Dans un contexte concurrentiel et réglementaire croissant des banques, face à une crise financière qui interroge les usages de l’argent, peut-on faire de la banque autrement ? Nous tentons de répondre à cette question en centrant notre analyse sur le cas de La Nef, petite coopérative de finance solidaire fondée sur un projet alternatif. La Nef, d’abord institution financière et disposant aujourd’hui d’un agrément bancaire, en 20 ans a grandi et s’est professionnalisée. Sa trajectoire est marquée par des formes d’isomorphismes que nous identifions et qui provoquent une hybridation de son modèle coopératif. Nous construisons et analysons l’installation des banquiers itinérants comme innovation organisationnelle dans le but de la réaffirmation du projet coopératif. En apportant de l’hétéromorphisme et de l’hetéropraxisme dans l’organisation, ces banquiers itinérants ancrent l’organisation dans son territoire et les enjeux de son développement. Cette expérimentation constitue-t-elle un processus de reconquête coopérative, et qu’en est-il de sa diffusion ? Nous avons participé et suivi les processus à l’œuvre dans le cadre d’une recherche intervention sur 5 ans. Notre cadre d’analyse s’inscrit dans une perspective néo institutionnaliste et articule isomorphisme, proximité et traduction. Nos résultats montrent que l’implantation des banquiers itinérants redynamise le tissu coopératif et le sociétariat et amène une croissance de l’activité. Elle entraine un rééquilibrage des phénomènes d’hybridation favorable au projet social et à l’activité économique. Le déploiement des Banquiers Itinérants est à l’œuvre et méritera d’être analysé dans les formes de son développement. / In a context of increasing competition and international regulation in the banking system, and facing a financial crisis which questions the uses of money, is another way of banking possible? We try to answer this question through the analysis of the case study of the Nef, a little solidarity-based finance cooperative based on an alternative project. The Nef, at first a financial institution which later in 2014 got a banking agreement, grew up over 20 years and professionalised. We identify the various types of isomorphism which marked its trajectory and cause a hybridisation of its cooperative model. We build up and analyse the set up of itinerant bankers as an organisational innovation, in order to reaffirm the cooperative project. As they bring heteromorphism and heteropraxy into the organisation, these itinerant bankers anchor the organisation in its territory and the stakes of its development. Is this experiment a process of cooperative recovery, and will it spread ? We took part and followed the undergoing processes within a 5 year intervention research. Our analysis focuses on isomorphism, proximity and translation in a neo-institutional perspective. Our results show that itinerant bankers set up revitalise the cooperative system and shareholder relations as well as a business growth. Thus the experience show a rebalancing in hybridisation phenomena favourable to the social project and stimulating economic activity. The deployment of itinerant bankers is recent, and will deserve to be studied in its forms of development.

This thesis investigates the local innovation system of public research organisations in the Thai context, in which research centres and firms are co-located in a planned science park, with particular emphasis on the influence of co-location on interactions between research centres and local firms, and the research collaboration between the research centres and industrial firms. It aims to gain insight into the factors that influence the interaction of research centres and firms located in close proximity and the ways in which research centres and firms interrelate in relation to their research collaboration. This thesis draws upon three theoretical concepts: the concept of local innovation system, the concept of proximity, and the theories of inter-organisational relationships.The study suggests that co-location (i.e. physical proximity) to research centres does not normally lead to formal interaction between local firms and research centres in this context. Most of the interactions between them were found to be informal. Thus, the influence of physical proximity on the interactions and linkages of actors in this local innovation system is to some extent over-estimated. There is insufficient synergy to create an innovative surplus from co-location of firms and research centres in this context. The study also suggests that promoting social and technological proximity between research centres and local firms, by introducing institutional or organisational arrangements that would facilitate these two dimensions of proximity, encourages greater extent of formal interaction between them as well as facilitates benefits from spatial relation of these local actors. Despite the absence of formal interaction with local firms, research centres collaborate with firms located outside the science park. The study introduces a typology to understand how research centres work with firms and shows that most of the collaborative projects involved industrial application and utilisation of technological knowledge accumulated within the research centres, which applied to the firms' products or development processes. Many of these projects resulted from collective projects or partnering experience between the research centre and firm, and were likely to follow with subsequent collaborations. In addition, the study reveals that technological factors, i.e. technological relatedness between the knowledge base of firms and research centres and firm's technological capacity, influence the way in which research centres work with firms in collaborative projects. Organisational and institutional settings of research centres, as well as cultural factors are identified as barriers of research collaboration in this study.The thesis concludes by indicating that physical proximity alone cannot trigger interaction of actors, especially formal interaction such as research collaboration, bounded by spatial relation. Interaction between public research organisations and firms can take place without closeness in distance. Other dimensions of their relationship are important factors influencing their interaction. The research collaboration between research centres and firms is a complex process and requires supportive organisational and institutional arrangements and effective policy intervention.

Notre recherche porte sur la coopération au sein des réseaux territoriaux d'organisations. Plus particulièrement, nous souhaitons caractériser le processus de coopération qui s'établit entre les membres d'un réseau territorial d'organisations qui a émergé de l'incitation des pouvoirs publics. Pour cela, nous mobilisons une méthodologie qualitative en menant une étude de cas auprès du Pôle Tourisme de Territoire-Carac'Terres et du Pôle Services à la Personne, qui ont tous deux vu le jour afin d'être labellisés « Pôle Régional d'Innovation et de Développement Économique Solidaire » (PRIDES) par le Conseil Régional PACA. Nous nous appuyons sur un cadre théorique articulant l'Économie de la Proximité et la Sociologie de la Traduction afin d'analyser ces réseaux. Deux niveaux de résultats sont proposés. Le premier est de caractériser le processus de développement de la coopération en identifiant des facteurs favorables et des facteurs défavorables et en mettant en lumière que la coopération résulte de la mise en cohérence de quatre dimensions -les acteurs, les dispositifs de gestion, les espaces et le sens - à travers le rôle d'un traducteur. Le second niveau de résultat réside dans la mise en œuvre d'un cadre théorique hybride permettant d'appréhender la dynamique des proximités à travers le processus de traduction. / Our research focuses on cooperation within territorial networks. We wish, in particular, to characterize the cooperation process which is reached between the members of a social network born from the incentive of authorities. To achieve that, we use a qualitative methodology by carrying out a case study at the Pôle Tourisme de Territoire-Carac'Terres, and at the Pôle Services à la Personne, which were both created to be labelled "Regional Pole for Innovation and Economic Development based on Solidarity" (PRIDES) by the Regional Council PACA. We use a theoretical frame combining Proximity Science and Actor-Network Theory, in order to analyse these networks. Two levels of results are proposed. The first one is to characterize the development process of cooperation by identifying the predisposing and hampering factors, and by bringing to light the fact that cooperation is the result of the weaving together of four dimensions - the actors, the management tools, the areas, and the meaning - through a translator. The second level lies in the implement of a hybrid theoretical frame, which allows to grasp the dynamics of proximities through a translating process.