M.S.

The high rate of malnutrition (180/1000 live births) in Sierra Leone (U N Demographic Year Book, 1985) has become a major concern to the government, development agencies, medical and nutritional personnel. This study was designed to determine whether there were any significant differences between the nutritional status of the children women who participated in an FAO project and those who did not and was conducted in six villages in the Koinadugu District of Sierra Leone.By referring to a list of local protein rich foods, three-day recall of food frequency was done to estimate the protein intake. Anthropometric measures were collected and body mass index was determined. All measures were compared with standards for African-American population.The weight-for-age was significantly greater for the the 50th percentile than that of the non-project children (NPC). Protein intake less than the average of 57 grams, were seen among older children with lower weight-for -height percentile, suggesting that total food intake was inadequate for the older children. This researcher believes that the FAO project should continue but that nutrition education should be an important component of the program. / Department of Home Economics

We investigated the effect of pyridoxine supplementation on the utilization of protein in a low-protein, plant-based diet in four subjects (2 men and 2 women), aged 21 to 38 years. Following two days of a negligible protein diet, this 34 day study was divided into three dietary periods: the subjects received a low-protein, plant-based diet during period I for 10 days (no pyridoxine supplement), the same diet but with the addition of 50 mg pyridoxine HCl during period II for 7 days, and their self-chosen diets during period III for 15 days (no pyridoxine supplement). Data for period III will be reported elsewhere. The greatest portion of protein in the experimental diet was furnished by pinto beans (1.02 g nitrogen) and peanut butter (0.86 g nitrogen); nitrogen intake was kept constant at 4.56 g/d for the men and 4.15 g/d for the women during periods I and II. These diets administered during periods I and II provided 0.907 mg of vitamin B-6 for the men and 0.758 mg of vitamin B-6 for the women and was adequate in other nutrients except for protein. Overall, the effect of 50 mg pyridoxine HC1 supplementation on the utilization of protein in a low-protein plant-based diet was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) on the basis of a paired t-test for the parameters measured: nitrogen balance, apparent protein digestibility, as well as plasma and urinary urea nitrogen. Furthermore, we obtained conflicting results, when the subjects received pyridoxine, their plasma urea nitrogen increased slightly (suggesting increased protein degradation), while the percent of total urinary nitrogen excretion as urea nitrogen decreased (suggesting decreased protein degradation). These changes were not statistically significant, but limitations in the nitrogen balance technique and the analytical procedures we used may have contributed to these conflicting results. We suggest that a longer study with more subjects may show a greater improvement of plant protein utilization than we had observed. / Graduation date: 1990

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Vita. Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 42 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-35).

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-120). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--California State University, Northridge, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-106). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--California State University, Northridge, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-106).

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction and purpose The aim of the study was to determine the renal handling of a once-off bolus dietary protein load in patients treated for nephroblastoma. Patients who have been managed for nephroblastoma always have suboptimal amounts of kidney tissue as a result of their medical management which includes nephrectomies, chemotherapy and or radiotherapy. Little data are available indicating the extent of renal impairment expected in such patients as a result of their disease and management. The study was to determine whether the use of regular screening tests such as serum urea, creatinine and urine microalbumin, in conjunction with a dietary protein load could help detect early progressive deterioration of kidney function in nephroblastoma patients. Methodology The study was a quantitative non-randomised intervention study in which patients served as their own control before and after a protein load. Thirty-four participants were included in the study. Each participant was provided with a supplemental protein drink providing 2 g/kg body weight of protein. Serum creatinine, urea and urine microalbumin were assessed at baseline and four hours after the intervention. These pre- and post intervention biochemical values were then analysed together with descriptive data relating to the participants, such as age, stage of nephroblastoma, aspects of medical management and the period of time since they had been treated for nephroblastoma, and statistical relationships were assessed. Data were collected from May 2010 to November 2010. Results Descriptive statistics indicated that the mean [± Standard deviation (SD)] age of the population was 92 (± 55) months, the mean age at diagnosis was 41 (± 27) months and the mean age from the diagnosis to the time of the study was 51 (± 53) months. There was a statistically significant increase (p = 0.00) in serum urea post intervention; however, no significant difference was noted between pre- and post intervention serum creatinine and urine microalbumin values. The stages of nephroblastoma failed to show a statistical correlation with the response to the dietary protein bolus load in terms of the difference in pre- and post intervention biochemical data. No statistical correlation was found between post-pubescence and response to the protein load. Similiarly, no statistical correlation could be demonstrated for a longer period between the diagnosis and the time of this study, on the one hand, and the prevalence of high values in the biochemical data, on the other. Conclusion The study was unable to demonstrate statistically that participants managed for nephroblastoma had poor renal handling of a once-off dietary protein load in terms of the objectives specified. The study had limitations including a small population with even smaller subgroups of participants, therefore results of the study need to be interpreted in context to the size of the population. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel Die doel van die studie was om die renale hantering van ’n eenmalige bolus dieetproteïenlading by pasiënte wat vir nefroblastoom behandel word, te bepaal. Pasiënte wat vir nefroblastoom behandel word, het altyd ‘n subopitmale hoeveelheid nierweefsel as gevolg van hulle mediese behandeling wat nefrektomies, chemoterapie en / of radioterapie insluit. Min data is beskikbaar omtrent die omvang van die nierbelemmering wat in sulke pasiënte verwag word as gevolg van hulle siekte en behandeling. Die studie is uitgevoer om te bepaal of die gebruik van gereelde siftingstoetse soos serum-ureum, kreatinien en mikroalbuminurie, in samewerking met ‘n dieetproteïenlading, kan help om vroeë progressiewe agteruitgang van nierfunksie in nefroblastoom pasiënte, op te spoor. Metodologie Die studie was ‘n kwantitatiewe nie-ewekansige intervensie studie waar pasiënte as hul eie kontrole gedien het voor en na ‘n proteïenlading. Altesaam 34 deelnemers is by die studie betrek. Elke deelnemer het ’n proteïenaanvullingsdrankie ontvang wat 2 gram proteïen per kilogram liggaamsgewig voorsien het. Serumkreatinien, serum-ureum en mikro-albuminurie is op die basislyn sowel as vier uur na die intervensie gemeet. Hierdie biochemiese waardes voor en na die intervensie is daarna saam met beskrywende data van die deelnemers – soos ouderdom, stadium van nefroblastoom, aspekte van mediese behandeling en tydsverloop sedert behandeling vir nefroblastoom – ontleed. Statistiese verwantskappe is vervolgens beoordeel. Data is vanaf Mei 2010 tot November 2010 ingesamel. Resultate Beskrywende statistieke het op ’n gemiddelde [± Standaard afwyking (SA)] populasie-ouderdom van 92 (± 55) maande, ’n gemiddelde diagnose-ouderdom van 41(± 27) maande en ’n gemiddelde ouderdom van 51(± 53) maande vanaf diagnose tot en met die studie gedui. Ná die intervensie is ’n statisties beduidende toename (p = 0.00) in serum-ureum opgemerk, hoewel daar geen beduidende verskil in serumkreatinien en mikro-albuminurie waardes, voor en na behandeling, was nie. Biochemiese data voor en na die intervensie het geen statistiese verwantskap tussen die stadium van nefroblastoom en die reaksie op die dieetproteïenlading getoon nie. Boonop is geen statistiese verwantskap opgemerk tussen post-pubesensie en die reaksie op die proteïenlading, of tussen ’n langer tydsverloop tussen die diagnose en die studie en die voorkoms van hoë waardes in die biochemiese data nie. Gevolgtrekking Wat die studie-doelwitte betref, kon die navorsing nie statisties bewys dat deelnemers wat vir nefroblastoom behandel word, swak renale hantering van ’n eenmalige dieetproteïenlading toon nie. Die beperkinge van die studie sluit ‘n klein populasie met selfs kleiner subgroepe in; die resultate van die studie moet derhalwe in die konteks van die grootte van die populasie, geÏnterpreteer word.

The use of the alimentary route to supply essential nutrients, either by mouth or nasogastric tube, is by far the best. This route, however, requires an intact and functioning gastrointestinal tract which may be found in certain chronic intestinal diseases, malignant tumors, and cases of gastrointestinal obstruction. In there and certain other clinical situations, parenteral feeding is necessary to provide essential nutrients normally provided in the diet. The intravenous route of administration is generally recognized as the most effective means of systemic administration. Yet, considering the other routes used clinically, it is of relatively recent development. Parenteral therapy began in 1616 with the discovery of the circulatory system by the English physician William Harvey. In 1656, Sir Christopher Wren successfully gave intravenous injection to dogs. Later years saw experimentation with attempts at parenteral therapy, especially blood transfusions, with little or no succes. It was not until the early nineteenth century that Thomas Latta, in Scotland, used saline with great success to treat the intractable diarrhea of cholera. He is considered to be the first man to use intravenous injection in terms of relational therapy. On the basis of the data presented here, it appears that the major compatibility problem in protein hydrolysatedextrose solutions will be that of high concentrations of calcium and phosphate ion. The compatible concentration ranges for these electrolytes have been mapped in Table VI. If a precipitation of calcium phosphate is to occur, it will be manifested almost immediately after admixture of the components. It has been demonstrated that greater concentrations of these ions will be tolerated by Polynute if the calcium component is added last (see Table VIIL). The reason for this phenomenon remains unclear. The maximum compatible concentrations does not seem to be affected by the addition of the other drugs included in this work. Common additives such as vitamins, insulin, heparin, and magnesium have not been shown to produce physical incompatibilities, in usual therapeutic concentrations.