Le rôle de la Constitution est en effet indispensable pour conforter la démocratie et protéger les droits de l’homme. On peut dire que si la question de la protection des droits de l’homme n’était pas posée, l’humanité n’aurait très probablement pas besoin d’une Constitution pour chaque pays. Il n’est pas un régime politique démocratique sans garantie des droits de l’homme ou sans Constitution. La protection des droits de l’homme n’est pas seulement le rôle et les fonctions de la Constitution; c’est aussi sa nature, sa raison d’être même. L’histoire a démontré que le constitutionnalisme, la Constitution et les droits de l’homme ne sont pas des concepts totalement nouveaux dans la société vietnamienne. Combinée avec les valeurs humanitaires traditionnelles, la notion occidentale de droits de l’homme a commencé à prendre racine au Vietnam à l'époque coloniale française. Malgré les périodes où la liberté individuelle était réprimée ou devait être sacrifiée pour les intérêts communs, ou encore les moments où l’idée des droits de l’homme était vue comme “idée anti révolutionnaire occidentale visant à corrompre la société vietnamienne”, personne ne peut nier que les droits de l’homme sont une valeur universelle de l’humanité vers laquelle tout pays, y compris le Vietnam, doit s’orienter. Comme les autres pays asiatiques, après son indépendance, le Vietnam a adopté une nouvelle constitution qui a récupéré les idées constitutionnelles occidentales pour établir le premier régime démocratique en 1946. Depuis cette date jusqu’à nos jours, le Vietnam a connu cinq Constitutions de la République Démocratique du Vietnam et de la République Socialiste du Vietnam: celles de 1946, de 1959, de 1980, de 1992 et de 2013; et deux autres Constitutions de la République du Vietnam du Sud: celles de 1956 et de 1967. Toutes ces constitutions disposent d’un chapitre traitant des droits et devoirs fondamentaux des citoyens. Dès lors, les Constitutions ont toujours accompagné les vietnamiens à travers l’histoire. La protection des droits de l’homme des Constitutions du Vietnam, comme d’autres pays dans le monde, se traduit de deux manières: Un ensemble de dispositions concernant directement les droits de l’homme, afin d’éviter la répression de toutes personnes par toutes autres, à commencer par les fonctionnaires des administrations publiques; et un autre ensemble de dispositions ayant pour objet de limiter le pouvoir de l’État. Ces deux aspects ont pour vocation de protéger les Vietnamiens et toutes personnes sur le territoire du Vietnam. Ces derniers temps, le Vietnam a adhéré à d’importantes conventions internationales sur les droits de l’homme, la Constitution du Vietnam reconnaît la plupart des droits et des libertés fondamentales de l’homme et plusieurs institutions et mécanismes en la matière ont été mis en place. Malgré une certaine réussite, le Vietnam connaît encore plusieurs problèmes et difficultés en protection des droits de l’homme. La présente étude aborde une problématique complexe : le Vietnam ne manque pas de textes, mais leur mécanisme d'application connaît toujours des difficultés. Grâce à une approche multidisciplinaire qui favorisera plusieurs types d’analyse, nous montrerons que dans le contexte actuel au Vietnam, la création d’un mécanisme constitutionnel de protection des droits de l’homme est une exigence indiscutable. En ce sens, nous souhaitons l’établissement d’institutions constitutionnelles spécifiques à la protection des droits de l’homme au Vietnam. / The Constitution definitely has an indispensable role in the consolidation of democracy and the protection of human rights. It can be stated that if the question of human rights protection were not raised, it would probably not be necessary to have a constitution in every country. Without the guarantee of human rights or without a constitution, a political system is not democratic. Protecting human rights constitutes not only the role but also the function of a constitution; these are also the reasons for its existence. History has demonstrated that the concepts of a constitution, of constitutionalism, and of human rights are not completely new to Vietnamese society. Combined with the traditional humanitarian values, the western notion of human rights started to take roots in Vietnam during the French colonial era. There were, however, periods when individual freedom was repressed or had to be sacrificed for common interests. Additionally, there were times when the idea of human rights was seen as a "Western anti-revolutionary idea aiming to corrupt Vietnamese society." It cannot be denied that human rights constitute a universal value of humanity to which every country, including Vietnam, should be oriented. Like other Asian countries, after its independence, Vietnam adopted a new constitution which embodied western constitutional ideas and established their first democratic regime in 1946. From this date onwards, Vietnam has had five constitutions belonging to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: they are the constitutions of 1946, of 1959, of 1980, of 1992 and of 2013. Two other Constitutions of the Republic of South Vietnam were established in 1956 and 1967. All these constitutions have a chapter on fundamental rights and duties of citizens. Thus, constitutions have always accompanied the Vietnamese people throughout modern history. The protection of human rights in Vietnam's constitutions, like in other countries in the world, is rendered in two ways: A set of provisions which directly concerns human rights is laid out in order to avoid the repression of any person, starting with government officials; and another set of provisions designed to limit the power of the State. These two aspects are intended to protect the Vietnamese people and all persons in the territory of Vietnam. Recently, Vietnam has participated in important international conventions on human rights. The Constitution of Vietnam recognizes most widely-accepted human rights and fundamental freedoms and several institutions and mechanisms have been put in place concerning this matter. Despite some success, Vietnam still faces several problems and difficulties in protecting human rights. The present study addressed a complex issue: Vietnam does not lack legal texts, but their enforcement mechanism still experiences inadequacies. Through a multidisciplinary approach that facilitates different types of analysis, we show that in Vietnam's current context, creating a constitutional mechanism for protecting human rights is an unquestionable requirement. In this sense, we would like to establish specific constitutional institutions for the protection of human rights in Vietnam.

Endogenous tariff formation has been the subject of theoretical studies that attempt to determine the fundamental economic variables that influence the structure of industry protection implemented by international trade policy makers. An empirical analysis of endogenous tariff formation under the framework of a regional trade agreement implemented by the Andean Community Group is offered in this dissertation. Econometric models for the group’s common external tariff (CET) and for individual country tariff deviations with respect to the CET are estimated. The analysis is based on cross-sectional industrial and trade data for 1996, collected at four digit level of aggregation. The level of aggregation refers to the specific definition of industrial sectors included in the International Standard Industrial Code (ISIC). While previous studies on another regional integrated group in South America (MERCOSUR) use data at the three digit level, the aggregation used in this research implies a significant increase in the sample size, and also a more homogeneous specification regarding the composition of the industrial sectors under analysis. The causal links among the variables are obtained by using the directed acyclical graphs (DAGs) approach. This allows for a refined search for causal relationships. The approach is particularly appealing for the analysis of endogenous trade protection since it allows analyzing economic systems that involve policy intervention. The empirical analysis supports several of the classic theoretical models on trade protection. The results are consistent with the equity concern model, which suggests that governments tend to protect industrial sectors that employ a significant number of low wage unskilled workers. The estimated models also support the interest group and the adding machine theoretical formulations. However, a rather interesting result derived from the DAG analysis is the feedback interaction that seems to operate between tariffs and policy variables. The current literature restricts the estimation of trade protection by imposing tariffs as the dependent variable with no reverse effect from this variable to the policy variables. Our results challenge this unidirectional causality view, since an effect from tariffs to the policy variables shows up in most of the estimated specifications.

No description available.

Thesis (D.B.A.)--University of Washington. / Bibliography: l. [237]-247.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2001. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Alexanders-Universität zu Erlangen.

Inaug. _ Diss.: Rechts- und staats- wissenschaftliche Fakultät: Zürich: 1975. _ Bibliogr. p. 1315.

Thesis--University of Florida. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 266-279.

Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. / Thesis Advisor(s): Cynthia E. Irvine, Paul C. Clark. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-83). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.