Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1962. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-44).

Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-143).

Prune growers of Oregon are faced with the prospect of large crops and surpluses for the next few years. These surpluses will probably be felt in both fresh and dried prunes. This thesis presents the results of an investigation to find. new markets and new products which will be of value in utilizing these surpluses. The following products have been investigated and are included in this report. Canned prepared dried prunes. A. prolonged study was made of the effect of prepared Italian prunes on various types of cans. It was found that plain charcoal cans were entirely satisfactory over a period of 11 months' storage. Single enameled cans should not be used as they swell in less than eight months' storage. Methods of preparation of prunes for canning were studied. A long pre-soaking was found most satisfactory, for high quality. Short hot blanch before canning can be used if proper conditions of syrup and fill are observed. Yields and costs were given for the two methods of preparation. Prune beverages. Three types of prune beverages were discussed. Pulpy juice was most promising. A cloudy and a clear beverage were also satisfactory. Yields and costs were given and compared. Pitted prune pulp. Small or low-grade dried prunes were made into pulp by means of a suitable machine. This product was suitable for use in the bakery trade. Halved Pitted prunes. Fresh prunes were split and pitted before drying. The machine to do this was developed during this investigation. Large savings were effected in drying time, because of quicker evaporation of moisture from these halved prunes. Because of shorter drying time and lower temperature the quality was more nearly that of fresh prunes. Fresh Prune Juice. Small or low-grade fresh prunes were used to make a pulpy fresh prune juice. This product was excellent in flavor and color. Cloudy fresh prune juice was not satisfactory either in flavor, in body, or in yield. Fresh Prune Pulp. This was prepared from fresh prunes. It proved to be a very good means of fresh prune utilization. The combined effect of the products studied in this report, if they are developed and marketed, should prove beneficial to marketing conditions of the northwest Italian prunes. / Graduation date: 1938

Thèse--Universit́e de Nancy. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thèse--Universit́e de Nancy. / Includes bibliographical references.

Approximately 200 raw prunes were harvested from each of five Italian prune trees near Corvallis every three days for nine consecutive harvest dates. Forty individual fruit from each tree were drawn at random and subjected to a series of fresh fruit quality tests. For each quality factor which was measured, the experiments were set up as nine by five factorial analysis of variance studies with the numbers of observations in a replication depending upon the factor being studied. The correlation of each objective and subjective test with canned fruit flavor was then calculated. The regression line, standard error of estimate, and 90 percent confidence limits were calculated for each tests which had a correlation of 0.80 or better with canned fruit flavor. Several objective tests were used on raw prunes such as soluble solids-acid ratio, pressure test, percent soluble solids, titratable acidity and color of raw prune flesh measured by the Hunter Color-Color Difference Meter in the order named are significantly correlated with the flavor of the canned Italian prune. Analysis of variance and L.S.D. was used to determine that the first two of these tests show good three-day precision as a guide to harvest maturity. The others appear suitable for longer time intervals. Certain objective tests such as pH values and fresh fruit weight are of little value to predict canned fruit flavor and show poor three-day precision as a guide to harvest maturity. The subjective grading of raw prunes by outer skin appearance does not seem to be a precise way to predict canned fruit quality. The three-day precision as a guide to harvest maturity is poor. Respiration of the fresh fruit shows a definite climacteric and the climacteric appeared at approximately the same time the fruit harvested exhibited optimum canned fruit flavor and color. The remaining lot of fruit after the fresh fruit samples were removed was placed in 32°F. cold storage and held for processing the next day. Fruit from each tree each harvest date were processed in twelve No. 2 fruit enameled cans for use in canned fruit analysis studies. Several canned prune quality factors such as percent transmittance of the canned juice, canned fruit skin color as measured by the Hunter Color-Color Difference Meter and titratable acidity of the canned prune pulp can be used to predict or specify the canned fruit flavor. Other objective tests used on canned prunes such as pH values, cut-out soluble solids and cut-out soluble solids-acid ratio are not highly correlated with canned fruit flavor. Subjective tests used on canned prunes were color and flavor of the fruit. These factors were judged by a statistically selected panel of judges. The correlation between color and flavor of the canned fruit was the highest of the study (r= -.9458). The subjective color measurement seems to be very precise in predicting canned fruit flavor. Every subjective and objective test carried out on the raw and canned prunes were correlated with canned fruit flavor because this factor was felt to be of singular importance in canned prune quality. Regression equations are given. / Graduation date: 1953

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University. / Cover title. Reprinted from Annals of botany, Vol. XXV, No. XCVII. "Bibliography": p. 150-152.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Fruit-tree borer, Maroga melanostigma (Wallengren), is a native Australian pest in many species of trees. It is of particular economic importance in prune (Prunus domestica) trees because the presence of this wood boring insect can reduce productivity by an average of 5% per tree. Large areas of orchards can be affected. There are currently no chemicals registered for control of this pest. Young, New South Wales is the second largest prune-growing district in Australia and the area most seriously affected by M. melanostigma. Prune growers in the district utilise integrated pest management and were supportive of a project to investigate biological control options for this economically damaging pest. The two main objectives of the project were 1) to understand the life cycle of M. melanostigma, so biological controls could be timed appropriately; and 2) to investigate biological control options for this pest. Life cycle studies were commenced in the first season (2003/04) using field cages and light trapping. These investigations continued throughout the project. In Young, moths were found to emerge from wood over a two month period (December and January). Oviposition was assumed to be during this period however, even after extensive searches of trees, no eggs were observed. Historical data were collated to determine locations and timings of moth emergence elsewhere in Australia. The data showed that M. melanostigma has been found in every state and territory Australia, with moths observed from October through to March. The biological control options reviewed were egg parasitoids (Trichogramma species only), entomopathogenic nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi. Trichogramma were favoured because of previous research undertaken against the same pest in pecans in Moree, NSW. Entomopathogenic nematodes were also investigated due to research indicating their effectiveness in cryptic situations, such as borer tunnels in trees. Fungi were considered but dismissed due to lack of literature supporting their effectiveness in reducing lepidopteran pest damage in trees. A major field trial was designed with the assistance of a biometrician and the trial blocks laid out based on this advice. There were three trial sites, each containing four blocks of approximately 200 trees (~800 trees/site). Two blocks were designated as release blocks and two as non-release blocks to correspond with the trial’s two treatments. In the first season (2003/04) an initial visual assessment of borer damage was undertaken after leaf fall on each of the trees in the trial. This information was used as baseline data, to compare against damage levels following biological control releases in the second and third years of the project. Natural parasitism in the field was assessed using cultured eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) before and between Trichogramma carverae (Oatman and Pinto) releases. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded in each of the trial sites, for the duration of the trial, using commercially available data loggers. In the second season (2004/05), Trichogramma releases were made during the period of moth activity and H. armigera eggs were used to monitor parasitism in the trial orchards. Parasitised eggs were reared through and all parasitoids were identified as T. carverae. Damage assessments were again carried out after leaf fall to compare release versus non-release blocks, as well as to determine if there was any change in borer activity. Early instar larvae were collected from non-trial blocks and exposed to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in a laboratory investigation. Results from this limited bioassay were inconclusive. In the third season (2005/06), Trichogramma releases were again made during the period of moth activity and H. armigera eggs were used to monitor parasitism in the trial orchards. Parasitised eggs were reared through to emergence. The emerged parasites were identified as T. carverae, T. pretiosum and T. nr brassicae. Damage assessments were again made of all the trees in the trial. Results were statistically analysed to detect any differences between treatments. There was no statistically significant evidence that the releases of T. carverae reduced damage from M. melanostigma over the duration of the trial. Although damage increased across both release and non-release treatments in most blocks during the trial investigations, the increase was slightly lower in trees in which Trichogramma had been released. It should be noted that the experiments were affected by serious drought conditions which prevailed during the three seasons of the trial. / Master of Science (Hons)

Le charançon de la prune, Conotrachelus nenuphar, est un des plus importants insectes ravageurs des cultures fruitières à noyaux et à pépins du nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. Dans les vergers de pommiers québécois non traités, il peut engendrer des dommages à plus de 85 % des fruits à la récolte. De nombreux pièges ont été développés en vue de dépister le charançon de la prune et de réduire le nombre d'épandages préventifs de pesticides actuellement utilisés pour sa répression. Parmi les pièges actuellement en développement, le piège pyramidal en bois performe généralement mieux que les autres pièges, mais, il ne s'est pas encore révélé suffisamment efficace et fiable en vergers de pommiers pour que son utilisation soit recommandée à l'échelle commerciale. La première partie de cette étude (2004-2005) consistait à déterminer si certains matériaux constituant le piège pyramidal pourraient influencer l'efficacité de capture du piège. Des modèles réduits de ce piège ont été construits en bois (standard), en géotextile, en moustiquaire et en plastique et ont ensuite été testés en conditions contrôlées, dans le but de déterminer l'impact des facteurs abiotiques (période de la journée, température, ventilation et précipitations) sur les captures. Le piège pyramidal en géotextile a capturé plus d'individus (46 % des 1680 charançons) que les autres matériaux (bois: 36 %, moustiquaire: 37 %, plastique: 37 %) en conditions nocturnes. On a également observé une augmentation significative des captures de charançons lorsque la température augmentait (15, 20 et 25 °C). Ces résultats suggèrent que le géotextile peut être une alternative au bois pour l'amélioration des performances du piège. La seconde partie de cette étude (2005-2006) avait pour objectifs de comparer les captures, obtenues en vergers, du piège pyramidal miniature avec celles du piège de taille standard ainsi que d'établir une relation mathématique entre le nombre de captures et le nombre de dégâts obtenus en vergers. Un dispositif pairé (un piège standard et un piège miniature) a été utilisé autour de 15 pommiers durant 8 semaines en 2005 et 10 semaines en 2006, et les captures relevés deux fois par semaine. En 2005, le piège miniature a connu deux pics de captures (le 1er pic les 27 et 30 mai : 108 captures, 2e pic les 7 et 10 juin: 51 captures). Concernant l'effet de la taille des pièges, le piège de taille standard a capturé significativement plus d'individus pendant la floraison, mais le piège miniature a significativement mieux performé après la floraison. Une relation positive entre le nombre de captures (obtenues durant et après la floraison) et le nombre de dégâts observés (5 juillet) a également été établie pour le piège de taille standard et la version miniature. En 2006, le piège miniature a connu un seul pic important (les 5 et 8 mai: 33 captures). Le piège de taille standard a capturé significativement plus d'adultes que la version miniature durant la période précédant la floraison. Aucune corrélation n'a pu être établie entre les captures et les dégâts pour cette période. Les analyses de régression démontrent que pour des relations captures-dégâts en vergers, le piège de grande taille et le piège de petite taille ont des performances similaires. Toutefois, le piège de petite taille pourrait être plus avantageux car il est plus léger, plus facile à manipuler et moins coûteux à produire. Il semble possible d'établir une relation captures-dégâts lorsque les populations de charançons sont très importantes et qu'aucun ou peu de traitements visant ce ravageur aient été effectués. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Charançon de la prune, Dépistage, Pièges pyramidaux, Matériaux, Facteurs abiotiques.