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The Distribution of Pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa in SewageLabay, Joseph Edward 05 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to extend our understanding of the ecological relationships of P. aeruginosa by investigating the differences or similarities between the strains of this organism found in sewage and those found as pathogens in human infections. This research was approached by comparing the serological types of P. aeruginosa isolated from sewage contaminated waters in Argentina (South America) to those isolated from sewage contaminated waters in Texas. They were typed with sera obtained using P. aeruginosa isolated from human infections. The data obtained revealed that bacteria isolated from sewage in Texas and from soil and water in Argentina are antigenically similar to those isolated from human infections.
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The Role of the Propeptide and its Residues in Activation and Secretion of Elastase, an M4 Metalloprotease Secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosaBoice, Emily 27 April 2011 (has links)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes several proteases associated with pathogenesis, but the most abundant and active is elastase (M4 metalloendopeptidase). Elastase (lasB), is first synthesized as a preproenzyme, with a signal peptide, an 18-kDa N-terminal propeptide, and a 33-kDa mature domain. The propeptide functions as an intramolecular chaperone that is required for the folding and secretion of elastase, but ultimately is proteolytically removed and degraded. Previous research has identified the conserved residues in the propeptide of elastase as compared to other M4 protease precursors and showed some among them to be important for the production of active elastase. In this project, the ability of the propeptide alone to fold into a defined secondary structure was explored and a molecular model was created. Furthermore, the effects of substitutions on conserved residues in the propeptide of plasmid-encoded lasB pro alleles were assessed by expressing them in a lasB propeptide mutant. The kinetics of elastase activity in culture supernatants was quantitated using a fluorescent substrate, Abz-AGLA-p-Nitro-Benzyl-Amide, to provide an accurate assessment of the effects of mutant propeptides. In vitro refolding studies were also performed to determine the effects of specific substitutions on foldase activity of the propeptide. When wild-type propeptide and mature elastase were denatured as separate proteins in guanidine-HCl buffer and renatured together, restoration of activity of the refolded elastase was measured, which was propeptide-dependent. Several mutant propeptides have now been shown to have defects using this in vitro foldase assay. Additional mutants were near wild-type activity level suggesting their role in recognition by the secretion apparatus. Residue locations were determined on a molecular model of the complex and confirmed the role of the secretion mutants as residues on the exterior. Residues that had diminished ability to refold in the in vitro assay were found to be in the interior parts of the complex, confirming their ability to be critical residues at the interface of the proteins or important in the stability of the propeptide’s intrinsic structure. The goal was to perform a series of comprehensive analyses of the propeptide and its conserved residues in order to determine its role as an intramolecular chaperone.
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EXPLORING THE MECHANISM OF ALGINATE ACETYLATION IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSAPaletta, Janice 28 April 2010 (has links)
The opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis patients. During chronic infection of the cystic fibrosis lung, P. aeruginosa undergoes conversion to a mucoid phenotype, constitutively producing the exopolysaccharide alginate, composed of the uronic acids D-mannuronate and L-guluronate. This alginate production contributes significantly to virulence in the cystic fibrosis lung. Evidence suggests that the acetylation state of the mannuronate component of the alginate influences the ability of components of the immune system to phagocytose the organism. To garner new and relevant information regarding the mechanism of alginate acetylation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a variety of approaches were undertaken. Analysis of the alginate produced by algX, algG, and algK alginate biosynthesis mutants revealed that the small oligouronides they produced were unacetylated. This strongly supports the hypothesis that the mannuronates are acetylated in periplasm, and that a polymer of at least some specific size is required. While three alginate biosynthesis gene products (AlgI, AlgJ, and AlgF) have been shown to be involved in alginate acetylation, another gene in the cluster, algX, shares 30% identity with one of them and thus generates speculation as to its potential involvement in the process. To test this possibility, an algX mutant was complemented with a plasmid carrying a mutation at a conserved residue shown to be required for alginate acetylation in the homologous protein. Analysis of alginate from this construct suggested that AlgX is not involved in alginate acetylation. To determine if changes in levels of alginate acetylation are accomplished at the transcriptional level, transcript levels of several alginate biosynthesis genes in different media were determined by real-time PCR. As qRT-PCR had not been previously performed on any of the alginate biosynthesis genes, this yielded important information about the transcription of the operon. In addition, beta-galactosidase assays on upstream regions of several biosynthesis genes identified two previously unrecognized promoters, one upstream of algG and one upstream of algI. The remaining approach was to examine protein interactions of AlgF, the protein product of one of the three acetylation genes. 2-D redox SDS-PAGE gels indicated that disulfide bonding may be important for interactions with this protein. While mass spectrometry was unable to identify the binding partners of AlgF, efforts are ongoing to create a mutation in the P. aeruginosa genome that changes the cysteine residue in AlgF to a serine residue. This would be a definitive method for determining the importance of disulfide bonding in AlgF.
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ROLE OF CRC IN THE REGULATION OF ALGINATE IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSAAlam, Arfeen 26 July 2013 (has links)
As Pseudomonas aeruginosa adapts to the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lung environments, mucoid strains often appear as a result of alginate overproduction. Such mucoid conversion is associated with the establishment of a chronic pulmonary infection. Alginate confers resistance to phagocytosis and has other pathogenic properties. The regulation of alginate production is complex and involves an alternate sigma factor, anti-sigmas and several DNA-binding transcriptional regulators. Here we examined the possibility that the catabolic repression control (Crc) protein repressor may affect alginate gene expression. A putative Crc binding site was observed adjacent to the ribosome binding site of algD, the first gene in the 12-gene alginate biosynthetic operon. We hypothesized that Crc binding here would act as a repressor of algD expression. Taking a genetic approach, Gateway technology was used to construct crc::GmR (nonpolar) mutants of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 and its mucoid (mucA) mutant derivative, PDO300. The crc mutation had the expected phenotypes with respect to pyocyanin production, biofilm formation and diauxic growth. When a PalgD-lacZ (translational) fusion was tested, the crc mutant showed increased algD expression as predicted for a mRNA-binding repressor. Another Ptrc-algD-lacZ (translational) construct, but missing the upstream promoter (PalgD) elements, also showed increased activity in crc mutants as predicted if Crc was acting directly as a repressor of algD transcriptional / translational expression. However, this was not consistent with the production of alginate. The crc mutant of mucoid PDO300 showed lower levels of alginate production than its parent strain. Under conditions were the algD operon was induced by ammonium metavanadate in the growth medium to produce alginate, the crc mutation again resulted in a lower level of alginate production than wild-type, which was again inconsistent with the algD-lacZ expression data. This suggests that crc mutation, which has global effects on carbon flow in the cell, could be affecting metabolic pathways that feed precursors into the alginate biosynthetic pathway. Future directions for this research are discussed.
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Die Wirkung von Colistin auf die Aminoglykosidresistenz bei Pseudomonas aeruginosaJohn, Roxana 08 March 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ist ein gramnegatives Bakterium, welches insbesondere bei abgeschwächter Immunabwehr schwere Infektionen auslösen kann. Es besitzt eine hohe intrinsische Resistenz gegenüber Antibiotika, so dass nur eine begrenzte Anzahl von Antimikrobiotika wie beispielsweise Aminoglykoside für die Behandlung zur Verfügung steht. Unter Antibiotikatherapie wird zudem eine schnelle Resistenzentwicklung beobachtet, daher ist die Weiterentwicklung und Optimierung der Therapieoptionen von großer Bedeutung.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss von Colistin auf die Aminoglykosidresistenz bei Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 25 Bakterienstämme, die zu Beginn gegenüber Amikacin, Tobramycin und Gentamicin resistent waren, wurden Colistin ausgesetzt. Mithilfe des Epsilometertests wurde die minimale Hemmkonzentration (MHK) der Antibiotika für die zu untersuchenden Bakterienstämme vor und nach Colistineinfluss bestimmt. Es konnte ein signifikanter Rückgang der minimalen Hemmkonzentration nach Colistineinwirkung dokumentiert werden.
Zu den Hauptresistenzmechanismen von Pseudomonas aeruginosa gehören die Effluxpumpen, welche die Antibiotika aus dem Bakterium ausschleusen. Für den Transport von Aminoglykosiden ist die MexXY-Pumpe verantwortlich, die in dieser Arbeit weiteruntersucht wurde. Durch eine quantitative Echtzeit-PCR unter Nutzung des Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfers (FRET) wurde die Expression der Pumpe vor und nach Colistin verglichen. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass durch Colistin die Expression reduziert wurde.
Ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen MHK-Veränderung und mexXY-Expressionslevel wurde anhand der Untersuchungsergebnisse nicht ermittelt. Es ist dementsprechend davon auszugehen, dass andere Resistenzmechanismen ebenfalls durch Colistin beeinflusst werden und so die MHK-Reduktion erklären können.
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Identificación de genes de Metalo β-lactamasas en Pseudomonas aeruginosa de aislados clínicos hospitalarios 2016Salvador Luján, Gina Nilda, Salvador Luján, Gina Nilda January 2017 (has links)
Identifica la prevalencia de genes que codifican carbapenemasas de tipo metalo β-lactamasas (MBL) en aislados clínicos de P. aeruginosa. Analiza 76 aislados clínicos de P. aeruginosa resistentes a Ceftazidima y “no sensibles” (intermedio o resistentes) a Imipinem y/o Meropem colectados en el Hospital Militar Central de enero a setiembre del 2016. Muestras de secreciones respiratorias, heridas, orinas y hemocultivos de pacientes hospitalizados son procesadas en el Laboratorio de Microbiología. Determina la sensibilidad antimicrobiana por el método de disco de difusión según los criterios del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Realiza la detección fenotípica de MBL por el test de sinergia de doble disco con imipenem, meropenem y EDTA. La detección genotípica se realiza amplificando por PCR multiplex, los genes blaIMP y blaVIM, mientras que para el gen blaNDM se hizo PCR convencional. Obtiene fenotípicamente 25 de 76 pruebas positivas para MBL, 24(31.58%) de las cuales se confirmaron genéticamente, encontrando el gen blaIMP (23/24, 95.83%) y el gen blaVIM (1/24, 4.17%). La sensibilidad de la prueba fenotípica es del 100% y la especificidad del 98%. Concluye que el 31.58% de los aislamientos clínicos de P. aeruginosa recuperados de pacientes hospitalizados en el HMC, presentan MBL, siendo el gen blaIMP el más prevalente. / Tesis
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Role of cytokinins in plant immunity / Die Rolle der Cytokinins in der Pflanzen-ResistenzNaseem, Muhammad January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Phytohormone spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der Regelung normalen Wachstums, der Entwicklung und der Mitwirkung an Abwehrmechanismen in Pflanzen. Allgemein betrachtet können Phytohormone in zwei Klassen unterteilt werden – in solche, die in Beziehung zu Stressreaktionen stehen und in jene, die das Wachstum begünstigen. Salizylsäure, und Jasmonsäure sind in erster Linie an der Stressresonanz, Ethylen, Auxine, Cytokinine (CKs) und Gibberilline an Entwicklungsprozessen beteiligt. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde den Phytohormonen aus diesem Betrachtungswinkel starke Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet und heute stehen ihre wechselseitigen Beeinflussungen im Fokus. Die Tatsache, dass Pflanzenpathogene ein hormonelles Ungleichgewicht an der Wirtspflanzen-Pathogen Schnittstelle bedingen und es begleitend zu physiologischen Veränderungen kommt, wird dabei als Werkzeug für Erforschungen in Pflanzengeweben genutzt. Abgesehen von der bekannten Bedeutung, die Cytokinine für Wachstum und Entwicklung haben, sind sie bisher am meisten vernachlässigt worden und eher als Konsequenz denn als Grund von Pathogeninfektionen angesehen worden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit basieren auf der Hyphothese, dass erhöhte Gehalte an CKs die Pflanzen mit einer Resistenz gegen hemibiotrophe Pathogene ausstatten. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden transgenetische Pflanzen untersucht, in welchen das bakterielle Gen IPT überexpremiert wurde. Kontrolliert wurde die Expression durch einen pathogen-induzierbaren, einen tetracyclin-induzierbaren oder durch einen wachstumsabhängigen Promotor. Für die weitere Validierung der an den transgenetischen Pflanzen gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Cytokinin von abgeschnittenen Tabakblätter aufgenommen. Alle transgenetischen Ansätze und exogen applizierten Cytokiningaben zeigten ähnliche verringerte Krankheitsanzeichen. Diese Art der Resistenz wurde im Weiteren mit verschiedenen zellulären, biochemischen, mikrobiellen Techniken sowie durch Signalwirkungstests fundiert. Die Gehalte von SA und JA blieben unverändert, während die Expression des Gens PR1 in Proben mit erhöhtem Cytokiningehalt stark hoch reguliert wurde. Darüber hinaus konnte eine verringerte Akkumulation von ROS in IPT exprimierenden Blättern gegenüber der entsprechende Kontrolle beobachtet wurden. Zusätzlich konnte weder ein direkter Effekt im Wachstum von P. syringae pv. tabaci noch die Präsenz von antimikrobiellen Peptiden in Cytokinin-angereicherten Extrakten festgestellt werden. Interessanterweise ist die verstärkte Akkumulation von Phytoalexinen bei erhöhtem CKs-Status der Pflanze als ein mögliches Anzeichen für die Gefährdung durch die Ausbreitung von Pathogenen belegt. Im Gegensatz dazu konnten wir keine Wachstumsverlangsamung für Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Blättern mit erhöhten CKs-Gehalten feststellen. Neben der Wirt-Pathogen Interaktion im Hinblick auf erhöhte CK-Gehalte wurden die Auswirkungen eines modulierten Kohlenstoffhaushalts auf das Wachstum von Pathogenen untersucht. Dafür wurden zuvor generierte transgenetische Tabakpflanzen, basierend auf ein regulierbarem Invertase Enzym verwendet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass induzierte und nicht-induzierte Expression von CIN1 unter der Kontrolle des Tet-Promotors das Wachstum von P. syringae pv. tabaci nicht beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus zeigten Linien, welche den Invertaseinhibitor NtCIF unter Kontrolle desselben Tet-Promotors exprimieren, keine differenzielle Veränderung des Wachstums von P. syringae pv. tabaci bei induziertem und nicht-induziertem Status der Pflanze. Ähnlich waren die Resultate in der transgenetischen Tomaten-Linie Lin6::NtCIF für P.syringae pv. tomato DC 3000. Interessanterweise zeigten die Blätter von Lin6::NtCIF Tomatenpflanzen starke Symptome nach Behandlung mit Botrytis cinerea verglichen zum Wildtyp. Eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen Cytokininen und Zuckermetabolismus im Bezug auf die Wirt-Pathogen Beziehung wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Die Expression des IPT-Gens unter der Kontrolle des pathogeninduzierbaren Promotors (4xJERE::IPT) im transgenetischen Hintergrund von Tet::CIN1 ergab lokale Unterschiede in der Entwicklung der Symptom von P. syringae pv. tabaci. Bei exogen appliziertem Kinetin an abgeschnittenen Tabakblättern von Tet::CIN1 verzögerte sich ebenfalls das Wachstum von P. syringae pv. Tabaci im Vergleich zu Tet-induzierten Blättern. Diese Ergebnisse führen zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass die extrazelluläre Invertase keine essentielle Rolle in der Cytokinin-vermittelten Resistenz gegen hemibiotrophe Pathogene spielt. / Phytohormones are known for their pivotal roles in promoting normal growth and development of the plants and contributing to the mechanism of defense. Although an over simplification, however, they may be categorized as stress specific and growth promoting. SA and JA/Ethylene are implicated in stress responses while auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins are involved in developmental processes. Phytohormones from the above perspective got much attention in the last few decades; however their reciprocal role is currently in focus. It is because of the reason that plant pathogens cause overall hormonal imbalance at host pathogen interface and alter host physiology for the sake of pathogenecity. Despite their importance in growth and development, cytokinins are among the most neglected phytohormones that are usually noticed as consequence rather than a cause of pathogen infection. Results presented in this thesis are based on the hypothesis that elevated levels of CKs embody plants with resistance against hemibiotrophic pathogens. To explore a connection between the spread of P. syringae and its tobacco host, CKs over producing transgenic plants were investigated whereby bacterial IPT gene was expressed under the control of pathogen inducible, tetracycline inducible and developmentally inducible promoters. To further validate the out-come of transgenic plants, various types of cytokinins were exogenously fed to detached tobacco leaves. Mentioned transgenics and exogenous CKs feeding approaches unanimously resulted in, “more cytokinins less disease symptoms” and vice versa. This state of cytokinins mediated resistance was further substantiated with various cellular, signaling, biochemical and microbial approaches wherein levels of SA and JA remained unaffected. Conversely, PR1 gene expression was strongly up-regulated in enhanced cytokinins accumulating samples. Moreover, less accumulation of ROS was observed in IPT expressing sites of the plants as compared to their corresponding controls. Additionally, we neither noticed any direct effect of cytokinins on the growth of P. syringae pv. tabaci nor found presence of anti-microbial peptides in cytokinins enriched extracts. Interestingly, enhanced accumulation of phtyoalexins in elevated CKs status of the plant proved to be a possible gesture in jeopardizing the spread of pathogen. Contrarily, no reduction was observed in the spread of fungal necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum when leaves of elevated CKs were inoculated. Besides host-pathogen interaction in perspective of elevated cytokinins, impact of modulated sugar status of the plant on the spread of pathogen was also investigated. For this purpose, previously generated modulated invertase enzyme tobacco transgenic plants were analyzed. We showed that repression and de-repression of CIN1 gene under the control of tetracycline inducible-promoter did not affect the growth of P. syrinage pv. tabaci in Tet::CIN1 transgenic plants. Moreover, invertase inhibitor tobacco lines expressing NtCIF gene under the control of the same promoter failed to exhibit differential pathogenic responses in induced and non induced status of the plant. Similar was the case of tomato transgenic plants expressing NtCIF gene under the control of invertase gene Lin6 promoter in Lin6:: NtCIF plants for P.syringae pv. tomato DC 3000. Interestingly, when challenged Lin6:: NtCIF tomato plants with Botrytis cinerea, severe disease symptoms were observed on transgenic leaves as compared to control plants. To dissect a potential link between cytokinins and sugar metabolism with its effect on the growth of pathogen, invertase transgenic plants with elevated CKs were probed. When expressed exogenous IPT gene under the control of pathogen inducible promoter (4xJERE::IPT) in transgenic background of Tet::CIN1, we observed localized differences in symptom development for P.syringae pv. tabaci. Similarly, when exogenously fed with kinetin, detached leaves of Tet::CIN1 exhibited retarded growth of P.syringae pv. tabaci as compared to the tetracycline induced leaves. These results led to the conclusion that extracellular invertase may not play an essential role in cytokinins mediated disease resistance against hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Untersuchung enzymatisch und nicht-enzymatisch gebildeter Oxylipine in Arabidopsis thaliana in der kompatiblen und der inkompatiblen Interaktion mit Pseudomonas syringae / Encymatically and not encymatically formed oxylipins in Arabidopsis thaliana in compatible und not compatible interaction with Pseudomonas syringaeGrun, Christoph January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
1. OH-FS wurden in vitro hergestellt, um als Standardsubstanzen zur gaschromato-graphischen Identifizierung von OH-FS in Pflanzenmaterial eingesetzt zu werden. 2. Für die Untersuchung der Oxylipin-Gehalte in A. thaliana wurden der virulente Pst-Stamm DC3000 sowie der avirulente Stamm avrRPM1 verwendet, um die kompatible Interaktion mit der inkompatiblen Interaktion vergleichen zu können. Die Konzentrationen der Oxylipine sowie SA wurden innerhalb einer Versuchsdauer von 60 h verfolgt. Dabei wurden PPF1 sowie 12- und 16-OH-FS, als Vertreter der nicht-enzymatisch entstandenen Oxylipine, 9- und 13-OH-FS, sowohl als enzymatisch als auch nicht-enzymatisch entstandene Oxylipine, sowie JA und deren Vorstufe OPDA als enzymatisch gebildete Phytohormone untersucht. Es wurden monophasische Konzentrationsanstiege, bei allen untersuchten Substanzen, in der kompatiblen Interaktion ermittelt, wohingegen die Konzentrationsanstiege in der inkompatiblen Interaktion biphasisch waren. In beiden Interaktionen wurden nach 48 bis 60 h Konzentrationsmaxima der freien sowie der veresterten OH-FS und PPF1 nachgewiesen, ein früher Konzentrationsanstieg nach 5 bis 10 h konnte ausschließlich in der inkompatiblen Interaktion ermittelt werden. Die gleichzeitige Akkumulation von 9-, 10-, 12-, 13, 15- und 16-OH-FS und PPF1 deutet auf eine parallel ablaufende Oxylipin-Synthese durch enzymatische, Photo-oxidative und über freie Radikale vermittelte Prozesse hin. Die Akkumulation veresterter OH-FS und PPF1 erfolgte in beiden Interaktionen 5 bis 12 h früher als die Konzentrationsanstiege der freien OH-FS und PPF1. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Hypothese, dass nicht-enzymatische Oxylipine in Membranen gebildet werden können und anschließend vermutlich durch eine Lipase frei gesetzt werden. In der inkompatiblen Interaktion konnte ein erstes frühes Konzentrationsmaximum von JA und OPDA nach 5 h beobachtet werden, während späte Maxima in beiden Interaktionen nach 24 bis 36 h erfolgten. Somit akkumulierten die OH-FS und PPF1 in der inkompatiblen Interaktion zeitgleich mit den Jasmonaten nach 5 h. 3. Bei einer Kälteexposition von A. thaliana bei 4°C über 2 h wurde jeweils ein 3,3-facher Konzentrationsanstieg der freien und der veresterten enzymatisch gebildeten 13-OH-FS nachgewiesen. Darüberhinaus wurde ein 4,6-facher Anstieg der enzymatisch entstandenen 9-OH-FS ermittelt. Die nicht-enzymatisch gebildeten 12- und 16-OH-FS zeigten dagegen keine signifikanten Konzentrationsanstiege über die basalen Konzentrationen hinaus. Die angewendeten Stressbedingungen bewirken demnach ausschließlich eine enzymatische Bildung von OH-FS in A. thaliana. 4. Zur Untersuchung der OH-FS-Synthese in der inkompatiblen Interaktion in Abhängigkeit von der bei der Pflanzenanzucht eingesetzten Lichtstärke wurden A. thaliana bei Licht und in Dunkelheit mit Pst avrRPM1 infiziert. Nach 10 h wurde eine 1,1- bis 3,7-fach stärkere Bildung der freien sowie eine 2,0- bis 3,4-fach stärkere Akkumulation der veresterten 9-, 10-, 12-, 13, 15- und 16-OH-FS bei den Pflanzen ermittelt, die bei Licht angezogen wurden. Die Lichtintensität, der Pflanzen während der Infektion mit Pst ausgesetzt sind, hat demnach große Bedeutung für die Entstehung enzymatisch und nicht-enzymatisch gebildeter OH-FS. Ein 4,9-facher Anstieg veresterter 15-OH-FS, ein Marker für eine photooxidative OH-FS-Entstehung, auch bei Dunkelheit widersprach der Hypothese, dass 15-OH-FS ohne Lichteinwirkung nicht gebildet werden können und deutet auf eine bisher unbekannte Licht-unabhängige Entstehung von 1O2 bzw. von 15-OH-FS hin. 5. Die Bestimmung von OH-FS in Blättern und Wurzeln von unbehandelten A. thaliana-Pflanzen ergab eine 13- bis 31-fach höhere Konzentration veresterter 9-, 10-, 12-, 13- und 16-OH-FS in den Blättern. Darüberhinaus wurde eine 111-fach höhere Konzentration von veresterten 15-OH-FS in Blättern im Vergleich zu Wurzeln nachgewiesen. 15-OH-FS wurden als selektiver Marker für eine Photo-oxidative OH-FS-Bildung durch 1O2 verwendet. Mit 0,57 µg/g TG kommt 15-OH-FS allerdings auch im Wurzelgewebe vor, was einen Hinweis darauf darstellt, dass neben einem Licht-abhängigen Hauptweg auch ein Licht-unabhängiger Entstehungsmechanismus von 15-OH-FS bzw. 1O2 existiert. Alternativ wäre es denkbar, dass ein Transport von 15-OH-FS von den Blättern in die Wurzeln stattfindet. 6. Eine Untersuchung der Gehalte an OH-FS und PPF1 in NahG-, lsd1-, atrbohD- und atrbohF-Mutanten ergab 48 h nach Infiltration von Pst avrRPM1 keine signifikanten Unterschiede im Vergleich zu den Pflanzen des jeweiligen Wildtyps Col-0 und WS. Unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen bewirken die genetischen Defekte der untersuchten Mutanten keine veränderte Akkumulation enzymatisch sowie nicht-enzymatisch gebildeter Oxylipine. / 1. To obtain reference-substances for the identification of OH-FA in plant material by GC-MS, OH-FA were made in vitro. 9- and 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids were formed from linoleic acid, 9- and 13-hydroxy-octadecatrienoic acids from -linolenic acid by LOX-catalized reaction. 2. In order to compare the concentrations of oxylipins in A. thaliana during compatible and incompatible interaction, a virulent Pst-strain DC3000 and an avirulent strain avrRPM1 were utilized. The concentrations of oxylipins and salicylic acid were investigated within 60 h after inoculation. F1-phytoprostanes, 12- and 16-OH-FA were used as markers for non-enzymatically formed oxylipins. Concentrations of 9- and 13-OH-FA, either enzymatically or non-enzymatically formed, were measured as well as phytohormones, jasmonic acid and its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Within the compatible interaction an increase of the amount of all measured compounds was observed. In contrast, during incompatible interaction the increases of all measured substances was seperated into two phases. In both interactions, free and esterified OH-FA- and PPF1-concentrations exhibited maxima after 48 to 60 h, an early increase after 5 to 10 h was exclusively found in the incompatible interaction. The concurrent accumulation of 9-, 10-, 12-, 13, 15- und 16-OH-FA und PPF1 indicates that enzymatically, Photo-oxidative, and free-radical catalyzed synthesis of oxylipins takes place simultaneously. In both interactions the accumulation of esterified OH-FA and PPF1 occurred 5 - 12 h earlier than the increase of the concentrations of free OH-FA and PPF1. These results confirm the hypothesis that oxylipins are formed non-enzymatically from lipids inside cell membranes and are subsequently released by lipases. An early increase of JA- and OPDA-concentrations after 5 h was found in the incompatible interaction, while late maxima occurred in both interactions after 24 to 36 h. Therefore, OH-FA- and PPF1-accumulation took place at the same time as the increase of jasmonates after 5 h. 3. When A. thaliana plants were chilled for 2 h at 4°C an 3,3-fold incrceased formation of both, the enzymatically formed free and esterified 13-OH-FA was detected. The amount of enzymatically formed free 9-OH-FA increased 4,6-fold. In contrast, the amount of non-enzymatically formed 12- and 16-OH-FA did not increase significantly indicating that the applied mild stress conditions triggered exclusively enzymatical OH-FA-formation. 4. In order to get information about OH-FA-formation with regard to light intensity A. thaliana was infected by Pst avrRPM1 and cultivated either in the dark or in the light. When plants were cultivated in the light after 10 h an 1,1- to 3,7- fold increased formation of free and an 2,0- to 3,4-fold increased accumulation of esterified 9-, 10-, 12-, 13-, 15- und 16-OH-FA could be detected. Therefore, the light intensity during an infection with Pst avrRPM1 is an important factor for the formation of enzymatically as well as non-enzymatically formed OH-FA in planta. The 4,9-fold increase of esterified 15-OH-FA (a marker for photooxidative formation of OH-FA) in the dark contradicted the hypothesis that its formation is impossible without the impact of light. In contrast the accumulation of 15-OH-FA in the dark points to a light-independent 1O2- and subsequent 15-OH-FA-formation by a so far unknown mechanism. 5. Determination of the concentrations of OH-FA in leaves and roots of untreated plants of A. thaliana showed 13- to 31-fold higher amounts of esterified 9-,10-, 12-, 13 und 16-OH-FA in the leaves. Moreover, the amounts of esterified 15-OH-FA exceeded in leaves by the factor 111 in comparison to roots. 15-OH-FA was used as a selective marker for Photo-oxidative formation of OH-FA by 1O2. Though, 15-OH-FA occurred to an amount of 0,57 µg/g (dry weight) in roots as well. This indicates that, apart from an primarily used light depending mechanism, a second path for the formation of 15-OH-FA respectively 1O2 exists which does not depend on light strength. An alternative explanation could be the transport of 15-OH-FA from leaves to roots. 6. Compared to the wildtype plants no significant differences in the increase of OH-FA and PPF1 could be detected in NahG-, lsd1-, atrbohD and atrbohF-mutants 48 h after infiltration of Pst avrRPM1. Under the utilized conditions the genetic defects of the analyzed mutants did not cause a modified accumulation of both, enzymatically and not enzymatically formed oxylipins.
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Producción a nivel piloto de un biosurfactante ramnolípidico con la cepa Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6K-11Valladares Diestra, Kim Kley January 2016 (has links)
Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Optimiza la producción de ramnolípidos a escala piloto con Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6K-11 en cultivos sumergidos por lotes. Con la finalidad de establecer los parámetros óptimos para la aireación, agitación y concentración de nitrógeno en la producción de ramnolipídos a escala piloto, se evaluaron dos niveles para cada factor: 0.25 vvm y 0.5 vvm (aireación), 50 RPM y 70 RPM (agitación) y 2.45 g/L y 4.89 g/L (concentración de NaNO3). Con estos tres factores y dos niveles para cada uno se evaluó la producción de ramnolípidos a escala piloto con el diseño experimental de Taguchi L4 [2]3 o arreglo L4. / Tesis
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The effect of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Nicotiana benthamiana viral susceptibilityNyamuvurudza, Spiwe January 2017 (has links)
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of
Master of Science
in
Environmental science
School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences
University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. March 2017. / Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) promotes plant growth in a variety of modes of action and also suppresses several phytopathogens causing plant diseases. There is evidence that Pseudomonas strains are able to induce systemic resistance, thereby enhancing the defensive capacity of many plant species, and they do so without any negative impact on the environment. Currently, many agricultural systems rely more on the use of chemical pesticides to combat plants diseases. The chemicals have several negative impacts on both human health and the environment. Therefore, there is need to investigate the ability to fight plant pathogens of alternatives like the Pseudomonas spp that do not harm the environment. Several strains of this genus are yet to be tested to see if they induce systemic resistance. Previous studies showed that bio surfactants produced by Pseudomonas koreensis exhibited strong effect against oomycetes P. ultimum in tomato plants. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) potential of P. koreensis following exposure to viruses has not been fully demonstrated to date. This study sought to investigate whether this strain has an effect on viruses and if it is able to induce systemic resistance against viral pathogens. The study started by growing the model plant N. benthamiana. The second stage involved carrying out assays of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) after inoculating this virus in three bio treatments: (i) seed treatment of N. benthamiana with P. koreensis (referred to as the early treatment), (ii) root treatment at the transplanting stage (late treatment) and (iii) the control. In bio treatments (i) seeds were first sterilized by dipping them into 70% alcohol for 3 minutes and 0.1 % HgCl2 for 1 minute and washing them with distilled water. Each seed was then soaked into 20ml of bacteria suspension for 30 minutes and in (ii) a litre of P. koreensis culture was then poured onto the roots of 36 N. benthamiana plants. The bacteria suspension was added at 107 colony forming units per gram of soil to each tray. It was observed that disease severity was lower in the P. koreensis plant treatments than for the control. Results of this investigation have shown that
P. koreensis can induce systemic resistance in foliar parts when plant seeds or roots are inoculated with this strain. This was demonstrated by separation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacteria and TMV. Seeds and roots were inoculated with bacteria while the leaves were inoculated with TMV. The early bio treatment had the lowest mean number of necrotic lesions, and exhibited the mildest effects from TMV compared to the late bio treatment and control. Plants in the late bio treatment were moderately affected while the control was severely affected (P˂0.0001) ˂0.05. The early and the late bio treatment both had higher leaf surface area than the control; (P˂0.0001) ˂0.05. The early bio treatment lost the fewest leaves, and the late bio treatment lost a moderate number while the control lost the highest number (P˂0.0001)˂0.05.The reduced symptoms exhibited by plants inoculated with P. koreensis is an indication that P. koreensis has anti-viral activity against TMV. It was concluded that P. koreensis can reduce plant‟s viral susceptibility and result in ISR. It is hence proposed that P. koreensis can be used as a biological control (bio control) agent against viruses.
Key words: Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Pseudomonas koreensis (P. koreensis), induced systemic resistance (ISR) / LG2018
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