. Integrating all evaluated sector, it was possible to measure the marine protected areaâs handling effectiveness. The analysis of Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park handling effectiveness resulted in a 61.46% of its excellent level, being classified as a medium satisfactory handling. It was inferred, therefore, that although it possess the basic requirement of handling, this marine protected area still have structural and administrative gaps that make it difficult to establish efficient actions in local natural resources conservation.

LIMA FILHO, Joseilton Ferreira . Análise da efetividade de manejo de áreas marinhas protegidas: um estudo do Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio. 2006. 134 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente-PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2006. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-28T19:51:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jflimafilho.pdf: 866498 bytes, checksum: 904e575c5968274b499ea9838f6ae909 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-28T19:51:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jflimafilho.pdf: 866498 bytes, checksum: 904e575c5968274b499ea9838f6ae909 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:51:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jflimafilho.pdf: 866498 bytes, checksum: 904e575c5968274b499ea9838f6ae909 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Created as a reaction to unlimited growth of modern society over environment, protected areas are nowadays distinctive components in a world-wide conservation strategy. Many kinds of threatened ecosystems are directly benefited by them, avoiding predatory uses of its extensions due to restrictions of behaviors imposed by their establishment. Amongst these, there are maritime areas. However, as well as terrestrial spaces, the mere creation of a marine protected area does not guarantee the environment preservation. The development of efficient administrative activities is really necessary, allowing the reach of its conservation objectives, whilst benefiting the largest possible number of society sectors. Aiming to analyze the effectiveness degree of Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park handling, the only marine protected area of Ceará, it was established a methodology that analysis 24 variables distributed between 7 ambits. For each ambit, it was elaborated an evaluation matrix that allows a qualification of its handling effectiveness. Integrating all evaluated sector, it was possible to measure the marine protected area’s handling effectiveness. The analysis of Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park handling effectiveness resulted in a 61.46% of its excellent level, being classified as a medium satisfactory handling. It was inferred, therefore, that although it possess the basic requirement of handling, this marine protected area still have structural and administrative gaps that make it difficult to establish efficient actions in local natural resources conservation. / Instituídas como uma reação limitante ao crescimento desmedido do homem sobre o ambiente natural, as áreas protegidas apresentam-se presentemente como um relevante componente nas estratégias de conservação ambiental mundial. Múltiplos tipos de ecossistemas ameaçados pela utilização predatória de suas extensões beneficiam-se diretamente da instituição de regras de condutas impostas pela criação de unidades de conservação, dentre estes, encontram-se as áreas marítimas. No entanto, assim como espaços terrestres, a mera implantação de uma área marinha protegida não garante a preservação do ambiente indicado. Deve-se primar pelo exercício de atividades administrativas eficientes que permitam que os objetivos de conservação do espaço sejam atingidos, de forma a beneficiar o maior número possível de setores da sociedade local. Visando analisar o grau de efetividade do manejo do Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio, única unidade de conservação marinha do Estado do Ceará, construiu-se um instrumental metodológico baseado na análise de 24 variáveis, distribuídas entre 7 âmbitos. Para cada âmbito, foram elaboradas matrizes de avaliação que permitiram a classificação da efetividade do manejo de cada um destes e, ao integrá-los, da unidade de conservação em si. A contribuição inovadora deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia que, embora apresente pontos em comum com metodologias anteriormente utilizadas, seja aplicada às áreas marinhas protegidas, unidades de conservação ainda carentes de estudos sobre eficiência de manejo. Desta forma, a análise do manejo do Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio resultou em 61,46% do seu nível ótimo, classificando-o como possuidor de um manejo medianamente satisfatório. Inferiu-se, portanto, que apesar de possuir requisitos básicos de manejo de uma unidade de conservação essa área ainda apresenta lacunas estruturais e administrativas que dificultam o estabelecimento de ações eficazes na conservação dos recursos naturais locais.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第21978号 / 地環博第185号 / 新制||地環||37(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 真常 仁志, 教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Inclusion of Indigenous communities and Traditional Ecological Knowledges (TEK) alongside reconciliation efforts feature in numerous plans and policies for nature and biodiversity conservation. But to what extent do these agreements present an honest attempt to equally share power and responsibility between Indigenous peoples and governance agencies in protected area management? In this thesis, I trace how including Indigenous communities and their TEK entered Canada’s policy discourse on nature conservation. I focus on the designation of Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs), which presents Canada’s latest approach towards including Indigenous peoples in protected area management. Through a study of policy documents, I compare changes in Canadian governance agencies’ proposal of and motivations behind Indigenous peoples’ inclusion with insights from Indigenous communities’ documents related to Edéhzíe Protected Area and Thaidene Nëné Indigenous Protected Area. These documents offer insights into Indigenous stewardship practices, emphasize Indigenous self-governance as well as the role of TEK, Western science, and Indigenous languages in IPCA management. Although I conclude that Edéhzíe Protected Area and Thaidene Nëné Indigenous Protected Area present an honest attempt to equally share power and responsibility in IPCA management, I call on governance agencies to further centre Indigenous peoples’ ideas on stewarding biodiversity-rich places, grant rights to self-determination and self-governance, and restore justice.

Although forest foods are important for health and cultural continuity for millions of Indigenous people, information regarding how people use and access these foods is lacking. Using a qualitative methodology informed by Bribri teachings, this thesis examined the ethnoecology of food harvesting in the Talamanca Bribri Indigenous Territory, Costa Rica. This project illustrates how access to forest food requires: access to multiple land patches, unique landscaping practices, and fostering relationships with non- human beings. By examining wild food consumption by household and generation in one community (Bajo Coen), this research shows how: wild food harvesting is widespread, the majority of youth consume wild food, sharing is fundamental to access wild food, and people consume wild food for many reasons including identity and dietary variety. By examining gender across multiple harvesting stages, this study demonstrates that no single harvesting stage was exclusive to members of one gender and that mixed gender harvesting groups were common; these findings challenge generalizations that women and men engage in different harvesting tasks and highlight the importance of gendered collaboration. This thesis makes applied contributions to ethnobiology and forest management. By analyzing how protected area (PA) regulations shape access to forest food, this thesis highlights how PAs can have negative impacts on: health, nutrition, teaching youth, quality of life, cultural identity, and on the land; these findings are important because they show why Biosphere Reserves need to do more work to ensure their managers support people’s rights to access traditional food. To better understand the macro-level factors that shape food access beyond PAs, this thesis evaluates the political ecology of land access. Findings illustrate how Bribri people’s history of engagement in an inequitable market economy, in concert with discriminatory state policies of land reorganization and management, has created significant hurdles for some people to access forest resources and to grow their own food. This thesis has generated its findings using methods based on Bribri teachings; as such, it: 1) increases awareness of Indigenous methodologies in ethnobiology and 2) generates information about harvesting that accurately represents Bribri people and how they understand the world / May 2016