Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-62). Also available in print.

A problem in counselor education is the need to develop methods that would be more directly related to effective outcome in counseling. Researchers have concluded that success in counseling goals is related to clients' increased ability to monitor and modify their own behaviors and that counselor trainees whose education included an emphasis on learning self-regulation skills would be more effective in bringing about greater client self-regulation. Another need is for a theoretical formulation toward the development of more effective instructional methods. The concepts of holism and self-control, which were considered potentially useful within the theoretical system of Adler's Individual Psychology were combined with the methods of biofeedback, imagery, and self-control skills training in the synthesis of a prototypical instructional set. The purpose of the study was to experimentally evaluate this set and the potential validity and utility of the proposed conceptual framework. The hypothesis was that four graduate counselor students would demonstrate improvement in self-regulatory attitudes and behaviors after the treatment condition, which consisted of the instructional set. Electromyographic (EMG) physiological measurements, and scores on the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External locus-of-control scale were used to assess changes in the subjects' self-regulation, using the single-subject, multiple baseline across-subjects experiment design. Analysis of the results showed that subjects improved in control of muscle activity and in attitudinal direction of internal locus of control. The EMG physiological measurement was considered useful for this type of study, showing an adequate balance of sensitivity and stability. However, the locus-of-control measure was not considered adequate for this population because of an observed "floor" effect. The results were interpreted as having supported the hypothesis and were considered to have established the usefulness of the theoretical framework to generate research and the potential utility of the instructional method in counselor education. Suggestions are made for improvement for the use of EMG scores in the baseline phase and for minimal requirements for an adequate attitudinal scale for further research in this area.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur psykiatriker uppfattar de etiska värderingar som ligger till grund för deras dagliga arbete och ifall det finns situationer då dessa etiska värderingar kommer i konflikt med det praktiska agerandet. Studiens syfte var även att undersöka om psykiatrikerna anser att det finns ett behov av en gemensam värdegrund för psykiatrin. Sju psykiatriker intervjuades och intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av en modifierad innehållsanalysmetod av Graneheim och Lundman. I resultatet framkom att den grundläggande läkaretiken göra gott, inte skada och främja hälsa alltid finns med i mötet med patienten. Individanpassad vård är viktigt. Psykiatrikerna värdesatte sekretess och autonomi högt, men begränsningar av autonomin var nödvändiga i vissa situationer. Tvångsåtgärder användes i syfte att göra gott och alla ansåg att dessa var rättfärdigade när det räddar liv eller det finns stor risk för skada av patienten. Flera ansåg att det fanns ett behov av en gemensam värdegrund inom psykiatrin, samtidigt som andra såg det som onödigt. Ifall en värdegrund skall skapas bör det ske i samarbete mellan arbetsledning och anställda. / The purpose of this study was to examine how psychiatrists understand the ethical values ​​that form the basis of their daily work and if there are situations when these ethical values ​​come into conflict with the practical conduct. The study also aimed to investigate if psychiatrists believe that there is a need for a set of mutual core values for psychiatry. Seven psychiatrists were interviewed and the interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a modified content analysis of Graneheim and Lundman. The result showed that the basic medical ethics to do good, not harm and promoting health are always included in the meeting with the patient. Individualized care is important. Psychiatrists valued autonomy high, but limits of autonomy were necessary in certain situations. Coercive measures were used in order to do good and all felt that they were justified when it saves lives and there is great risk of harm to the patient. Several felt that there was a need for a set of mutual core values in psychiatry, while others saw it as unnecessary. If the creation of a set of mutual core values will happen it ​​must be through cooperation of both management and employees.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-62).

Cette thèse se donne pour objet les relations entre psychiatrie, psychanalyse et communisme durant la période 1934-1985, du Front populaire au déclin du PCF dans les années 1980. Elle étudie cette histoire dans sa relation au courant réformateur de l’ordre psychiatrique institué par la loi sur les aliénés du 30 juin 1838 qui émerge dans le champ médical dans les années trente, jusqu’à la normalisation du sous-champ de la psychiatrie publique à la fin des années 80, courant conforté par l’introduction en France de la psychanalyse. A partir de l’analyse des trajectoires biographiques des psychiatres communistes et de la biographie collective du groupe qu’ils constituent en 1945, il s’agit d’articuler l’analyse compréhensive des raisons d’agir avancées par les acteurs et l’objectivation des positions occupées, tant au plan professionnel qu’au plan politique, dans la perspective d’un engagement partisan rapporté à son insertion dans l’histoire sociale du groupe des psychiatres publics. Articulant sociologie des mobilisations et sociologie des professions, l’étude se centre sur les formes d’hybridation sociale pratique et intellectuelle qui se nouent dans l’action entre pratiques militantes et activité professionnelle vécue comme un engagement.Après avoir mis au jour les dispositions des acteurs et les événements qui créent les prémisses d’une identité de psychiatre communiste, seront étudiées l’action conjointe des mécanismes d’homogénéisation et d’encadrement mis en place par le PCF et les appropriations réalisées par les acteurs, en relation avec les différentes configurations de l’entreprise militante et les reconfigurations de l’espace professionnel. On montre en quoi le capital acquis dans l’espace professionnel est mis au service des objectifs de l’entreprise politique, et en quoi le capital militant est une ressource dans les luttes de reconnaissance de la psychiatrie dans le champ médical. Dans le jeu de ces interactions se construit une identité de psychiatre communiste appelée à se rénover suite à la crise internationale du communisme de 1956 et à l’autonomisation de la psychiatrie qui se réalise en 1968.A la différence d’autres espaces médicaux spécialisés, la nature de l’objet de la psychiatrie, la maladie mentale, met en jeu des conceptions indissociablement médicales et philosophiques quant à la nature de l’individu, à son rapport au monde social et aux normes qui définissent le normal et le pathologique. A ce titre les débats qui traversent la psychiatrie ne sont pas indépendants des controverses philosophiques et du développement des sciences sociales. L’étude s’inscrit donc aussi dans une sociologie historique des intellectuels et dans la problématique du rapport des professions intellectuelles avec le politique. Sont aussi interrogées, les relations entre professions intellectuelles et cadres ouvriers devenus des intellectuels d’institution au sein de l’intellectuel collectif communiste, le lien entre discours savant et discours politique, et les tensions entre définition identitaire et clôture du groupe, et vocation messianique impliquant une ouverture aux évolutions du monde social. En modulant l’image d’un affrontement irréconciliable entre marxisme et psychanalyse, la thèse met au jour un lien fort, fait d’alliances et de concurrences entre le marxisme et la psychanalyse, contre les conceptions biologiques du psychisme. / This thesis focuses on the relationship between psychiatry, psychoanalysis and communism during the period 1934-1985, from the Popular Front period to the years of decline of the French Communist Party (FCP) in the 1980s. It investigates this history regarding its relation with the reformist trend in the psychiatric environment organized under the law on the insane dated June 30, 1838 which emerges out of the medical field in the thirties until the normalization of the public psychiatry subfield at the end of the eighties, reinforced by the introduction in France of the psychoanalysis.Based on the analysis of the biographical career of the communist psychiatrists and the collective biography of the group they constitute in 1945, the purpose is to articulate the comprehensive analysis of the cases for action put forward by the actors with the objectification of their held positions, in their career as well as politically, in the context of a political commitment considered in relation with the shared history of the public psychoanalysts group. Articulating the sociology of political mobilizations and the sociology of careers, the investigation focuses on the various kinds of social, practical and intellectual hybridization that are formed in the action between militant practices and professional activity experienced as a political commitmentAfter having brought to light the players’ capacities and the events that create the premises of a communist psychiatrist identity, we will investigate, the joint action of the mechanisms of homogenization and supervision put in place by the FCP and the appropriations realized by the considered psychiatrists, in relation with the different configurations of the activist undertaking and the reconfigurations of the professional field.We show how the know how gained in the professional field is brought at the service of the political undertaking targets and how the acquired militant know how is used as a resource in the struggles for recognition of psychiatry in the medical field. In the course of these interactions, an identity of communist psychiatry is built up and required to be updated after both the international crisis of communism in 1956 and the fact that psychiatry becomes a self- sustaining part of psychiatry in the years near to1968. As opposed to other specialized medical fields, the nature of the object of psychiatry, mental illness, involves profound logical interrelationships, medical and philosophical conceptions as to the nature of the individual, his relation to the society and the norms which segregate the normal from the pathological. In this respect, the debates that go through psychiatry are not independent of the philosophical controversies and the development of the social sciences. This essay is thus part of a historiological sociology of intellectuals including the issue of the relations between the intellectual professions and politics. Are also discussed,the relationsips between intellectual professions and workers' leaders reaching the position of political institution’s intellectuals within the communist collective intellectual, the link between scholarly and political discourses, and the tensions between assertion of identity and the lock of the group and messianic vocation implying to be opened to the social world evolutions. Modulating the image of an irreconcilable confrontation between Marxism and psychoanalysis, the thesis reveals a strong link, made of alliances and competitions between Marxism and psychoanalysis against the biological conceptions of the psyche.

In the field of postgraduate medical education- there is a need for baseline information on what factors influence physicians in their selection of Continuing Medical Education (CME). Furthermore, there is an ever-growing need to learn how practitioners prefer their CME to he delivered and in what venue it should be offered. CME should represent what is understood about how physicians change behavior.The purpose of this study was to describe what factors influenced members of the Indiana Psychiatric Society in their attendance and selection of a particular Continuing Medical Education event. Using archival data from the 2004 Indiana Psychiatric Needs Assessment Survey. this study examined demographic variables—such as gender and age—and their influences on Continuing Medical Education. Moreover, using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations. and Chi-square analyses. the research study also focused on the statistical relationships which existed between the nine various factors influencing attendance: price. location. interest in topic. outside attraction. personal invitation, speaker, deficiency of knowledge day of the week. and personal invitation. The 2004 Needs Assessment Survey was completed electronically by 80 members of the Indiana Psychiatric Society over a 60-day period during the summer of 2004.Several conclusions were derived from the major findings. Outside attraction was the most significant factor for participants selecting a CME activity. The mean average for outside attraction was 4.13 out of a possible five. This finding was the most important factor for both gender and age groups. Conversely, interest in topic was found to be the least significant value with an arithmetic mean score of 1.33 out a possible five. Using Pearson correlation analyses, a strong correlation was found to exist between interest in topic and speaker (.662. p<.01). The second strongest correlation was found between interest in knowledge and other colleagues attending. (.430. p<.01). Fifty out of 76 IPS members surveyed preferred (IMF to be delivered in a lecture format in a traditional one-hour format (31 out of 76).In recommendation as to future study, the researcher suggests employing qualitative research technique to better understand what can actually motivate physicians to change clinical behavior. / Department of Educational Studies

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Notre Dame, 2008. / Thesis directed by Lynette P. Spillman for the Department of Sociology. "July 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-80).

La neuroplasticité (NP), définie comme la capacité du système nerveux à s’adapter aux changements environnementaux, est un phénomène intrinsèque au fonctionnement cérébral et essentiel à son homéostasie. La NP est par définition impliquée dans toutes les maladies du cerveau dont les troubles psychiatriques. Différents troubles psychiatriques peuvent être utilisés comme autant de modèles pour étudier les différentes facettes de la NP de façon translationnelle : du moléculaire au comportemental permettant alors d'améliorer la compréhension de la régulation de la NP et de son implication dans l'étiopathogénie des troubles psychiatriques et de leurs traitements.La neuroplasticité individu-dépendante&#8722;La NP individu-dépendante permet de concevoir les gènes impliqués dans les troubles psychiatriques comme des gènes de sensibilité à l’environnement plutôt que comme des gènes de vulnérabilité aux maladies. Ainsi, tous les sujets n’ont pas la même sensibilité à l’environnement. Si l'on considère les gènes de vulnérabilité aux maladies comme des gènes de sensibilité à l’environnement, également appelés gènes de plasticité, les individus qui les portent présentent logiquement une susceptibilité plus grande à l'environnement qu'il soit "négatif" (ex.: maltraitance infantile) ou "positif" (ex.: environnement enrichissant). Ce concept a été proposé dans un modèle intégratif d'un trouble psychiatrique très fréquent: le trouble de personnalité borderline.La neuroplasticité âge-dépendante&#8722;La NP opère tout au long de la vie mais est régulée différemment selon les périodes de développement. Ces modifications liées à l’âge sont non seulement quantitatives (nombre de neurones impliqués) mais également qualitatives (type de modification). La régulation neuroplastique est donc dépendante de l'âge et entraine des conséquences comportementales différentes selon l'âge de survenue d'un évènement ou d'une expérience. La dimension âge-dépendante de la NP permet d'apporter un nouveau regard sur l'étiopathogénie des troubles psychiatriques, notamment sur les liens entre le trouble de personnalité borderline (TPB) et l’état de stress post-traumatique. Nous avons réalisé une étude génétique d'association, avec réplication interne, sur des gènes impliqués dans la régulation de l'axe du stress dans le TPB d'après l'hypothèse que le TPB et le PTSD constitueraient une seule et même entité dont la principale différence étiologique serait l'âge de survenue du traumatisme.La neuroplasticité symptôme dépendante&#8722;Les modifications neuroplastiques chez des sujets adultes sains ont été mises en évidence dans plusieurs types de situations. L'aspect adaptatif de la NP peut également être impliqué dans la pathogenèse d'un trouble, on parle d'adaptation plastique à la pathologie. Cet aspect a été étudié dans un symptôme psychiatrique fréquent : l'hallucination, définie comme une perception sans objet et nous avons proposé la première étude de neuroimagerie multimodale chez des patients souffrant de schizophrénie présentant des hallucinations visuelles. L'objectif de cette étude était d'étudier la connectivité du complexe hippocampique (HC) selon la modalité hallucinatoire, i.e. auditive ou visuelle dans deux groupes de patients souffrant de schizophrénie: un groupe avec uniquement des hallucinations auditives (AH) et un groupe avec des hallucinations audio-visuelles. Des différences de connectivité ont été mises en évidence sur la voie mésolimbique et entre aires visuelles et complexe hippocampique. La présence d’hallucinations visuelles est également associée à des modifications plastiques du volume et de la forme de l’hippocampe et nos résultats sont compatibles avec des modifications symptômes-dépendantes de cette structure. [...] / The study of the neuroplasticity (NP) has been emphasized to improve the comprehension of pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including biomarkers for predicting and monitoring treatment response. NP can be defined as the ability of the nervous system to respond to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, function and connections and can be described from a translational perspective at many levels, from molecular to cellular to systems to behaviour. Psychiatric disorders are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity (pathophysiological, etiologic and clinical levels) which can be conceived as an advantage when examined from the perspective of the NP. In fact, psychiatric disorders can be used as models to study the different aspects of the NP.Individual-dependent plasticity&#8722;The lack of susceptibility genes related to several psychiatric disorders may be due to tendency to look for genetic effects on disease rather than genetic effects on vulnerability to environmental causes of disease. In fact, \\\"vulnerability genes\\\" may function more like \\\"plasticity genes\\\", resulting in greater susceptibility of individuals to both positive (e.g., environmental support and enrichment) and negative (e.g., childhood maltreatment) facets of environmental experiences. This concept has been proposed in an integrative model of a frequent psychiatric disorder : the borderline personality disorder (BPD). Age-dependent plasticity&#8722;There are qualitatively and quantitatively different changes in the brain in re¬sponse to what appears to be the same experience at dif¬ferent ages. This aspect of NP has been studied by using the \\\"Borderline Personality or Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder controversy\\\" with a genetic association study, with independent replication, on genes associated with the physiological response to stress in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Symptom-dependent plasticity&#8722;Adaptative neuroplastic modifications in the structure and function of the human brain in response to environmental demands have been showed in numerous situations in healthy controls. Interestingly, NP have also been associated to adaptation to pathology in several psychiatric disorders. A recent example has been provided by the study of visual hallucinations in schizophrenia patients. Hallucinations can be defined as perceptions in the absence of external stimuli. In schizophrenia, hallucinations constitute the most typical and disabling symptoms of the disorder and may manifest in all sensory modalities. Several MRI findings support the hypothesis that distinct patterns of connectivity, particularly within networks involving the hippocampal complex (HC), could be associated with different hallucinatory modalities. The aim of our study was to investigate HC connectivity as a function of the hallucinatory modality, i.e., auditory or visual in two carefully selected subgroups of schizophrenia patients with only auditory hallucinations (AH) or with audio-visual hallucinations (A+VH). Hippocampal volume and shape analysis showed localized hippocampal hypertrophy in the A+VH group. These structural findings indicate that plastic changes are associated with hallucinations. Indeed, the hippocampus is capable of plastic deformation, and the present findings are consistent with experience-dependent shape modifications of the hippocampus that involve mechanical tension along the axon.This PhD thesis highlights several arguments that the NP perspective provide new insights to the pathophysiology, to improve and emphasize therapeutic innovation of psychiatric disorders.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-84).