Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 128 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 111 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 12, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Experimental Pathology, Program in Cancer Biology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-158). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Orientador: Morgana Rodrigues Guimarães Stabili / Resumo: Células dendríticas têm papel crucial na patogênese das doenças periodontais por orquestrarem a resposta imune adaptativa e por seu papel como precursoras de osteoclastos. A sinalização via Akt tem importante papel em processos como metabolismo, proliferação, apoptose e também na resposta imune. Evidências indicam que Akt1 tem papel de regulador endógeno negativo da resposta inflamatória; porém pode tanto estimular quanto inibir a osteoclastogênese. Considerando que as células dendríticas participam tanto da inflamação/resposta imune quanto do turnover do tecido ósseo como células precursoras de osteoclastos, propusemos avaliar através de um estudo in vivo o papel da atividade de Akt1 na inflamação associada a interações microbiota-hospedeiro, bem como investigar in vitro os efeitos desta via de sinalização sobre os diferentes eventos biológicos das células dendríticas. Para o estudo in vivo foi utilizado um modelo de doença periodontal experimental induzida por P. gingivalis e Fusobacterium nucleatum, em um modelo de animais transgênicos com deleção gênica condicional. Os desfechos avaliados foram: inflamação (morfometria), reabsorção óssea (μCT), osteoclastogênese (IHC), anticorpos específicos para P.gingivalis e Fusobacterium nucleatum (ELISA). No estudo in vitro foi avaliado o papel da via de sinalização Akt1 sobre as seguintes atividades das células dendríticas: proliferação, apoptose, atividade fagocitária, migração, apresentação de antígeno e osteoclastogênese. Resulta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Dendritic cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases by orchestrating the adaptive immune response and their role as osteoclasts precursors. Akt signaling plays an important role in processes such as metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis and also in the immune response. Evidence indicates that Akt1 plays a role of negative endogenous regulator of the inflammatory response; but can both stimulate and inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Considering that dendritic cells participate in both inflammation/immune response and turnover of bone tissue as osteoclast precursor cells, we have proposed to evaluate in a vivo study the role of Akt1 activity in inflammation associated with microbiota-host interactions, as well as to evaluate in vitro the role of the Akt1 signaling pathway in dendritic cell biology. In vivo study was employed a model of experimental periodontal disease induced by P. gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in transgenic animals model with conditional gene deletion. The outcomes evaluated were: inflammation (morphometry), bone resorption (μCT), osteoclastogenesis (IHC), antibodies specific for P.gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum (ELISA). In vitro study was evaluated the role of Akt1 signaling pathway on the following outcomes related to dendritic cell biology: proliferation, apoptosis, phagocytic activity, migration, antigen presentation and osteoclastogenesis The results showed that signaling via Akt1 in dendritic cells seems to play an i... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) was initially identified in C. elegansto control a developmental phenotype called dauer. Subsequently, it was realized that lifespan was extended by mutations in this pathway and became an intense focus of study. The IIS pathway regulates growth, metabolism and longevity across phylogeny and plays important roles in human disease such as cancer and diabetes. Given the large number of cellular processes that this pathway controls, understanding the regulatory mechanisms that modulate insulin/IGF-1 signaling is of paramount importance. IIS signaling is a very well-studied kinase cascade but few phosphatases in the pathway are known. Identification of these phosphatases, especially those that counteract the activity of the kinases, would provide a better insight into the regulation of this critical pathway. Study of serine/threonine phosphatases is hampered by the lack of appropriate reagents. In Chapter II, we discuss the design and results of an RNAi screen of serine/threonine phosphatases performed in C. elegans using dauer formation as a phenotypic output. We identified several strong regulators of dauer formation and in Chapter III, proceed to characterize one of the top candidates of our screen, pptr-1. We show that pptr-1 regulates the IIS and thereby affects lifespan, development and metabolism in C .elegans. pptr-1gene encodes a protein with high homology to the mammalian B56 family of PP2A regulatory subunits. PP2A is a ubiquitously expressed phosphatase that is involved in multiple cellular processes whose specificity determined by its association with distinct regulatory subunits. Our studies using C. elegans provides mechanistic insight into how the PP2A regulatory subunit PPTR-1 specifically modulates AKT-1 activity by regulating its phosphorylation status in the context of a whole organism. Furthermore, we show that this mechanism of regulation is conserved in mammals.

Excess food consumption and/or lack of exercise have dramatically contributed to the prevalence of overweight (BMI≥25) and obesity (BMI≥30) in modern society. The obesity epidemic has been linked to the rise in type 2 diabetes. In recent years, evidence has pointed to a close association between mitochondrial dysfunction in white adipose tissue (WAT) and insulin resistance, a key feature of type 2 diabetes. In order to dissect the cause and effect relationship between WAT mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance, we established an in vitro cell line system to investigate this issue. We artificially introduced mitochondrial dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by depleting the mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) during adipogenesis, without changing the overall adipocyte differentiation program. We found that these Tfam-depleted 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed symptoms of insulin resistance, evidenced by impaired insulin stimulated GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. This result suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction could be a primary contributor to insulin resistance in fat tissue. However, the exact mechanism underlying this finding remains unclear. As part of a comprehensive understanding of insulin signaling in fat cells, we also investigated the involvement of the endosomal protein WDFY2 in the regulation of Akt isoform-specific effect on glucose uptake. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, both Akt1 and Akt2 isoforms are expressed, but only Akt2 plays an indispensible role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. Previous studies implied that endosomal proteins may take a part in determining Akt substrate specificity. Here we found that WDFY2 preferentially co-localized with Akt2 and that knockdown of WDFY2 inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting that endosomes are involved in this regulation. The effect of WDFY2 knockdown on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake worked through the down-regulation of Akt2, but not Akt1, protein level. We concluded that, endosomal protein WDFY2, by preferentially interacting with Akt2, regulates insulin signaling in glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our findings may help to develop specific therapeutic interventions for treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

La vía PI3K/AKT/mTOR participa en múltiples procesos celulares fundamentales para la célula. Algunas mutaciones genéticas de los componentes de esta vía se han asociado a diversas enfermedades humanas: las más importantes son los carcinomas de mama, tiroides y endometrio, el glioblastoma multiforme, el cáncer de próstata y los linfomas. La vía canónica PI3K/AKT/mTOR se ha estudiado ampliamente en los últimos años. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de la complejidad de sus componentes principales y su interrelación con los elementos de otras vías va en aumento. Por ello, es importantes actualizar cada cierto tiempo la información disponible para la comprensión de este mecanismo. Así mismo, se están y se han desarrollado numerosos ensayos con medicinas selectivas en búsqueda de un tratamiento más inteligente para las enfermedades asociadas a alteraciones de esta vía. Por tanto, realizamos una revisión de esta vía de transducción con el objetivo de tener una visión cercana de su funcionamiento, sus alteraciones y enumerar algunas moléculas promisorias para ser utilizadas en futuros tratamientos. / The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is involved in multiple cellular processes which are essential for the cells. Some genetic mutations of the components of this pathway have been associated with various human diseases, the most important of which are breast, thyroid and endometrium carcinomas; glioblastoma multiforme; prostate cancer and lymphomas. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR canonical pathway has been extensively studied in recent years. However, as the complexity of its main components and their correlation with the components of other pathways are increasing, it is important to update from time to time the available information to understand this mechanism. Furthermore, many trials have been conducted with selective medicines aimed to look for a more intelligent treatment for diseases associated with alterations in this pathway. Therefore, we review this transduction pathway to take a close look at its functioning and alterations, and to list some promising molecules for future treatments. / Revisión por pares

Resveratrol, an activator of histone deacetylase Sirt-1, has been proposed to have beneficial health effects due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol and the intracellular signaling pathways involved are poorly understood. An in vitro model of human tenocytes was used to examine the mechanism of resveratrol action on IL-1beta-mediated inflammatory signaling. Resveratrol suppressed IL-1beta-induced activation of NF-kappaB and PI3K in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with resveratrol enhanced the production of matrix components collagen types I and III, tenomodulin, and tenogenic transcription factor scleraxis, whereas it inhibited gene products involved in inflammation and apoptosis. IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB and PI3K activation was inhibited by resveratrol or the inhibitors of PI3K (wortmannin), c-Src (PP1), and Akt (SH-5) through inhibition of IkappaB kinase, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, and inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, suggesting that PI3K signaling pathway may be one of the signaling pathways inhibited by resveratrol to abrogate NF-kappaB activation. Inhibition of PI3K by wortmannin attenuated IL-1beta-induced Akt and p65 acetylation, suggesting that p65 is a downstream component of PI3K/Akt in these responses. The modulatory effects of resveratrol on IL-1beta-induced activation of NF-kappaB and PI3K were found to be mediated at least in part by the association between Sirt-1 and scleraxis and deacetylation of NF-kappaB and PI3K. Overall, these results demonstrate that activated Sirt-1 plays an essential role in the anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol and this may be mediated at least in part through inhibition/deacetylation of PI3K and NF-kappaB.