Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

O estudo de venenos de artrópodes é de grande interesse para melhorar os tratamentos contra envenenamentos e oferece uma ótima ferramenta para melhor compreensão dos sistemas nervoso e imunológico, coagulação sanguínea e respostas inflamatórias. As abelhas são um dos animais venenosos mais estudados e a elucidação do seu proteoma é de interesse na elucidação de reações tóxicas e alérgicas a ferroadas. O número de acidentes envolvendo estes insetos é crescente, tendo ultrapassado 20.000 notificações entre 2001 e 2006 em todo o país e, apesar disso, não há um tratamento específico para estas vítimas, nem mesmo uma identificação completa dos antígenos presentes nesse veneno. O perfil protéico descrito até então apresenta cerca de 40 proteínas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o perfil protéico do veneno de abelhas utilizando a união da abordagem proteômica e da cromatografia de afinidade. Identificar também as proteínas alergênicas deste veneno e algumas modificações pós-traducionais como fosforilação e glicosilação. Além disso, um soro antiveneno específico foi produzido e sua ação neutralizadora testada. O veneno de abelhas foi separado por cromatografia de afinidade utilizando o soro antiveneno imobilizado em coluna de Sepharose 4B. Para identificação das proteínas foram utilizadas técnicas de 2D-SDS-PAGE, MALDI TOF/TOF e nanoESI-LC/MS-MS. Ensaios de Western Blotting foram realizados para identificar as proteínas alergênicas e fosforiladas. A utilização da cromatografia de afinidade permitiu a identificação 2 de proteínas pouco abundantes. Foram identificadas 54 proteínas, dentre as quais 9 nunca haviam sido descritas neste veneno, como MRJP-2, alfaglicosidase, transferinas, proteases, quinases e um inibidor de protease. Após a identificação destas proteínas foi possível propor um provável mecanismo de ação deste veneno. Dentre as proteínas identificadas como alergênicas, a MRJP-8 foi identificada pela primeira vez, juntamente com fatores relacionados ao PDGF e VEGF. Os resultados dos ensaios de neutralização de atividades citotóxicas, hemolíticas e miotóxicas mostraram a eficiência do soro antiveneno produzido. Chegou-se a um volume de 5,7 mL de soro antiveneno necessários para neutralizar a ação tóxica provocada por 100 ferroadas de abelhas. Este valor está na mesma faixa de eficiência dos melhores antivenenos (ofídicos, aracnídicos e escorpionídicos) produzidos no Brasil e no mundo. O lote de soro antiveneno produzido mostrou resultados satisfatórios para ser utilizado nos testes clínicos / The aim of this work was to identify the protein profile of honeybee venom, and detect allergenic proteins and post-translational modifications. Furthermore specific antivenom was produced and potency tests were performed in order to check its power of neutralization of toxic activities of venom. They were identified 54 proteins, 9 that have never been reported before in this venom. After identification of these proteins it was possible to outline a feasible mechanism of action of venom. For the first time MRJP-8, transferrin, PDGF and VEGF factors were identified as allergenic. Results of neutralization of citotoxic, hemolytic and myotoxic activities showed the efficacy of antivenom that had satisfactory results to be tested in clinical assay

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. It provides immediate protection by initiating both cellular and humoral immune reactions in response to a wide range of infections. It is also important to the development of long-lasting and pathogen-specific adaptive immunity. Thus, studying of the innate immunity, especially the pathogen recognition and signaling modulation, is crucial for understanding the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the host defense, as well as contributing the development of the fight against infectious diseases. Drosophila is an ideal model organism for study of innate immunity. Comparing to mammals, Drosophila immunity is relative conserved and less redundant. A variety of molecular and genetic tools available add further convenience to the research in this system. My work is focused on the signaling modulation by post-translational modification after activation. In these studies I demonstrated in the center of Imd pathway, the Imd protein undergoes proteolytic cleavage, K63-polyubiquitination, phosphorylation, K63-deubiquitination and K48-polyubiquitination/degradation in a stimulation-dependent manner. These modifications of Imd play a crucial role in regulating signaling in response to infection. The characterization of ubiquitin-editing event provides a new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation and termination of insect immune signaling pathway.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a loss of voluntary movement over time, leading to paralysis and death. While 10% of ALS cases are inherited or familial (FALS), the majority of cases (90%) are sporadic (SALS) with unknown etiology. Approximately 20% of FALS cases are genetically linked to a mutation in the anti-oxidizing enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD1). SALS and FALS are clinically indistinguishable, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism exists for both types. Since such a large number of genetic mutations in SOD1 result in FALS (>170), it is reasonable to suspect that non-genetic modifications to SOD1 induce structural perturbations that result in ALS pathology as well. In fact, misfolded SOD1 lacking any genetic mutation was identified in end stage spinal cord tissues of SALS patients using misfolded SOD1-specific antibodies. In addition, this misfolded WT SOD1 found in SALS tissue inhibits axonal transport in vitro, supporting the notion that misfolded WT SOD1 exhibits toxic properties like that of FALS-linked SOD1. Indeed, aberrant post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, cause WT SOD1 to mimic the toxic properties of FALS-linked mutant SOD1. Based on these data, I hypothesize that modified, misfolded forms of WT SOD1 contribute to SALS disease progression in a manner similar to FALS linked mutant SOD1 in FALS. The work presented in this dissertation supports this hypothesis. Specifically, one common misfolded form of SOD1 is defined and exposure of this toxic region is shown to enhance SOD1 toxicity. Preventing exposure, or perhaps stabilization, of this “toxic” region is a potential therapeutic target for a subset of both familial and sporadic ALS patients. Further, the possibility of exploiting this misfolded SOD1 species as a biomarker is explored. For example, an over-oxidized SOD1 species was identified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SALS patients that is reduced in controls. Moreover, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed a more negatively charged species of SOD1 in PBMCs of healthy controls greatly reduced in SALS patients. This species is hypothesized to be involved in the degradation of SOD1, further implicating both misfolded SOD1 and altered protein homeostasis in ALS pathogenesis.