L’évaluation vient s’imposer en France dès les années 1970 par le biais des politiques publiques avec l’idée d’une rationalisation des choix budgétaires afin d’assurer la maîtrise des dépenses. Le champ de la protection de l'enfance n'échappe pas à ces évolutions et, dans une perspective d'efficacité, la loi sur la réforme de la protection de l'enfance du 5 mars 2007 impose la création d’un dispositif : la "cellule de recueil, de traitement et d’évaluation des informations préoccupantes". Ce dispositif, décentralisé, a pour finalité de "rationaliser" la procédure de signalement des enfants dits "en danger" ou "en risque de l’être". Sa mise en œuvre enjoint les travailleurs sociaux à davantage d’efficacité. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que cette nouvelle injonction influe sur les pratiques des professionnels, en charge de l’évaluation des situations de ces enfants repérés. 175 travailleurs sociaux ont accepté de dévoiler leurs conceptions et de rendre compte de leurs pratiques. Ils donnent à voir les effets de la loi de 2007 et du nouveau cadre qu’elle impose sur leur rapport à l’institution, à l’usager et à leur propre action en matière d’évaluation. Au final, en quoi l’exercice de leur mission se trouve-t-il bousculé ? Cette investigation contribue à l’analyse du champ du travail social au travers de ses acteurs s professionnels en charge des enfants en danger ou en risque de l’être et se focalise sur la mise en évidence de nouvelles contradictions en émergence depuis l’introduction du "New Public Management" en protection de l’enfance. / Assessment is an idea that imposed itself upon France as early as the 1970's by the means of public policies. The idea was one of a rationalization of the budget choices in order to ensure the control on the spendings. The area of child care is not beyond those changes. The 5th of March 2007 law about the reform of the child care, in a prospect of effectiveness, is setting the creation of a purview to answer to this command of effectiveness: the "unit for collection, dealing with and assessing the worrying pieces of information". The aim of this purview - decentralized as a competence of the French départements, is to rationalize the process of reporting procedure regarding the children "in danger" or "likely to be in danger". The enforcement of this law charges the social workers to more effectiveness. We are making the assumption that this new command is having an influence on the practice of the workers who are in charge of assessing the situation of those identified children. 175 social workers revealed their practice. They set out the effects of this law and its new framework on the relation of the professional to his institution, the user and its own action regarding assessment. To what extent these work-based relations are finally questioned ? This survey feeds the analysis of the social work through child care professionals’ statements and is focused on the highlighting of new emergent contradictions from the introduction of "New Public Management" in child care.

Les droits des malades mentaux viennent d’être profondément modifiés par plusieurs textes de lois. Il s’agit de la réforme de la loi de 1990 par la loi du 5 juillet 2011, mais également de la réforme de la protection des majeurs de 2007. La loi « Dati » de 2008, relative notamment à l’irresponsabilité pénale pour troubles mentaux et enfin à la loi relative au handicap de 2005, impactent aussi leurs droits. Les troubles du malade mental font de ce dernier un sujet de droit particulier, dont les libertés individuelles devront être particulièrement protégées face aux exigences de protection de l’ordre public. La nature des troubles induit pour ces patients une confrontation spécifique au droit et à la justice, dans plusieurs circonstances. Il apparaît que le malade mental occupe une place particulière au regard de ses droits et libertés. Par voie de conséquence, il est possible d’affirmer que la psychiatrie, discipline médicale chargée de prendre en charge ce type de patient, constitue bien une réelle spécificité médico-légale, à laquelle sont confrontés les professionnels. Si cette spécificité repose sur la nécessité de protéger la santé, en tenant compte des exigences liées à l’ordre public, à la répression des infractions et à la sécurité des personnes, l’enjeu consiste également à garantir efficacement la protection des libertés individuelles des patients concernés. / The rights of the mental sick have profoundly just been modified by several texts of laws. It is about the reform of the law of 1990 by the law of July 5th, 2011, but also about the reform of the protection of the adults of 2007. The law " Dati " of 2008, relative in particular to the penal irresponsibility for mental disorders(confusions) and finally to the law relative to the handicap of 2005, also impact their rights. The disorders(confusions) of the mentally ill person make of the latter a subject of particular right(law), from which personal freedoms must be particularly protected in front of requirements of protection of the law and order. The nature of the disorders(confusions) leads(infers) for these patients a specific confrontation in the right(law) and in the justice, in several circumstances. It seems that the mentally ill person occupies a particular place (square) with regard to his rights and liberties. Consequently, it is possible to assert that the psychiatry, the medical discipline asked to take care of this type(chap) of patient, establishes(constitutes) well a real forensic specificity, with which are confronted the professionals. If this specificity rests(bases) on the necessity of protecting the health, by taking into account requirements bound(connected) to the law and order, to the repression of breaches and to the safety(security) of the people, the stake also consists in guaranteeing effectively the protection of the personal freedoms of the concerned patients.

In concrete reinforced buildings, the steel framework is required to be bonded and is often used as a cost effective method of lightning protection. In defining lightning protection zones, it is essential to understand where the lightning current due to a direct strike will flow. A number of models exist to evaluate the current distribution, but are often applied to relatively simple structures. Using Maxwell’s equations, an approximate skin effect model is proposed and used to eval- uate the lightning current distribution in a complex structure. A reduced scale model of a structure, consisting of conductors arranged in rings, is developed to verify the model. Particular attention is given to the return path of the current, ensuring an even distrib- ution of the current in the structure. The equivalent circuit showed an even distribution of current across each conductor at dc and low frequencies and a distribution that concentrated in the outer conductors for higher frequencies. The measurements from the structure confirmed that the current con- centrates in the outer conductors at high frequencies. Applying a reduced scale lightning impulse, it is shown that the majority of the current flows on the outermost conductors. Any current on the inner conductors is not only greatly decreased in magnitude, but significantly slower in time than the applied impulse.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

"For industrial explosion protection, residual risk analysis determines the likelihood that a given protection scheme will fail to mitigate an explosion occurrence, where one or more points of a system are subject to failure. Current design practice for providing explosion protection measures for industrial hazards follows a process where, although the designer satisfies accepted industry codes and standards, the result is a system where the risk of failure remains unknown. This thesis proposes and demonstrates the use of a methodology to assist design engineers in constructing an explosion protection system that meets a specified quantifiable level of risk. This new methodology can assist building owners and decision makers in selecting a design that best meets their risk-based goals and objectives."

Memory integrity protection has been a longstanding issue in trusted system design. Most viruses and malware attack the system by modifying data that they are not authorized to access. With the development of the Internet, viruses and malware spread much faster than ever before. In this setting, protecting the memory becomes increasingly important. However, it is a hard problem to protect the dynamic memory. The data in the memory changes from time to time so that the schemes have to be fast enough to provide real-time protection while in the same time the schemes have to use slow crytographical functions to keep the security level. In this thesis, we propose a new fast authentication scheme for memory. As in previous proposals the scheme uses a Merkle tree to guarantee dynamic protection of memory. We use the universal hash function family NH for speed and couple it with an AES encryption in order to achieve a high level of security. The proposed scheme is much faster compared to similar schemes achieved by cryptographic hash functions such as SHA-1 due to the finer grain incremental hashing ability provided by NH. With a modified version of the proposed scheme, the system can access the data in memory without checking the integrity all the time and still keeps the same security level. This feature is mainly due to the incremental nature of NH. Moreover, we show that combining with caches and parallelism, we can achieve fast and simple software implementation.

This thesis describes the development of a new directional relay for the ultra-high-speed protection of EHV transmission lines. The work has been carried out by utilising digital computer simulations, and the relay has been developed assuming that it would be implemented by micro-computer. This has enabled the use of a new digital filtering structure, which has been specifically devised to extract the superimposed quantities that the directional principle is concerned with. A modal transformation is utilised within the relay in order to define decoupled wave signals for a multi-conductor system, the transformation is also shown to provide significant hardware economies in the final design. In order to study the characteristics of the new relay, a number of new primary system digital simulations have been devised and are described in the thesis. These simulations include single and double-circuit multi-terminal systems with advanced fault capabilities. The novel decision process, in combination with the digital filter, enables the relay to provide a secure directional decision within typically, 2.5 ms of a fault occurring. Such an operating time will enable ultra-high-speed clearance of faults to be achieved, if the most recent circuit breaker developments and wide-band communication equipment are also employed.

Poverty eradication has been one of the most important, if not the most important, development goals of recent decades. It still represents one of the major challenges of our time. The first objective of the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals agreed in 2015 states: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere" (United Nations 2015). To meet the main objective of eliminating poverty by 2030, it has been recognized that protection must go not only to those in poverty but also to those who are in danger of falling into poverty in the future. Although vulnerability to poverty can be broadly defined as the likelihood of someone falling into poverty in the future, there is no agreement on how best to measure it or determine its impact on well-being. The main research question addressed in the thesis is: How can vulnerability to poverty be operationalized and measured? It explores this question empirically in three papers covering: (i) what are the shifts in vulnerability to poverty along the distribution of income over time; (ii) what do the measurements of vulnerability to poverty tell us about the sociodemographic characteristics of people in situations of vulnerability to poverty compared with those living in poverty and the middle class; (iii) what is the relationship between poverty, vulnerability and age and what is the role of social assistance in addressing these. The three papers take Chile as a case study to understand and measure vulnerability from three different approaches. Chile is a high-income country with a successful poverty reduction strategy but still facing the challenge of eradicating it. Most of its social programs are designed to reach the 60% most vulnerable sector of the population. The first paper employs a relative understanding of vulnerability. It examines population shifts along the distribution of income from deciles in poverty in an earlier period to deciles of vulnerability in a later period. Methods to analyse relative distribution proposed by Handcock & Morris (1999) are used to perform this analysis. The findings emphasize that poverty reduction can be accompanied by vulnerability reduction. The second paper measures vulnerability to poverty using the approach proposed by Lopez-Calva & Ortiz-Juarez (2014). This paper estimates the probability of falling into poverty and uses this to establish a vulnerability income threshold. The findings underline the differences between the group of people living in vulnerability, those living in poverty and people who belong to middle class. This paper contributes to the recognition of the group of people in vulnerability as a different group to those in poverty and the middle class providing the recommendation of different social programmes for these groups. Poverty reduction strategies should consider these differences. The third paper moves the analysis onto the vulnerable groups. It focuses on children and older people as vulnerable groups in need of state protection. A partial fiscal analysis is carried out following the guidelines of the Commitment to Equity Institute to compare the situation of these groups before and after direct taxes and cash transfers. It shows that current cash transfers have an age bias, being more effective in reducing poverty among the elderly than among children. The findings confirm the view that age bias in welfare institutions creates generational inequity in the allocation of public benefits. In the context of the general lack of agreement regarding what vulnerability to poverty is and how it can be measured, this thesis thus tries out three different ways to conceptualize and measure it.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

隱私保護是許多應用(特別是和人們有關的)要面對的重要問題。在隱私保護數據發布之研究中，我們探討如何在個人隱私不會被侵犯之情況下發布一個包含個人資料之數據庫，而此數據庫仍包含有用的信息以供研究或其他數據分析之用。 / 本論文著重於隱私保護數據發布之隱私模型及算法。我們首先提出一個預期收益模型，以確認發布一個數據庫會否侵犯個人隱私。預期收益模型符合我們在本論文中提出的六個關於量化私人信息之公理，而第六條公理還會以社會心理學之角度考慮人為因素。而且，這模型考慮敵意信息收集人在發布數據庫之中所得到的好處。所以這模型切實反映出敵意信息收集人利用這些好處而獲得利益，而其他隱私模型並沒有考慮這點。然後，我們還提出了一個算法來生成符合預期收益模型之發布數據庫。我們亦進行了一些包含現實數據庫之實驗來表示出這算法是現實可行的。在那之後，我們提出了一個敏感值抑制算法，使發布數據庫能對負向關聯免疫，而負向關聯是前景/背景知識攻擊之一種。我們亦進行了一些實驗來表示出我們只需要抑制平均數個百份比之敏感值就可以令一個發佈數據庫對負向關聯免疫。最後，我們探討在分散環境之下之隱私保護數據發布，這代表有兩個或以上的數據庫持有人分別生成不同但有關之發布數據庫。我們提出一個在分散環境下可用的相異L多樣性的隱私模型和一個算法來生成符合此模型之發布數據庫。我們亦進行了一些實驗來表示出這算法是現實可行的。 / Privacy preserving is an important issue in many applications, especially for the applications that involve human. In privacy preserving data publishing (PPDP), we study how to publish a database, which contains data records of some individuals, so that the privacy of the individuals is preserved while the published database still contains useful information for research or data analysis. / This thesis focuses on privacy models and algorithms in PPDP. We first propose an expected gain model to define whether privacy is preserved for publishing a database. The expected gain model satisfies the six axioms in quantifying private information proposed in this thesis, where the sixth axiom considers human factors in the view of social psychology. In addition, it considers the amount of advantage gained by an adversary by exploiting the private information deduced from a published database. Hence, the model reflects the reality that the adversary uses such an advantage to earn a profit, which is not conisidered by other existing privacy models. Then, we propose an algorithm to generate published databases that satisfy the expected gain model. Experiments on real datasets are conducted to show that the proposed algorithm is feasible to real applications. After that, we propose a value suppression framework to make the published databases immune to negative association, which is a kind of background / foreground knowledge attacks. Experiments are conducted to show that negative association immunity can be achieved by suppressing only a few percent of sensitive values on average. Finally, we investigate PPDP in a non-centralized environment, in which two or more data holders generate their own different but related published databases. We propose a non-centralized distinct l-diversity requirement as the privacy model and an algorithm to generate published databases for this requirement. Experiments are conducted to show that the proposed algorithm is feasible to real applications. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Cheong, Chi Hong. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-193). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Contributions and Organization --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Other Related Areas --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Privacy Preserving Data Mining --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Partition-Based Approach vs. Differential Privacy Approach --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Expected Gain Model --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Background and Motivation --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Contributions --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Table Models --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Private Table --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Published Table --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Private Information Model --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Proposition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Private Information and Private Probability --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Public Information and Public Probability --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Axioms in Quantifying Private Information --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Quantifying Private Information --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Expected Gain of a Fair Guessing Game --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5 --- Tuning the Importance of Opposite Information --- p.48 / Chapter 2.6 --- Conclusions --- p.53 / Chapter 3 --- Generalized Expected Gain Model --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2 --- Table Models --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Private Table --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Published Table --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Expected Gain Model --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Random Variable and Probability Distribution --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Public Information --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Private Information --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Expected Gain Model --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Generalization Algorithm --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Generalization Property and Subset Property --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Modified Version of Incognito --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5 --- Related Work --- p.80 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- k-Anonymity --- p.80 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- l-Diversity --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Confidence Bounding --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- t-Closeness --- p.84 / Chapter 3.6 --- Experiments --- p.85 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Experiment Set 1: Average/Max/Min Expected Gain --- p.85 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Experiment Set 2: Expected Gain Distribution --- p.90 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Experiment Set 3: Modified Version of Incognito --- p.95 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusions --- p.99 / Chapter 4 --- Negative Association Immunity --- p.100 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2 --- Related Work --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3 --- Negative Association Immunity and Value Suppression --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Negative Association --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Negative Association Immunity --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Achieving Negative Association Immunity by Value Suppression --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4 --- Local Search Algorithm --- p.123 / Chapter 4.5 --- Experiments --- p.125 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Settings --- p.125 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Results and Discussions --- p.128 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusions --- p.129 / Chapter 5 --- Non-Centralized Distinct l-Diversity --- p.130 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.130 / Chapter 5.2 --- Related Work --- p.138 / Chapter 5.3 --- Table Models --- p.140 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Private Tables --- p.140 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Published Tables --- p.141 / Chapter 5.4 --- Private Information Deduced from Multiple Published Tables --- p.143 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Private Information Deduced by Simple Counting on Each Published Tables --- p.143 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Private Information Deduced from Multiple Published Tables --- p.145 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Probabilistic Table --- p.156 / Chapter 5.5 --- Non-Centralized Distinct l-Diversity and Algorithm --- p.158 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Non-centralized Distinct l-diversity --- p.159 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Algorithm --- p.165 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Theorems --- p.171 / Chapter 5.6 --- Experiments --- p.174 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Settings --- p.174 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Metrics --- p.176 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Results and Discussions --- p.179 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusions --- p.181 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.183 / Bibliography --- p.186