Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling Green State University, 2008. / Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 124 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisors: Robert C. Luskin and Clement M. Henry. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available from UMI.

Thesis (M.A.I.S.)--Oregon State University, 2004. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-144). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-195). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 368-385).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 1, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-213).

Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Sociology, 2009. / "May, 2009." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 11/18/2009) Advisor, Rudy Fenwick; Committee members, Karl Kaltenthaler, Jerry Lewis, Brent Teasdale; Department Chair, John Zipp; Dean of the College, Chand Midha; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

Previous studies of Chinese labour resistance have largely focused on the institutions and actors involved in disputes, including worker activists, labour NGOs, and official trade unions. The focus has been on the emergence, evolutionary path, and strategies of labour protests. As a result, scant attention has been paid to the consequences of labour protests. Based on my fieldwork in Guangdong between 2013 and 2016, this study seeks to understand the outcomes of labour disputes, arguing that the organisational characteristics of labour protests and the use of disruptive action in strikes are two key factors shaping protest outcomes. To explain the dynamics of organisational factors in Chinese labour protests, three distinctive organisational patterns have been identified, relating to the actors involved in labour protests, which can be categorised as worker-led, union-led, and NGO-intervened. A worker-led protest involves a dispute initiated by workers' activists or leaders, and is generally a one-off action with weak core leadership. In an NGO-intervened protest, workers can build a more or less sustained leadership structure to organise collective actions and reach the stage of collective bargaining. A union-led protest is organised by a workplace trade union, which, while often confronting enormous institutional constraints, also creates opportunities for the success of the protest.. This research demonstrates that worker protests with different organisational structures tend to adopt different forms of disruptive action to achieve their goals; this, in turn, affects the various outcomes of labour protests. I argue that, when the protest structure is better organised, workers are less likely to resort to violent disruptive actions. In addition, their collective actions are more likely to lead to collective bargaining. When protests are less well organised, workers who lack resources and coordination are more likely to use forcefully disruptive tactics to gain more leverage from the outside.. I further contend that, in an authoritarian country like China, how the state responds to labour protests also greatly determines their favourable or unfavourable outcome for workers. This study regards protest policing as evidence of the state's attitude to labour strikes. My findings show that local governments are more likely to apply temperate and moderate protest policing to labour collective actions that are well organised, refraining from violent disruptions. Likewise, as less well organised protests and unorganised riots often lead to massive disorder and even violence, they are likely to trigger a harsh crackdown by the police force, as well as legal punishment. Hence, this study suggests that the interactions and reciprocal adaptations between protesting workers and the policing tactics of local governments have coefficient influences on the outcome of collective labour actions.. This study further argues that, in addition to outcomes that can be measured in economic terms, labour protests also have an enduring impact on institutions. Although it is not easy for protesters to achieve all of their goals, collective actions have played a role in generating incremental institutional changes in the labour relations system. Attempts by local governments and trade unions to experiment with collective bargaining and develop mechanisms for collective dispute resolution can be viewed as a consequence of protracted labour disputes in Guangdong.

M.A. / The 1950s saw an upsurge in gang activities and as a result other alternative cultures emerged. In the midst of gang activities, a subcultural group that has come to represent the black township was in form; Amapantsula. This study examines changing Amapantsula identities, from the original style and dance to the present day, through the voices of actual Amapantsula insiders. Duduza township is used as a case study for the research. This dissertation attempts to begin to answer these more general question of what it is that constitutes the Amapantsula identity. While much work, past as well as recent, refers to Amapantsula, there are few studies dealing with Amapantsula as an identity, although some have been done on the links between kwaito music and Amapantsula. Although there has been a focus on kwaito music, which is associated with Amapantsula identity, there has not been much reference to the meaning of the accompanying dance. Moreover, present-day identification with Amapantsula identity has not been explored, and questions as to why most of the youth take part in it have been left unanswered. The following methodologies have been used. In this dissertation, data was generated through the use of interviewing (collecting oral histories using structured and semi-structured interviews) and by participant observation. The thesis consists of six chapters where within each new chapter deals with different aspects, of how the amapantsula construct their identities will be explored. In chapter 1 some of the theoretical considerations which inform this dissertation are examined. This is followed by a discussion of the debates in the literature on the Amapantsula. Some of the theoretical concepts that are explored touch on i my understanding of culture, including popular culture and subcultures. Theories on the origins of the Amapantsula are considered. Questions on whether they are a subculture or not, whether all Amapantsula are also tsotsis and the connection between the Amapantsula and political resistance will also be deliberated upon. All these issues will also be further reflected upon in individual chapters. The age bracket that defines the Amapantsula shifts continuously since they have began to be noticed as a popular phenomenon. Prior to 1976, the majority of Amapantsula ranged from the ages of 30 onwards. However, the political shifts that took place in the ’70s influenced the changes that the Amapantsula underwent in terms of age and behavioural patterns. For the process of this research the ages range between of 14 and 25, but also Amapantsula from different generations have been used so that a holistic conclusion can be reached. Chapter two outlines the Amapantsula of Duduza and includes the historical background of the township. There is also a discussion on how identity and performance is enacted and experienced by Amapantsula in this particular township. Chapter three explores issues of masculinity within the subculture of Amapantsula, in particular, how Amapantsula live their masculinity in their everyday lives. How concepts of masculinity impact on performance is also examined. In addition, a brief discussion of abomshoza (the female counterpart) is introduced. Chapter four looks at the dress and style of Amapantsula, focussing particularly on the fossilised icons of the 16 inch and All Star. Finally, chapter five deals with the dance, such as the origins of dance and how it can be used to construct a large part of the Amapantsula identity, with particular reference to meaning in dance by the Via Katlehong. This dissertation attempts to illustrate the dynamic process of identity creation through the use of Amapantsula.

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